Low Emission Development Research Articles

Место систем торговли квотами на выбросы в современном инструментарии политики низкоуглеродного развития

At the 2021 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Glasgow, many leading economies have cemented the intention of achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century (2050-2070). However, the geopolitical and economic crisis of 2022 threatens to reduce the priority of decarbonization policy and postpone the introduction of more restrictive measures. In the face of growing constraints, the choice of climate policy instruments becomes even more complex and important. It is necessary to analyze different options from the low-carbon development policy toolkit, to understand their strengths and weaknesses, and their potential to be used to build a comprehensive policy. This article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a tool for direct carbon pricing - a measure that experts from international organizations, as well as the academic community, believe is essential for achieving climate goals. Despite the fact that carbon taxes (the second option of direct pricing) is easier to implement and administer, many jurisdictions still opt for an ETS. Several factors influence the choice of ETS as a decarbonization tool: if optimally designed, a market-based mechanism provides cost-effective emission reductions, there is potential for linkage into a larger systems, the flexibility of the instrument can also provide additional benefits, China’s national ETS is a good example of exploiting the ETS’ flexibility. Political and administrative characteristics (EU, Germany, UK, California), Kyoto, Brussels, and OECD effects (Mexico and other jurisdictions) play an important role in the choice in favour of ETS. The experience of complex and comprehensive low-carbon development strategies already being implemented shows that it is not necessary to place the ETS at the center, making it the cornerstone of policy. The role of ETS in the entire set of decarbonization measures can be central, supportive, or enabling. ETS can have different objectives and stimulate not only direct emission reductions, but also technological transformation, energy transition. For Russia as a federal state, conducting pilot projects with different instruments of carbon pricing implemented in different regions seems to be the best solution for the near future and finding the right instruments for the Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions Development Strategy.

ANALYSIS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPLEMENTATION CARBON TAX IN INDONESIA

The Indonesian government made a commitment to combating climate change through the introduction of a carbon tax, which the law controlled in harmonizing tax rules UU HPP No.7 Year 2021 in order to reduce greenhouse gases and reach net zero emission in Year 2060. Indonesia delayed the introduction of the carbon tax on April and July 2022, but it still intends to do so in stages in accordance with the road map, the growth of the carbon market, the NDC target, and stable economic conditions. This research aims to describe the effectiveness of implementation carbon tax in Indonesia. Technique analysis data use literature review with descriptive qualitative data analysis and comparative research methodology. The research found that it is crucial to guarantee that carbon price regulation is in place as a management tool to alter behavior and promote innovation and changes in how businesses are managed, particularly those that produce significant amounts of carbon emissions. Due to a lack of alternatives using renewable technology and efficient carbon pricing policies, businesses would be reluctant to change and invest in sustainable business models. Indonesia's carbon tax rate also raises many questions about its effectiveness for changing behavior toward low emission development.

Long-term national climate strategies bet on forests and soils to reach net-zero

The deployment of carbon dioxide removal is essential to reach global and national net-zero emissions targets, but little attention has been paid to its practical deployment by countries. Here, we analyse how carbon dioxide removal methods are integrated into 41 of the 50 Long-term Low Emission Development Strategies submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), before 2022. We show that enhancing forest and soil carbon sinks are the most advocated strategies but are only explicitly quantified in 12. Residual emissions by 2050 are only quantified in 20 strategies and most of them use forests to achieve national net-zero targets. Strategies that quantify both residual emissions and carbon dioxide removal identify national constraints, such as wildfire risks to forests and limited geological CO2 storage capacity. These strategies also highlight the need for international cooperation. Taken together, we suggest that the UNFCCC should urgently strengthen its reporting requirements on long-term national climate strategies.

