Lower Dietary Energy Density Research Articles

Social Support, Diet, and Physical Activity among Latina/Hispanic Women Breast Cancer Survivors.

Diet and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivorship are less likely to be followed by populations of minority cancer survivors, such as Latina/Hispanic women, compared to non-Hispanic White women. It is important to understand psychosocial mechanisms that may increase adherence to healthy lifestyle habits, especially in populations at risk for poorer cancer outcomes. This cross-sectional study examined the relationships between overall social support (SS) and SS from three sources (family, friends, and significant other) with diet (fruit and vegetables, fat, energy density, and diet quality), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behaviors in Latina/Hispanic women with a history of breast cancer (n = 85; M age = 55.2; SD = 9.2). Linear regression models and odds ratios were used to examine associations and adjusted for age, income, and acculturation. Family, significant other, and total SS were positively related to total fruit and vegetable intake but SS from friends was not. Higher levels of SS from all sources were each related to a low energy density diet. A higher quality diet was only related to SS from family. SS was not related to fat intake or MVPA. Higher SS from family and a significant other were associated with higher odds of meeting the fruit/vegetable guidelines; (family, OR = 3.72, 95% CI [1.21, 11.39]; significant other, OR = 3.32, 95% CI [1.08, 10.30]). Having more SS from family or a significant other may contribute to Latina/Hispanic women breast cancer survivors meeting national guidelines for a diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in energy density.

Exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme combination improves growth performance of the young broiler chickens fed low energy diets containing vegetable oil

ObjectiveThe present study examined the effects of exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme supplementation into a low energy density diet on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from hatch to 21 days.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-eight one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to 24 pens and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments to give six replications with seven chickens in a cage. Dietary treatments were: i) positive control with standard energy level (PC); ii) negative control with 100 kcal/kg lower energy of the standard level (NC); iii) NC diet supplemented 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate as an emulsifier (NC+E); and iv) NC diet supplemented with both 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate and 0.05% multi-enzyme (NC+E+M). Corn and soybean meal-based control diets containing vegetable oil were formulated to meet the Ross 308 nutrition specification. Chickens were fed ad-libitum with the treatment diets and sampling was conducted on day 21.ResultsOur results revealed that emulsifier and multi-enzyme supplementation into NC diets improved (p<0.05) feed efficiency of the broiler chickens compared to the broiler chickens fed NC diets from hatch to 21 days. Supplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme into NC diet improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens. However, emulsifier and multi-enzymesupplementation into diet did not influence (p>0.05) visceral organ weight, blood metabolites, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed NC diets.ConclusionSupplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in the NC diet would support improving growth performance in young broiler chickens with improved feed efficiency and increased nutrient digestibility thereby curtailing the negative impact of energy reduction in the diets.

Effect of prepartum dietary energy density on beef cow energy metabolites, and birth weight and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum diets that differ in energy density on beef cow energy metabolites and birth weight, immunity and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves. On d 0 (approximately 45 d before calving), 90 multiparous Angus cows (BW = 510 ± 16 kg) were randomly allocated into 1 of 9 drylot pens (10 cows/pen). Each pen was randomly assigned to a treatment condition (three pens/treatment), the cows in each treatment were assigned randomly to receive a high-energy (HE) density diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM), medium-energy (ME) density diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM), or low-energy (LE) density diet (NEm = 1.36 Mcal/kg of DM). Blood samples were collected − 45, − 21, − 14, and − 7 d from calving, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, total protein, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were measured. After calving, the birth weights, body height, body length, thoracic girth and umbilical girth of the calves in each group were recorded, and blood samples were collected for analysis of IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and maleic dialdehyde levels. The amounts of feed offered and orts were recorded for individual cows 4 d/wk. The results indicated that although dry matter intake (DMI) levels did not differ among the LE, ME, and or HE groups before parturition, the group that received the HE diet had higher plasma glucose concentrations and lower prepartum blood NEFA concentrations than the other groups. Birth weight, body height, thoracic girth, and levels of IL-2, cortisol, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase were increased in calves of the HE group compared with those of the LE group. The plasma IL-4 and serum IgG concentrations tended to be decreased in the ME group compared with the HE group, and the ME group had lower maleic dialdehyde concentrations; maleic dialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the LE group compared with the HE group. Overall, these results indicate that feeding of a low-energy diet during the last 45 d before parturition has negative effects on the growth, immunity, and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves. Increasing maternal energy density during late gestation may be useful to improve the energy status of cows.

