Low Economic Level Research Articles

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Human Rabies and Identification of Predominant Risk Factors in China from 2004 to 2020.

Human rabies is a prevalent issue in China, posing a significant public health concern in the country. This study fitted the Bayesian model of separable in spatial and temporal variation and inseparable spatiotemporal variation in disease risk respectively based on Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of human rabies across 31 provinces in China from 2004 to 2020. It also investigated the influence of natural and socio-environmental factors on the incidence of the disease. Within the study period, a total of 26,807 cases of human rabies were reported, with the highest risk of incidence occurring in 2007, followed by a steady annual decline to the lowest risk in 2020. Guangxi Province exhibited the highest risk, while Jilin Province had the lowest, with the southern, central, and eastern regions reporting higher risks than the northern and western areas. By 2020, most provinces such as Guangxi and Guizhou had significantly reduced their relative risk (RR) of human rabies from historical highs. However, some provinces like Hunan, Henan, and Jiangsu experienced an increase in RR compared to previous years. As the annual average temperature increases, the risk of human rabies incidence in China correspondingly rises. Conversely, with increases in the annual average daily sunshine duration, per capita disposable income of urban residents, and local government healthcare expenditures, the risk of human rabies incidence declines. We conclude that the risk of human rabies in China initially increased and then decreased annually from 2004 to 2020. Future efforts should continuously increase financial investments in rabies prevention and control, focusing particularly on Hunan, Henan, Jiangsu, and provinces characterized by higher temperatures, shorter sunshine durations, and lower economic levels.

Economic Uncertainty and Monetary Policy Effectiveness: A Comparative Study between High and Low Uncertainty Countries

This study examines the impact of economic uncertainty on monetary policy effectiveness, as measured by inflation, in 21 countries observed during the period stretching from 1997 to 2022. The study uses a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model on full, high and low uncertainty countries. Our results indicate that uncertainty has a significant positive impact on inflation. The results also show that central banks have adopted a cautious approach in response to these shocks, and that monetary policy moderates the negative effects of economic uncertainty. Finally, we found similar results for countries with low vs. high economic uncertainty levels. The findings can be worthwhile to sketch proper monetary policy under uncertainty to lessen monetary policy effectiveness. This study suggests that it is important to note that, in times of high economic uncertainty, monetary policy can be effective when a reactive monetary policy acts as an economic stabilizer and inflation controller. Contribution/ Originality: This study is one of the very few studies investigating the relationship between economic uncertainty and monetary policy effectiveness. It does so using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model in high uncertainty versus low uncertainty countries, thus contributing to our understanding of monetary policy effectiveness under uncertainty.Economic uncertainty

Sociodemographic correlates of dietary habits among university students of health sciences in Kosovo

We aimed to assess the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of selected dietary habits among students of health sciences in Kosovo. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kosovo in 2024, including 470 students of health sciences (≈86% females; mean age: 20.7±2.7 years; response rate: 70%). Information on selected dietary habits and sociodemographic factors of the students was gathered. Independent positive correlates of a lower fruit intake (<1 time/day) included male gender (OR=2.3, 95% CI =1.3-4.2) and a lower economic level (OR=1.5, 95% CI =1.0-2.3). Furthermore, positive independent correlates of a higher frequency of consumption of fried foods (≥1 time/day) included male gender (OR=2.2, 95% CI =1.2-4.1), urban residence (OR=1.6, 95% CI =1.0-2.6) and a lower economic level (OR=1.7, 95% CI =1.0-2.7). Conversely, excessive salt intake was positively and strongly correlated to a lower economic level (OR=3.5, 95% CI =2.1-6.0), but inversely related to students’ age (OR=0.4, 95% CI =0.2-0.9). Male gender and particularly a lower economic level were strong correlates of poor dietary habits among university students in Kosovo. Targeted interventions are needed to address dietary habits among youths, with a focus on providing support and resources to economically disadvantaged individuals.