Contributing to Low Emission Development through Regional Energy Planning in West Papua

A model of regional energy planning has been developed based for West Papua province. Regional energy planning had two major scenario which are baseline and mitigation scenario. Mitigation scenario consisted of energy efficiency and fuel switch scenarios. A baseline scenario has been used to reflect energy demand without any intervention of new energy policy in the province. Energy efficiency scenario describe the impact of more efficiency vehicle and appliance in energy consumption. In transportation sector, energy efficiency scenario included a mode change scenario. The use of renewable energy has been included in fuel switch scenario. In supply side planning, renewable energy sources have been accommodated to meet a portion of electricity demand. The model of regional energy planning has been implemented by Long-range Energy Alternative Planning software. The result indicated that the same goal of regional development program can be achieved with less emission. By the implementation of mitigation scenario, overall energy demand in the end of projection period can be reduced by 16.63 PJ compare to the baseline. As an impact, global warming potential is 15.89% less by mitigation scenario compare to baseline scenario. It can be concluded that the emission intensity by the implementation of mitigation scenario is 8.93 Thousand Ton CO2 Equivalent/Billion USD.

Knowledge Models on Biosphere Reserves for Visual and Sustainable Meaningful Learning in Pre-Service Teachers

Abstract It is undeniable that climate change has become one of the greatest global challenges facing humanity in the coming decades. Since the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, all climate summits have emphasized the importance of sustainability through commitments that set the framework for a low-emission development model. Education, as a training field for the rest of the professions, has the responsibility to promote sustainability and this would be feasible considering environmental education as the backbone of the rest of the subjects of the different educational stages. This article presents the visual methodology of knowledge modeling through the use of concept maps and the free software Cmap Tools (ihmc, Florida) as a possibility to promote environmental awareness and sustainability in teachers in training. In compliance with the 4th and 15th sdg s of the 2030 Agenda, the theme of “biosphere reserves” was selected. The intention was to develop conceptually transparent audiovisual teaching material which would enhance environmental education. This material can be used by any primary school anywhere in the world as an alternative to textbooks and as a proposal for motivation and meaningful learning for their future primary school students.

탄소중립을 위한 공공건축물 그린리모델링 에너지 절감 효과 분석 : 국공립 어린이집, 보건소, 공공의료시설을 중심으로

Purpose: As the need for environmental protection was further emphasized after the outbreak of COVID-19, Korea submitted the “2050 Long-term low greenhouse gas Emission Development Strategies” and the “2030 Nationally Determined Contribution” to the UN in October 2021. Accordingly, the greenhouse gas reduction target in the building sector has also been greatly raised, and among them, green remodeling of existing buildings is mainly focused on building energy along with zero energy. To this end, the government adopted the green remodeling project for public buildings as the key project of building NetZero and Korea NewDeal. This is a green remodeling of existing public buildings with a focus on public buildings mainly used by children and the elderly who are vulnerable to infectious diseases. Method: This study analyzes the construction method applied to reduce carbon emissions through energy design consulting, focusing on 1,065 buildings that are the target of the support project. And, the energy saving effect of the design consulting is analyzed, and the development direction of the public building green remodeling project is suggested through this analysis. Results: As a result of regional average energy saving rate analysis through green remodeling, the overall average energy saving rate was analyzed to be 36.8%. By use, the health center showed the highest energy saving rate. In the future, green remodeling of public buildings needs to secure a substantial business plan and quality through business planning and energy design that reflects the characteristics of the building, and it is necessary to expand support in consideration of the urgency and popularity of the project.

Impact of climate change in Southeast Europe; adaptation policies, environmental and human security, and normative resolutions

This paper examines the impact of climate change in the Balkans on the different macro components of human and environmental security: the environmental dimension, the state's adaptation policies, and crisis management for the signified imperatives of mitigation describing impacts on different divisions offering normative resolutions. A comprehensive analysis of climate change in the Western Balkans has identified human health, security, and quality of life as highly vulnerable to natural disasters and weather changes. The agricultural sector, forestry, water management, free-flowing rivers, and Adriatic sea tourism are the ones that will suffer the most significant consequences. It is essential to follow the provisions of the Paris Agreement; climate-neutral green economies. It is required to build the necessary capacity, determining a general policy course for low-emission development resilient to climate change. As Western Balkans is the region facing a real threat posed by climate change, it is necessary to more actively promote the concepts of environmental protection, conservation of resources, and the use of renewable energy sources. At the institutional level, it is necessary to promote the concept of human security policies through laws and other acts or to incorporate it into existing ones; identify the most vulnerable sectors; make risk and vulnerability assessments, and action plans that will more actively oppose climate change. It is critical to integrate specific policies and projects into strategies, identify existing adaptation opportunities to mitigate climate change and ensure international support. Recent plans for exploiting all rivers are a critical factor of environmental and human insecurity, eradicating the European "blue heart," not correlated to the environment or hydro-energy but systemic corruption. Through joint action and approach, it is possible to limit the consequences and work on capacity building, creating a more resilient community capable of protecting its citizens by implementing human security conceptualization. Action plans are needed to build more modern defense systems to prevent further floods. Given the efficiency shown during the 2014 floods, B&H ethnopolitical authorities' actions, and the complex government, there is a high degree of ethnopolitical manipulation and inefficiency.