Restricted dietary pattern may contribute to lowering blood pressure in adolescents with obesity: Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents.

Dieting is one of the main target factors for interventions that seek to control and prevent rising blood pressure. This study identified dietary patterns and analyzed their association with adolescents' blood pressure. This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic and nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 12-17 years, who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), carried out in 2013-2014 with Brazilian adolescents (N = 36 956). Food consumption was assessed by 24 h recall. Dietary patterns were identified using the Reduced Rank Regression method, and considering waist circumference, fasting insulin, and dietary polyunsaturated fat/saturated fat ratio as intermediate variables. Multiple linear regression models stratified by weight were developed; SBP and DBP were the dependent variables, and dietary pattern scores were the independent ones, with adjustment for potential confounding factors. The following patterns were identified: 'Brazilian common', 'Restricted' and 'Added sugar'. The 'Restricted' pattern, which included diet/light foods, chicken and chicken-based dishes, leafy greens, vegetables and spices, red meats and dishes based on red meats and tubers, was inversely associated with SBP (β = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.26 to -0.83) and DBP (β = -1.19; 95% CI = -1.70 to -0.68) in adolescents with obesity. In adolescents with obesity, a low-energy density diet was associated with reduced blood pressure. These findings are consistent with international recommendations for preventing elevated blood pressure.

Abstract PO-076: Social support, diet, and physical activity among Latina breast cancer survivors

Abstract Background: The American Institute for Cancer Research and the American Cancer Society recommendations for diet and physical activity are less likely to be followed by minority cancer populations, such as Latina breast cancer survivors, compared to non-Hispanic White women. Moreover, Latinas are also more likely to suffer from other comorbidities, such as diabetes, which could be alleviated by improved diet and physical activity (PA). Social support is one potential mechanism that can encourage a healthy lifestyle. Studies to date have been inconsistent in showing that higher levels of social support among cancer survivors is associated with higher levels of PA and healthy eating and most of these studies were conducted in majority White populations. Purpose: This study examines the associations between social support from different social support sources with PA and diet behaviors in Latina breast cancer survivors. We hypothesized that higher levels of social support would be associated with higher levels of PA and healthier eating. Method: Latina breast cancer survivors (n=85; M age = 55.47, SD =9.63) of mostly Dominican heritage with a history of breast cancer (stages 0-III) completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support scale, which measures social support from friends, family, and a significant other. Physical activity was assessed via a 7-day physical activity recall and dietary intake was measured via three 24-hour dietary recalls. In this cross-sectional analysis, associations between social support, dietary intake (calories, fruit/vegetable intake, fat, and energy density), and PA (moderate, hard, very hard, and moderate-to-vigorous PA activity levels) were examined using bivariate correlations. Linear Regression Models tested whether statistically significant correlations (p&amp;lt;.05) held with covariates of age, income, education, and acculturation. Results: There were no significant associations between social support and PA. More social support from all three types of networks were each associated with a low energy density diet controlling for covariates: (family β =-.02, p=.003), friends (β =-.01, p=.01), significant other (β =-.014, p=.012). Further, a low-energy density diet was associated with a higher Healthy Eating Index score in post-hoc analyses (r=-.27, p=.01). Higher caloric intake was only associated with more social support from a significant other (r=.36, p&amp;lt;.001) and remained controlling for covariates (β=21.53, p=.03). Total fruit and vegetable (F/V) and fat intake were not associated with any of the social support variables controlling for covariates. Conclusions: Findings suggest that having social support from family, friends, or a significant person may contribute to a low-energy density diet, which was associated with a higher quality diet. Citation Format: Amanda M. Marin-Chollom, Pam Koch, Ann Ogden Gaffney, Isobel Contento, Hanjie Shen, Dawn Hershman, Heather Greenlee. Social support, diet, and physical activity among Latina breast cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-076.