Pencegahan Pernikahan Dini: Strategi Membangun Kesadaran Hukum untuk Mewujudkan Masa Depan Lebih Baik

Marriage at an early age is a phenomenon that is still happening in the Long Sand Village, the Eastern Mempawah district, the district of Mempawha, and areas with low educational and economic levels. Early marriages have a wide range of negative effects, both in terms of health, psychology, and society. Lack of legal understanding of the age limit for marriage and its legal consequences are often the main cause. Therefore, increased legal awareness in society has become crucial to reducing the number of early marriages. This dedication is aimed at raising public awareness and understanding of the law relating to marriage at an early age, as well as providing education on the negative impact of early marriage and the importance of postponing marriage to a more mature age. The dedication takes place through several stages, namely an initial survey to measure the level of public understanding, socialization, and education through workshops, and targeted group discussions. In addition, legal support services and advice are provided for families vulnerable to early marriage. The activity has been successful in raising awareness and understanding of the law amongst the public, especially regarding the age limit for marriage and the negative impact of early marriage. The active participation of adolescents and parents in the discussion indicates a change in attitude and increased commitment to postponing early marriages. Evaluations through post-activity questionnaires show a significant improvement in legal understanding and awareness of the importance of education and self-development for adolescents.

Distribution and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection with relevance to interleukin profile among population in Duhok city, Iraq

BackgroundVaginal trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease causes adverse health outcomes, the causative agent is Tichomonas vaginalis. Infected women develop abnormal vaginal discharge with vaginitis. While, men mostly suffer from prostatitis and urethritis. ObjectivesThis study aimed to detect the rate of T.vaginalis infection in association with risk factors, measurement of blood parameters, interleukine-2 (IL-2) and interleukine-8(IL-8) levels among individuals. MethodsA total of 500 females were tested, a vaginal swab and blood were collected from the participants, and they were within the age range of 18–70 years old. High vaginal swabs were examined microscopically using wet mount preparation, the blood used for measurement of blood parameters using coulter count machine and IL-2 and IL-8 levels were evaluated using ELISA technique. ResultsOut of 500 individuals, the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection was 45(9.0 %). The maximum infection rates were reported among age group (18–28) years, rural residents, illiterates, married women (16.7 %), (15.9 %),(30.0 %),(11.7 %),respectively. Moreover, high positivity of infection revealed among low economical level 12.5 % compared to only 1.7 % in high economy group. Unemployed women, those with bad vaginal hygiene showed high incidence of infection 10.5 % and 6.3 %, respectively. It was noted a significant decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration, however, there was a significantly increased in white blood cells among infected subjects. Furthermore, the levels of both interleukin-2 and interleukin-8 were significantly higher among infected individuals compared to healthy ones. ConclusionsEffective strategies for disease awareness are needed and should include health promotion, education, and prevention.

VALUE BASED MANAGEMENT AT KELOMPOK USAHA BERSAMA (KUBE)

Joint Business Group/Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE) is a business scheme launched in 2010 by the Ministry of Social Affairs for underprivileged families who received social assistance from the Family Hope Program (PKH), with the idea that they will no longer depend on social assistance. KUBE has not yet achieved its goals due to low business management capabilities, weak entrepreneurial culture which has resulted low economic empowerment and performance level. This reason as an urgent need for research and development to analyze phenomena and find solutions for better KUBE performance. The aim of the research is to describe and analyze the value based management at KUBE in Bandung City. This research resulted a new findings related to the stages of determining the assumptions and legal basis used, formulating concepts and proving them into the analytical implementation of KUBE. This implementation was supported by the West Java Provincial Social Service Board in the form of providing data, information on the implementation of KUBE and facilitating the presentation of research reports. The method used is a qualitative approach with TKT at level 3. The main research output is publication on Sinta 1 or Sinta 4 and the additional outputs is a book chapter.