Possible Role of NPP in Long Term Low Carbon Development Strategy – Case Study Croatia

The term low – emission development strategies (LEDS) was developed on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2008. LEDS is used to describe a longterm national economic development plans or strategies that include low emissions and economic growth resistant to climate change. The concept of Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) has been introduced by the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC as a common but differentiated approach to meet the overall emissions reduction objectives: “All countries shall prepare Low Emission Development Strategies …nationally-driven and represent[ing] the aims and objectives of individual Parties in accordance with national circumstances and capacities” (Cancun Agreement). Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) in this way become an overarching framework to design and achieve Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) reflecting the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) of all countries. For Long-Term National Strategy and Action Plan for Low-Carbon Development the main objective of this programme is the development of a long-term national strategy and action plan for low-carbon development to enable country to fulfil its commitment to carbon obligations. Low-carbon development strategy will become the fundamental for the development of the energy sector with low rate of carbon, but also for the entire economy. European Union is the leader in the effort to reduce emissions especially in the energy sector – sector with the highest rate of emission. With the goal of reducing emissions, necessary measures are accentuated for energy in the EU Countries, as well as in Croatia. The possibilities for realization of Croatian low-carbon development and particularly possible role and barriers for Nuclear power plants for Low carbon emissions development in the electricity sector until 2050 will be presented in this paper.

Framework for Assessing the Feasibility of Carbon Dioxide Removal Options Within the National Context of Germany

Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will be required over the next decades to achieve the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C aiming at not exceeding 1.5°C. Technological and ecosystem-based options are considered for generating negative emissions through carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and several nations have already included these in their Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies. However, strategies for development, implementation, and upscaling of CDR options often remain vague. Considering the scale at which CDR deployment is envisioned in emission pathways for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, significant environmental, social, and institutional implications are to be expected and need to be included in national feasibility assessments of CDR options. Following a multi-disciplinary and comprehensive approach, we created a framework that considers the environmental, technological, economic, social, institutional, and systemic implications of upscaling CDR options. We propose the framework as a tool to help guide decision-relevant feasibility assessments of CDR options, as well as identify challenges and opportunities within the national context. As such, the framework can serve as a means to inform and support decision makers and stakeholders in the iterative science-policy process of determining the role of CDR options in national strategies of achieving net-zero carbon emissions.

Life cycle environmental impact assessment of Taean coal power plant with CO2 capture module

To prevent the generation of pollutants and secondary pollutants owing to the adoption of novel technologies or processes including carbon capture and storage (CCS), it is necessary to characterize the environmental impact more precisely based on actual data. This study established an analysis model utilizing life cycle assessment (LCA) data at the secondary data level, based on the actual data of the Taean coal power plant in the Republic of Korea. The collected data were statistically analyzed to verify the changes in environmental impact according to operation factor, and appropriate life cycle inventories were structured to model the Taean coal power plant. From the created life cycle inventories, the modeled Taean coal power plant was firstly evaluated based on its environmental impacts. It was found that the global warming potential could be reduced by 78%, from 1.04 to 0.23 kgCO2/kWh by applying the CO2 capture module to the Taean model. It was therefore confirmed that applying the CO2 capture facility from a point emission source, such as a thermal power plant, is an effective solution to achieve targeted greenhouse gas reduction from the 2050 Low Emission Development strategy. Also, it was found that upon assessing environmental impact for application of the CO2 capture module to the coal power plant, integrating both the time horizon and country characterization factor should be considered. With the help of the precise LCA methodology, it was confirmed that application of air pollutant control and CO2 capture modules are effective solution to achieve greenhouse gas reduction with environmental regulation standards.