Effects of metabolizable energy intake on post weaning lamb growth performance, carcass tissue composition and internal fat depend on animal characteristics: A meta-analysis

This study aimed to establish the quantitative relationship between metabolisable energy intake (MEI) and growth performance, carcass tissue composition and internal fat, taking into consideration animal precocity, maturity and tail nature. Data from 67 publications were used in the meta-analysis. Diets were characterized and three classes were identified (low medium and high energy density diets). Breeds were characterized according to tail nature, precocity and maturity stage. Average daily gain (ADG) responded to MEI in all animals weighing less than 60% of their adult weight regardless their precocity or their tail nature. At the same level of MEI, the higher the diet energy density, the higher the ADG. In animals weighing less than 42% of adult weight and receiving a high starch diet, carcass muscle and internal fat responded to MEI. Whereas, for animals that weighed between 43% and 75% of adult weight, increases in MEI influenced carcass adipose tissue.

Consumption of a high energy density diet triggers microbiota dysbiosis, hepatic lipidosis, and microglia activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats

IntroductionObesity is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease. Consumption of high energy density (HED) diets is associated with hyperphagia, increased body weight and body fat accumulation, and obesity. Our lab has previously shown that short-term (4 weeks) consumption of a HED diet triggers gut microbiota dysbiosis, gut inflammation, and reorganization of the gut-brain vagal communication.ObjetivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term (6 months) consumption of HED diet on body composition, gut microbiome, hepatocellular lipidosis, microglia activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract, and systemic inflammation.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a low energy density (LED) diet for 2 weeks and then switched to a HED diet for 26 weeks. Twenty-four-hour food intake, body weight, and body composition were measured twice a week. Blood serum and fecal samples were collected at baseline, 1, 4, 8, and 26 weeks after introduction of the HED diet. Serum samples were used to measure insulin, leptin, and inflammatory cytokines using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Fecal samples were assessed for 16 S rRNA genome sequencing.ResultsHED diet induced microbiota dysbiosis within a week of introducing the diet. In addition, there was significant microglia activation in the intermediate NTS and marked hepatic lipidosis after 4 weeks of HED diet. We further observed changes in the serum cytokine profile after 26 weeks of HED feeding.ConclusionsThese data suggest that microbiota dysbiosis is the first response of the organism to HED diets, followed by increased liver fat accumulation, microglia activation in the brain, and circulating levels of inflammatory markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present longitudinal and cross-sectional results on effect of long-term consumption of HED diets on all these parameters in a single cohort of animals.

Differences in Consumption of NASEM Priority Nutrients and Food Groups by Race/Ethnicity Among Women Living in WIC-Participating Households.

To examine racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake of women in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Cross-sectional study. Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Women 19 to 50 years of age living in WIC-participating households. Nutrient/food group intake from one 24-hour dietary recall. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between race/ethnicity and nutrient/food group intake. Compared to non-Hispanic white women, Hispanic women had lower dietary energy density (1.7 ± 0.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.1 kcal/g, P < .001), and better nutrient intake, including more folate (429 ± 20 vs 364 ± 29 µg, P = .024), fiber (20.1 ± 0.9 vs 13.6 ± 0.9 g, P ≤ .001), and potassium (2575 ± 78 vs 2251 ± 66 mg, P = .012). This may be related to greater consumption of total vegetables (1.67 ± 0.16 vs 1.17 ± 0.17 cup equivalents [c-eq], P = .029), including more red and orange vegetables (0.64 ± 0.11 vs 0.32 vs 0.09 c-eq, P = .013) and more legumes (0.17 ± 0.04 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 c-eq, P = .006). Both Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women consumed more sodium (Hispanic: P = .015; non-Hispanic black: P = .008), but less added sugars (Hispanic: P ≤ .001; non-Hispanic black: P = .015), than non-Hispanic white women. These findings highlight differences in dietary intake by race/ethnicity and can inform nutrition messages of WIC nutrition educators and dietitians.