Challenges and potential solutions for Russia during global gas transformation and “Green Revolution”

Today the world community is simultaneously experiencing three global revolutions in gas which can be found at different stages of their development: (i) US “Shale Revolution” with its global “domino effects” which consequences we have been already facing, (ii) global “LNG Revolution” - its global “domino effects” are in the making today, and (iii) global “Green Revolution” is ongoing and is still in its infancy, so its global domino effects are yet to be seen but can be already predicted since the key drivers of the “Green Revolution”, accepted by many, are well understood and have been proclaimed. Development of a low-emission economy/society (“Green Revolution”, decarbonization) has become today an irreversible trend and the most important feature of sustainable development. The point of no return has been crossed by signing and ratifying of 2015 Paris Agreement (COP-21) by most of the UN member-states. For Russia, decarbonization is a crucial task. But the climate challenges associated with GHG emissions, in particular CO2, are not as critical for Russia as they are for our main trade and economic partners, primarily the EU countries. Natural gas prevails in Russian energy mix and this country holds the world's largest natural gas reserves which it would like to effectively monetize. This is why Russia's urgent task is a transition to a natural resource-based innovative sustainable development path – as a new paradigm for its economic and energy development - combining decarbonization (low-emission development, incl. in gas industry) and the monetization of the country's non-renewable energy resources, gas as the most abundant and cleanest among them. Such paradigm can be based on the development of hydrogen economy as an important component of Russian energy economy providing a significant contribution to decarbonization, primarily due to technical solutions for hydrogen production from natural gas without CO2 emissions, where Russia has already done the potentially competitive process-oriented groundwork. The author explains three different paths for hydrogen production (water electrolysis, methane steam reforming with CO2 emissions and CCS, and methane pyrolysis and similar technologies without CO2 emissions) and demonstrates their competitive advantages and disadvantages. He argues why the third path is the mutually beneficial one for both Russia and the EU since for the EU it helps to decrease low-emission development costs and for Russia to further monetize its vast gas resources within export-oriented decarbonization. He points out that current public debate in the EU is mostly limited to the first two hydrogen production paths only, while almost totally ignoring the third path, though he considers such policy as counterproductive. He argues for a “win-win” scenario for Russia and the EU in regard to hydrogen economy development based on, first and most, the third path (production of H2 from CH4 without CO2 emissions) and, finally, he presents his vision in which geographical areas of the EU key technologies of hydrogen production might find their most competitive application. • Global gas revolutions: US shale & LNG from supply side & Green from demand side. • Russia-EU balance of interests in gas decarbonization policies possible. • Competitive H2 production technologies: SMR + CCS; methane pyrolysis; electrolysis. • Competitive geography for H2 production technologies in Europe. • Proposed Russia-EU “win-win” energy cooperation in H2.

The economic impact of a deep decarbonisation pathway for China: a hybrid model analysis through bottom-up and top-down linking

The development of mid-century low-emission development strategies is critical to guiding national actions on long-term mitigation. One of the key concerns in developing mitigation strategies is the cost of the low-carbon transition. In this study, we estimate the macroeconomic cost of a deep decarbonisation pathway for China, by integrating an energy-systems optimisation model with an economic model through hard linking. Our results indicate that deep decarbonisation increases the energy expenses of Chinese households in the mid-run due to the higher cost of electricity. However, firms will benefit from moderate decarbonisation as a result of a reduction in coal and oil consumption. As a result, energy-efficiency improvements lead to a reduction in firms’ total energy costs, partially compensating the crowding-out effect of low-carbon investments on general productive capital. Our mitigation scenario has therefore a small macroeconomic cost compared to business as usual, equal to a lag in the growth of less than one year in 2050.

Role of the Land-Based Private Sector in Low-Emission Development: An Indonesian Case

The land-based private sector is a critical player in reducing emissions in Indonesia. While the Indonesian Government has undertaken various national efforts to reduce the rate of deforestation and land degradation, the involvement of land-based private sectors are still minimal. Using content and thematic analysis, this study explores why land-based private sector is not leading to low carbon development in Indonesia. More specifically, this study aims to: (1) analyse two key policies critically shaping the land-based private sector’s involvement in low emission development in Indonesia; (2) identify the land-based sector’s practices to engage in the development of low carbon policies in the East Kalimantan Province in Indonesia; and (3) conduct a participants’ perceptions analysis to identify the critical factors influencing their involvement in low emissions development. The results show that even though the Government has adopted several mandatory regulations to support the land-based private sector’s participation in emission reduction activities, to date, only a handful of businesses are actively involved in emission reduction efforts. The key barrier identified is the lack of incentives for the businesses to implement low emission programs/activities. This study offers four specific policy recommendations that could support land-based private sector involvement in low emission development in Indonesia. These include (1) establishment of an independent monitoring agency; (2) incentives for ecologically sustainable companies that meet predetermined standard criteria; (3) strict and fair sanctions as disincentives for companies that ignore regulations, and (4) building capacity of the land-based private sector to adopt and develop innovative low emission practices.

Financing climate change mitigation in agriculture: assessment of investment cases

More than one-quarter of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions come from agriculture, forestry, and land-use change. As with other sectors of the economy, agriculture should also contribute to meeting countries’ emission reduction targets. Transformation of agriculture to low-carbon food systems requires much larger investments in low emission development options from global climate finance, domestic budgets, and the private sector. Innovative financing mechanisms and instruments that integrate climate finance, agriculture development budgets, and private sector investment can improve and increase farmers’ and other value chain actors’ access to finance while delivering environmental, economic, and social benefits. Investment cases assessed in this study provide rich information to design and implement mitigation options in agriculture through unlocking additional sources of public and private capital, strengthening the links between financial institutions, farmers, and agribusiness, and coordination of actions across multiple stakeholders. These investment cases expand support for existing agricultural best practices, integrate forestry and agricultural actions to avoid land-use change, and support the transition to market-based solutions.

The Paradox of the New Great Game: Do Europe and China Need More Pipelines from Eurasia?

ABSTRACT Transition to low-carbon energy is on the political agenda of most developed states, supported by investment in green technologies and legislative initiatives. The EU is actively elaborating the 2050 climate and energy policy framework and has adopted the Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy to make the EU ‘climate-neutral’ by 2050. Meanwhile, China’s President Xi Jinping announced China’s goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. These strategic goals are in line with China’s and the EU’s international commitment to ‘global climate action’ under the 2016 Paris Accords. These plans go in stark contrast with rising investment in pipeline projects in Central Asia and the South Caucasus that compete with Russia’s expanding transit capacities and with the dramatic development of LNG markets in Europe and Asia. The New Great Game seems to have been turning 180°—from rivalry among consumers over upstream assets and transportation routes in Central Asia and the South Caucasus towards competition between producers over sales markets in Europe and China, although the recent and sudden global gas supply crisis suggests a more complicated picture. So, what do the net-zero strategies mean for Eurasia? This article attempts to answer this question by exploring the prospects for gas pipeline expansion amid the carbon neutrality pledges of the major net consumers.

COP26 and beyond: long-term climate strategies are key to safeguard health and equity

Greenhouse gas emission reductions are a lifeline for humanity. In the lead up to the COP26 UN Climate Conference, governments worldwide were expected to submit strengthened emission reduction targets for the year 2030 (in the form of nationally determined contributions; NDCs), as well as mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (long-term strategies; LTSs). However, as of one week before the conference, countries responsible for just 55% and 32% of global greenhouse gas emissions had submitted NDCs and LTSs, respectively.

Assessment of carbon reduction costs in renewable energy technologies for heat generation in Thailand

Thailand has increased continuously of renewable energy because of the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) is targeted at increasing renewable energy use in all sectors. In addition to reducing the use of fossil fuels and energy imports from abroad, it also affects the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction that is a major cause of climate change. In 2019, thermal energy consumption from renewable energy was 60.3% of total final renewable energy consumption. This study aims to assess the marginal abatement costs (MAC) in Thailand renewable energy heat generation which is consisting of (i) the type of natural renewable: solar energy, and (ii) the type of bio-renewable: biomass, biogas, and waste during 2014 to 2018. In 2018, the MAC results range from −18,757.67 to 3,718.38 THB/tCO 2eq. Marginal abatement costs (MAC) are the important tools for prioritizing in GHG reduction strategy which represents the importance and necessity of heat generation from renewable energy that affects to the GHG reduction of the country by expression the form of marginal abatement cost curves (MAC Curve). In addition, it is also a climate change economics indicator that is essential for the Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) of Thailand to affect the operations that will lead to sustainable development in society, economy, and environment to achieve Net-zero targets.