Feasibility and efficacy of a weight gain prevention intervention for breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a randomized controlled pilot study.

Weight gain is common among breast cancer patients and may contribute to poorer treatment outcomes. Most programs target breast cancer survivors after the completion of therapy and focus on weight reduction. This study examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an intervention designed to prevent primary weight gain among women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Thirty-eight newly diagnosed stage II or III breast cancer patients were randomized to the BALANCE intervention or usual care within 3weeks of starting neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The intervention used a size acceptance-based approach and encouraged home-based resistance and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise as well as a low energy-dense diet to prevent weight gain. Assessments were conducted at baseline, mid-chemotherapy (3months), and post-chemotherapy (6months). Intervention feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects on anthropometric, quality of life, and circulating biomarker measures were evaluated. Intervention participant retention (100%) and in-person session attendance (80%) were high during the intervention period, although attendance dropped to 43% for telephone-delivered sessions. The majority of participants reported being satisfied with the intervention during chemotherapy (88%). Participants in the intervention group had greater reductions in waist circumference (p = .03) and greater improvements in self-reported vitality scores (p = .03) than the control group at the end of chemotherapy. Significant effects on biomarkers were not observed. A size acceptance weight management program is feasible during neoadjuvant chemotherapy among breast cancer patients and may have beneficial effects on waist circumference and patient vitality. This study was registered as a clinical trial at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00533338).

Effects of dietary probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici) supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and body composition in laying hens fed diets varying in energy density

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) strain MA18/5M supplementation of diets with different dietary energy levels on productive performance, egg quality, and body composition in Hy-Line Brown hens during a 16-week period from 32 to 47 wk of age. The experimental treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial design received a 2 wheat–corn–soybean diet: a moderately low energy density diet with 2,650 kcal ME/kg (M-LED) and a low energy density diet based on the M-LED diet with 2,550 kcal ME/kg (LED), each diet without and with probiotic supplementation (M-LED, LED, M-LEDp, and LEDp, respectively). Reduced dietary energy levels had a particularly negative effect on egg weight (61.7 vs. 63.3 g; −2.6%, P < 0.001), egg mass output (1.67 vs. 1.71 kg; −2.4%, P = 0.015), and FCR (2.01 vs. 1.97 kg feed/kg egg; +2%, P = 0.028). In hens administered the LED diet, deteriorated productive performance was accompanied by greater body weight loss (P < 0.001) and reduced abdominal fat content (P < 0.033) as compared with the M-LED group. Dietary probiotic inclusion increased egg weight (P = 0.015), including relative eggshell weight (P = 0.008) and eggshell thickness (P = 0.002) and significantly improved FCR (P = 0.010). No interactions between the PA-based probiotic and dietary energy levels were found in any of the tested parameters. Adding the probiotic on top of the M-LED diet improved layers performance but resulted in nonbioequivalence for the egg weight, egg mass output, and FCR compared with this group without probiotic. Probiotic supplementation of the LEDp diet improved all performance parameters except for egg weight. As a result, the laying rate, egg mass output, daily feed intake, and FCR in the LEDp treatment were bioequivalent to those noted in the M-LED group without the probiotic. The results of a bioequivalence test suggest that a low energy diet fed to laying hens promoted a probiotic response to improve energy utilization by birds.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake of U.S. Children Participating in WIC.

Recent studies have assessed diet quality of low-income U.S. children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), but differences by race/ethnicity remain unknown. We assessed racial/ethnic disparities in nutrient intake from dietary sources (not supplements) among children participating in WIC, with a focus on priority nutrients and food groups for future WIC food package revisions, as described in a recent report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). We used data from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and multivariable linear regression analysis to evaluate relationships between race/ethnicity and nutrient/food group intake of children participating in WIC. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures, accounting for the complex survey design of the NHANES. Compared to non-Hispanic White children, Hispanic children had diets with better nutrient distribution and lower dietary energy density, while non-Hispanic Black children had diets with poorer nutrient intake. Hispanic children had higher potassium and fiber intake, and consumed more legumes, while non-Hispanic Black children had lower calcium and vitamin D intake, higher sodium intake, and lower total dairy intake, compared to non-Hispanic White children. These findings can inform WIC nutrition education messages and future food package revisions.

Dietary energy density and appetite: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Studies have suggested that dietary energy density (DED) may affect weight gain by altering appetite. Although many studies have investigated the effect of DED on appetite, findings are inconsistent and, to our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this topic. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effect of DED on appetite. The current meta-analysis revealed changing the DED had no significant effect on hunger but increased fullness. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the effects of DED on appetite components. We searched titles, abstracts, and keywords of articles indexed in ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases up to July 2018 to identify eligible RCT studies. Random effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect of DED on appetite. Among the 21 studies identified in the systematic literature search, 11 reports were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool, 6 studies were considered as good quality, two were fair, and three studies were poor. The mean ± standard deviation for energy density, in studies which assessed fullness, was 1.65 ± 1 in high energy dense (HED) diet and 0.93 ± 0.93 in low energy dense (LED) diet. The corresponding values for hunger were 1.67 ± 0.69 and 0.70 ± 0.32, respectively. Compared with a LED diet, consumption of HED increased fullness (weighed mean difference [WMD] 2.95 mm; 95% CI 0.07-5.82, P = 0.044, I2 98.1%) but had no significant effect on hunger (WMD 1.31 mm; 95% CI -7.20 to 9.82, P = 0.763, I2 99.1%). The current meta-analysis revealed changing the DED had no significant effect on hunger but increased fullness. More high-quality RCTs are needed to investigate the effects of DED on appetite components.

Evaluation of an emulsifier blend on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles, and fecal microbial in growing pigs fed low energy density diet

Energy is one of the major cost components in swine diets. Improving lipid digestibility is related with saving cost. Exogenous emulsifiers could help emulsification processing in gastrointestinal tract, thereby enhancing the digestion of lipids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of an emulsifier [10.21% of glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (GPGR) and 2.2% of lysophospholipids (LPL) blend (GLB)] on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles, and fecal microbial in growing pigs fed a relatively low energy diet. In total, 135 female and castrated male crossbred growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial body weight (BW) of 20.07 ± 1.76 kg were used in a 6-wk experiment. Pigs were blocked based on BW and sex and randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 9 replication pens per treatment: CON, basal diet; RET, reduced energy treatment (50 kcal/kg); RET5, RET + 0.05% GLB. Overall, no significant result (P > 0.05) was observed between CON groups and RET groups on performance parameters, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and cholesterol concentrations, and fecal microbial counts. At the end of the experiment, pigs fed RET5 diet had significantly (P < 0.05) increased BW, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF) digestibility, serum HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations, and fecal Lactobacillus counts compared with those fed RET diet. Moreover, pigs in RET5 group also showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in DM and serum triglyceride concentration compared with CON groups. These results indicated that supplementation with the GPGR and LPL blended emulsifier could improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion and absorption of growing pigs fed lower energy diet.

764-P: Low Dietary Energy Density (DED) Diet Is Associated with Favorable Dietary Pattern in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)