Strategies and Effects of LEDS (Low Emission Development Strategy) in Fortaleza, Brazil

When it comes to climate change, the built environment, together with transport, and waste and water management play a significant role as Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emitting sectors, reflecting the strong need to address such issues by local governments. A notable action that has been taken in this regard is the Urban Low Emission Development Strategies (Urban LEDS), which consists of a project implemented by the UN-Habitat and the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) that selected eight model cities and twenty-one satellite cities around the world and aims to support integrated and ambitious climate action, encouraging low-carbon efforts in emerging economies through the collaboration among them. In addition, eight European cities also participated in the project in its first phase, contributing with their expertise and experience with climate change mitigation. Since 2012, the city of Fortaleza in Brazil is a model city of the Urban LEDS project and it has sustainably integrated and developed many projects, making it a more resilient city, stimulating its economic growth and improving its quality of life. This paper aims to present the milestones that Fortaleza has already met within Urban LEDS and its main priorities in the next years, identifying best practices in three European cities (Copenhagen, Zagreb and Hannover) that could also be implemented in its geographical, social and cultural context, as well as indicate lessons that other cities can learn from Fortaleza.

Experimental study on the stability and flame characteristics of LPG flames in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 environment

The current energy crisis and the escalating concern over pollution level necessitate the development of various low emission and clean technologies for efficient utilization of fossil fuels. These technologies offer the benefits of using fossil fuels continuously without harming the environment. Oxy fuel combustion technology is one of the promising low emission combustion technologies having an additional advantage of being a better retrofit option compared to other clean technologies. In the present study, the stability and flame characteristics of LPG flame in a tubular burner has been investigated with oxygen as the oxidizing gas and nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the balance gas. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of primary aeration and the effect of balance gas on the stability and flame characteristics of air and oxy flames. The experimental results from the preliminary experiments show that the flame height decreases with increase in primary aeration for both air and oxy cases and the premixed blue zone increases with primary aeration. The flames observed for oxy cases are dull and weak at all equivalence ratio (or primary aeration). The measured axial flame temperature indicated that the temperature of oxy flames is lower than that of the air flames for the same primary aeration. The data obtained from the stability tests show that the oxy flames can withstand relatively lower port velocity than its air counterpart. Therefore, the stable operating range of the given burner design is lower when CO2 is used as the balance gas. These differences in the stability and flame characteristics is attributed to the difference in the thermo physical properties like molar heat capacity, mass diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the balance gas CO2 and N2.

Cancel (Out) Emissions? The Envisaged Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies in Long-Term National Climate Strategies

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) increasingly features in climate scenarios that hold global warming well below 2°C by 2100. Given the continuous gap between climate mitigation pledges and the emission pathways that are aligned with achieving the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, we would expect countries to promote CDR in their long-term planning to achieve mid-century targets. Yet, countries may not consider it their responsibility to contribute to the global response to climate change using CDR. Thus, a study of the respective country's long-term climate plans is both timely and vital. Such a study could reveal the pledged collective ambition, the contribution of CDR to the pledged ambition, and how the envisaged role of CDR is described by the different countries. This paper explores the long-term low emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) of countries in order to map the role of CDR in addressing climate change. We also supplement our examination of strategies with the opinions of climate experts. Based on an inductive coding of the material and a literature review, the analytical focus of the analysis includes CDR targets and planning, types of CDR, barriers and opportunities to CDR implementation, as well as international cooperation. Our study of 25 national LT-LEDS submitted to the UN or to the EU, as well as 23 interviews with climate experts, shows that national plans for CDR vary substantially across countries and are generally lacking in detail. The findings also demonstrate that CDR is perceived to be necessary and desirable for achieving mid-century climate goals, but also reveal variation in the intended role of CDR. We use an interpretive approach to outline three possible visions of CDR in climate action: as a panacea, as a necessary fallback and as a chimera. We conclude by discussing what our findings of the envisaged roles of CDR in addressing climate change mean for climate governance. This research thereby contributes to the literature on governing CDR with new comprehensive insights into the long-term climate strategies of countries.