Dietary energy density (DED) is receiving increased attention reflecting recent reports of inverse associations with health outcomes. Although high DED meals are reportedly associated with low diet quality in the general population, such evidence in patients with diabetes is sparse, which led us clarify this issue in Japanese patients with T2DM. Analyzed were 1,615 outpatients with T2DM (men 62.2%) who attended 24 clinics specializing in diabetes care nationwide. Dietary habits were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQg) based on 18 food groups. DED (kcal/g) was calculated by dividing EI (kcal) from foods (excluding beverages) by weights of these foods (g). Mean DED (±SD) was 1.53±0.23 (kcal/g). Typical dietary patterns comprised of some significant food groups were extracted by principal component analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between identified food patterns and DED. We could extract and validate three dietary patterns, which we labeled as “Healthy,” “Western,” and “Animal foods and confectionery.” Two patterns were significantly correlated with DED (Healthy: r=-0.48, Animal foods and confectionery: r=-0.69). A multivariate linear regression model was used to determine food groups that were independently related to DED. DED was positively associated with confectioneries (standardized β=0.19, P&amp;lt;0.001), bread (0.10, P&amp;lt;0.001), and fat and oil (0.09, P&amp;lt;0.001). On the contrary, DED was negatively associated with brightly colored vegetables (-0.25, P&amp;lt;0.001), fruits (-0.31, P&amp;lt;0.001), and light-colored vegetables (-0.43, P&amp;lt;0.001). In conclusion, lower DED, which is related to higher intakes of vegetables and fruits was associated with a healthy diet pattern in T2DM patients. DED is a useful indicator of diet quality and could be utilized in nutritional education for people with T2DM. Disclosure Y. Takeda: None. K. Fujihara: None. M. Hatta: None. S.Y. Morikawa: None. C. Horikawa: None. D. Ishii: None. R. Nedachi: None. H. Maegawa: Research Support; Self; Antares Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. H. Sone: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Kowa Pharmaceutical Europe Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Teijin Pharma Limited.

Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on metabolites, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in Holstein cows.

ObjectiveAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on metabolites, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in cows during the transition period.MethodsThirty-nine Holstein dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups, fed a high energy density diet (HD, 1.62 Mcal of net energy for lactation [NEL]/kg dry matter [DM]), a medium energy density diet (MD, 1.47 Mcal NEL/kg DM), or a low energy density diet (LD, 1.30 Mcal NEL/kg DM) prepartum; they were fed the same lactation diet to 28 days in milk (DIM). All the cows were housed in a free-stall barn and fed ad libitum.ResultsThe reduced energy density diets decreased the blood insulin concentration and increased nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration in the prepartum period (p<0.05). They also increased the concentrations of glucose, insulin and glucagon, and decreased the concentrations of NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate during the first 2 weeks of lactation (p<0.05). The plasma urea nitrogen concentration of both prepartum and postpartum was not affected by dietary energy density (p>0.05). The dietary energy density had no effect on mRNA abundance of insulin receptors, leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in adipose tissue, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in liver during the transition period (p>0.05). The HD cows had higher mRNA abundance of hormone-sensitive lipase at 3 DIM compared with the MD cows and LD cows (p = 0.001). The mRNA abundance of hepatic pyruvate carboxykinase at 3 DIM tended to be increased by the reduced energy density of the close-up diets (p = 0.08).ConclusionThe reduced energy density diet prepartum was effective in controlling adipose tissue mobilization and improving the capacity of hepatic gluconeogenesis postpartum.

The effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (80%) and tween 20 (20%) supplementation in low-energy density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, serum lipid profiles, and excreta microbiota in broilers

A total of 768 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens with an average body weight of 43.64 ± 0.59g were used in a 5-wk feeding trial. The chickens were distributed into 4 treatments of 12 replications per treatment with 16 chickens per pen. Dietary treatments included the following: TRT1, basal diet; TRT2, -40kcal diet + 0.05% emulsifier; TRT3, -60kcal diet + 0.05% emulsifier; TRT4, -80kcal diet + 0.05% emulsifier. The emulsifier contained 80% sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate and 20% tween 20. In our study, the treatment diets had no significant effect on growth performance, meat quality, relative organ weight, serum lipid profiles, and excreta microbiota. However, the birds were able to grow as well with less energy when the emulsifier was added. The supplementation of emulsifier in the low-energy diet linearly decreased cholesterol (P = 0.099) and LDL/C (P = 0.074). The fat digestion of broilers fed with TRT2, TRT3, and TRT4 was significantly higher than broilers fed with TRT1 diet. Our study result shows that the emulsifier used for the experiment is beneficial in the low-energy diet of broiler chickens.

Impact of Experimentally Induced Cognitive Dietary Restraint on Eating Behavior Traits, Appetite Sensations, and Markers of Stress during Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Women.

Weight loss has been associated with changes in eating behaviors and appetite sensations that favor a regain in body weight. Since traditional weight loss approaches emphasize the importance of increasing cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) to achieve negative energy imbalance, it is difficult to untangle the respective contributions of energy restriction and increases in CDR on factors that can eventually lead to body weight regain. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of energy restriction alone or in combination with experimentally induced CDR on eating behavior traits, appetite sensations, and markers of stress in overweight and obese women. We hypothesized that the combination of energy restriction and induced CDR would lead to more prevalent food cravings, increased appetite sensations, and higher cortisol concentrations than when energy restriction is not coupled with induced CDR. A total of 60 premenopausal women (mean BMI: 32.0 kg/m2; mean age: 39.4 y) were provided with a low energy density diet corresponding to 85% of their energy needs during a 4-week fully controlled period. At the same time, women were randomized to either a condition inducing an increase in CDR (CDR+ group) or a condition in which CDR was not induced (CRD− group). Eating behavior traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Food Craving Questionnaire), appetite sensations (after standardized breakfast), and markers of stress (Perceived Stress Scale; postawakening salivary cortisol) were measured before (T = 0 week) and after (T = 4 weeks) the 4-week energy restriction, as well as 3 months later. There was an increase in CDR in the CDR+ group while no such change was observed in the CDR− group (p=0.0037). No between-group differences were observed for disinhibition, hunger, cravings, appetite sensations, perceived stress, and cortisol concentrations. These results suggest that a slight increase in CDR has no negative impact on factors regulating energy balance in the context of energy restriction.

A Low Energy–Dense Diet in the Context of a Weight-Management Program Affects Appetite Control in Overweight and Obese Women

BackgroundLow energy–dense (LED) foods reduce energy intake (EI); whether this effect is sustained over time and during weight loss is unknown.ObjectiveThis trial examined the effects of LED compared with high energy–dense (HED) meals on appetite, EI, and control over eating in the laboratory and during a weight-management program that encourages unrestricted intake of LED foods [Slimming World, UK (SW)] compared with a self-led Standard Care program [NHS weight-loss plan (SC)].MethodsOverweight and obese women [n = 96; mean ± SD age: 41.03 ± 12.61 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 34.00 ± 3.61] were recruited from the SW or SC programs. Primary outcomes included appetite, food preferences (liking and wanting for LED and HED foods), cravings, and evening meal EI (LED, HED) in response to calorie-matched LED (≤0.8 kcal/g) and HED (≥2.5 kcal/g) breakfast and lunch meals. Probe-day tests were conducted at weeks 3 and 4 and repeated at weeks 12 and 13 in a within-day crossover design. Secondary outcomes, including body weight and program experience, were measured from weeks 1 to 14 in a parallel-group design. Dietary compliance was monitored with the use of weighed food diaries at weeks 3 and 12.ResultsIntention-to-treat (ITT) and completers analyses showed that the SW group lost more weight than the SC group [ITT: −5.9% (95% CI: −4.7%, –7.2%) compared with −3.5% (−2.3%, −4.8%), P < 0.05; completers: −6.2% (−4.8%, −7.6%) compared with 3.9% (−2.5%, −5.2%), P < 0.05]. The SW group reported greater control over eating and more motivation to continue the program compared with the SC group. LED meals increased sensations of fullness and reduced hunger on probe days (P < 0.001). Total-day EI was 1057 ± 73 kcal less (95% CI: 912, 1203 kcal; 36%) under LED compared with HED conditions (P < .001). Liking for LED and HED foods and wanting for HED foods were lower before lunch under LED compared with HED conditions, and liking decreased to a greater extent after the LED lunch. The SW group reported fewer cravings under LED compared with HED conditions (P < 0.05). On probe days, appetite and EI outcomes did not differ between weeks 3 and 12 or between the SW and SC groups.ConclusionLED meals improve appetite control in women attempting weight loss and the effect is sustainable. Consumption of LED meals likely contributed to weight loss in the SW program. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02012426.

The relative roles of the ruminal fluid and epithelium in the aetiology of ruminal acidosis

Acute lactic acidosis (ALA) and subclinical ruminal acidosis (SARA) are economically-important pathologies associated with poor adaptation of the ruminal ecosystem to diets high in soluble carbohydrates. Both pathologies result from an imbalance in the rate of production of fermentation acids relative to removal of these acids by absorption, flow of acids post-ruminally, and buffering of the acids by bicarbonate from the saliva and blood. In ALA, lactic acid accumulates, driving the pH of the ruminal fluid below 5.0, while subclinical acidosis is characterised by the accumulation of short-chain volatile fatty acids and a ruminal pH of 5.0–5.5. These reductions in ruminal fluid pH reflect changes in the profile and activity of the microbial populations, the buffering capacity of the ruminal fluid, and the absorptive capacity of the ruminal epithelium. The relative importance of the ruminal fluid (microbial and chemical properties) and the ruminal epithelium (absorptive capacity) is unknown. A novel ruminal transfaunation model was used to separate these two components of the pathologies. Four groups of sheep were formed by combining two ruminal fluid adaptions (adapted to high-energy density or low-energy density diets) and two ruminal epithelium adaptations (adapted to high-energy density and low-energy density diets). The four combinations of fluid and epithelium were then challenged with an intra-ruminal infusion of glucose to simulate conditions conducive to the development of acidosis. All groups developed acute acidosis in response to the glucose challenge and there were no differences between groups in the pattern of pH decline over a 24-h period. There was no difference between groups in ability to regulate rumen fluid pH, suggesting the major factor contributing to development of acidosis is rapid microbial fermentation of soluble carbohydrates irrespective of adaption of the epithelium or microbial populations. Modifications to the challenge protocol to more closely reflect normal dietary challenges would be a useful modification in future studies using this technique.

Dietary Energy Density in the Australian Adult Population from National Nutrition Surveys 1995 to 2012

BackgroundIt is hypothesized that the observed proliferation of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods globally is an important contributing factor to the development of the obesity epidemic. However, evidence that the population’s dietary energy density has increased is sparse. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends that dietary energy density be <1.25 kcal/g to prevent weight gain. ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to determine whether the dietary energy density of the Australian population has changed between 1995 and 2012. DesignA secondary analysis of two cross-sectional Australian national nutrition surveys from 1995 and 2011/2012 was conducted. Participants/settingParticipants of the surveys included adults aged 18 years and older (1995 n=10,986 and 2011/2012 n=9,435) completing 24-hour dietary recalls, including a second recall for a subset of the population (10.4% in 1995 and 64.6% in 2011/2012). Main outcome measuresOutcome measures included the change in dietary energy density (calculated as energy/weight of food [kcal/g] for food only) between surveys. Statistical analysisThe National Cancer Institute method for “estimating ratios of two dietary components that are consumed nearly every day” was used to determine the usual distribution and the percentage of participants reporting energy density <1.25 kcal/g. ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) dietary energy density was 1.59 (0.26) kcal/g and 1.64 (0.32) kcal/g (P<0.0001) in 1995 and 2011/2012, respectively, with 13% and 5% (P<0.0001) of the population meeting dietary energy-density recommendations. For those aged 70 years and older, the percentage with energy density <1.25 kcal/g decreased from 22% to 6% (P<0.0001) for men and from 33% to 11% (P<0.0001) for women in 1995 and 2011/2012, respectively. Among those aged 18 to 29 years, 1% of men in both surveys (P=0.8) and 4% of women in 1995 and 2% in 2011/2012 (P=0.01) reported energy density <1.25 kcal/g. ConclusionsDietary energy density has increased between the two surveys and few people consumed low energy-dense diets in line with recommendations. The change was largely due to increased energy density of older adult’s diets, while young adults had high dietary energy density at both time points. These data suggest efforts now focus on the evaluation of the role of modifying energy density of the diet to reduce the risk of weight gain in adults.