Analysis of Implementation of City Policy for Children Basic Health and Child Welfare Cluster in Makssar City

Background: Implementation of the child-friendly city policy in the basic health and child welfare cluster is a step towards realizing a child-friendly city, through fulfilling children's rights to basic health and child welfare carried out by the Makassar City Government together with the business world and the community. Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of child-friendly city policies in Makassar City in the basic health and child welfare cluster. Method: The research method used was a qualitative-exploratory approach using observation, in-depth interviews and literature study of all research informants selected using purposive sampling. The theory used is the implementation theory of Van Metter and Van Horn. Results: The results of this research indicate that the implementation of the child-friendly city policy in the basic health and child welfare cluster in Makassar City has been successful but has not run optimally. Human resources are sufficient but not of high quality, the budget is still limited and there is no clear time target. Characteristics of implementing agents who are less firm in implementing policies. The attitude/tendency of the implementing agent has shown acceptance. Communication and coordination between organizations has not been established well. The economic, social and political environment is not yet conducive. Conclusion: Although human and financial resources are sufficient, the lack of certification training and coordination between implementing agencies as well as the low economic level of the community hinder the effective implementation of this policy.

Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Pelayanan Masyarakat

This research aims to describe the role of mentors, inhibiting and supporting factors in mentoring the Community Service Welfare Empowerment Program. This research uses a qualitative approach, the companion is the research subject. The problem of poverty is a complex obstacle so that a country cannot have the ability to eradicate poverty alone. The majority of Indonesian people are at a low economic level, this causes the poverty rate in Indonesia to increase from year to year

An empirical analysis of the coupling and coordinated development of new urbanization and ecological welfare performance in China’s Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle

New urbanization (NU) and ecological welfare performance (EWP) play pivotal roles in achieving sustainable urban development, with both emphasizing social equity and environmental management. Exploring the coordinated relationship between EWP and NU is invaluable for understanding the symbiotic interplay between humans and nature. We constructed a framework to elucidate the coupling mechanism of EWP and NU from the perspective of systems theory. We quantified the levels of NU and EWP utilizing the entropy weighting method and the super-efficient SBM method, respectively. Furthermore, we assessed the degree of coupling coordination between the two using the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM). Spatial and temporal evolution analysis was conducted, and factors influencing the degree of coupling coordination between EWP and NU were explored through a spatial–temporal geographically-weighted regression model (GTWR). The results indicate: (1) During the study period, the average annual increase in EWP in the study area was 2.59%, with a narrowing relative gap between cities. Conversely, the average annual increase in the level of NU was 7.6%, with demographic and economic dimensions carrying the highest weights. (2) The type of coupling coordination between EWP and NU transitions from basic coordination to moderate coordination, with the development of EWP lagging behind that of NU. (3) City size demonstrates a positive yet diminishing trend on the coupling coordination level, with economic development exerting the greatest influence and exhibiting a "V" trend, while the impact of green technology innovation diminishes negatively. Additionally, regional disparities are significant, with city size exhibiting a negative impact in areas of high population density and low economic levels, and green technology innovation showing notable polarization characteristics in core cities. These findings serve as a foundation for fostering coordinated ecological development amid the rapid urbanization process of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) of Social Aid Recipients in Murung Raya District Central Kalimantan Province with Machine Learning Approach

Various kinds of problems often occur in programs implemented by the government, one of which is the problem that often arises is the uneven distribution of social assistance carried out to people with low economic levels, poverty is the main problem being faced by all countries in the world, including Indonesia. The purpose of implementing the dataset of social assistance recipients using EDA. To find the correlation of 4 variables, namely Number of Population, Number of Recipients, Occupation, and Age in the dataset of social assistance recipients in Murung Raya District, Central Kalimantan Province, with a machine learning approach. Then the research method used here is quantitative methods and experiments with machine learning approaches. So by using the EDA method on data on social assistance recipients in Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, it can be seen that the variable Number of population has.

GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT IN NATURAL CAPITAL BOOSTS ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA’S TRANSFER PAYMENT POLICY FOR NATIONAL KEY ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL AREAS

This paper studies the impact of the transfer payment policy for national key ecological functional areas (TPPNKEFA) on economic growth. As the most representative and extensive vertical ecological compensation policy in China, the TPPNKEFA plays an important role in protecting and restoring natural capital. Using the county-level TPPNKEFA data disclosed according to the application, we constructed a multi-stage DID model to identify the economic growth effect of TPPNKEFA. The results show that TPPNKEFA effectively improves the level of county economic development, which is more prominent in the counties located in the central and western regions, water conservation functional areas, low economic development level, large fiscal gap, and the counties where TPPNKEFA has been implemented for a long time. A mechanism analysis shows that industrial ecologization and ecological industrialization are important paths. The extension analysis shows that the original intention of TPPNKEFA to promote the restoration of natural capital and the improvement of people’s livelihoods has been well implemented. This study provides important evidence to support efforts to protect and restore natural capital, highlighting the need for governments to invest in natural capital and thus facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Strategic Planning of Rural Telecommunication Infrastructure: A Multi-Source Data Fusion and Optimization Model

Abstract. The United Nations has underscored the critical role of digital connectivity by integrating it into several sustainable development goals, with the ambition for nations worldwide to achieve comprehensive access by 2030. Over thousand million people, primarily in rural areas, are disconnected from the digital world, highlighting the urgent need for viable and sustainable telecommunications solutions. These areas are characterized by sparse populations and lower economic levels, presenting great challenges for connectivity. This work introduces a strategy for enhancing rural telecommunication planning using geospatial and remote sensing data, deep learning-based clustering techniques, network graphs, and terrain analysis. The objective is to develop an optimal network topology and identify prime locations for telecommunications infrastructure, such as towers or relay stations. The methodology begins with the application of an adapted Deep Embedded Clustering (DEC) technique to identify community boundaries accurately. Then, it combines geospatial data (such as roads, terrain slope, flatness, etc.) and remote sensing data (vegetation, waterways, etc.) through an optimization algorithm. This process aims to determine the most suitable sites for infrastructure placement and the best network topology for connecting these areas. The study focuses on the region of Congo, offering a detailed case study on the application of this approach. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed telecommunications expansion strategy.

Does digital economy affect corporate ESG performance? New insights from China

With the explosive development and innovation of digital and information technologies, a big data era has arrived in China. We examine the influence of the digital economy on corporate ESG performance using panel data from A-share listed firms in China between 2011 and 2021. First, we find that the digital economy can significantly improve corporate ESG performance, especially in environmental and governance dimensions. Second, our mechanism analysis identifies two channels—green innovation and digital transformation—through which the digital economy affects corporate ESG performance. Third, our cross-sectional analysis shows that the effect of the digital economy on corporate ESG performance is more pronounced for listed firms located in areas with lower economic levels, facing higher financing constraints, and belonging to high-polluting industries. Finally, our results remain robust after conducting a series of tests. Our study underscores the policy implication that embracing and promoting digital economy initiatives can serve as a potent lever to enhance corporate ESG performance, particularly in environmental and governance dimensions.

Study of the sociodemographic, clinical and criminological characteristics of Tunisian female offenders

IntroductionThe psychopathology of female crime perpetrators is not well understood since female criminality rates have remained distinctly lower than male criminality.This study draws on over 20 years of psychiatric expertises to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and forensic characteristics of female perpetrators.Objectives-To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of female offenders examined for criminal psychiatric expertise.-Describe the criminological and forensic characteristics of these women. MethodsRetrospective and descriptive study, which focused on 56 criminal psychiatric expertise files of female offenders, examined at the psychiatric department “C” at the CHU Hedi Chaker in Sfax, Tunisia, over a period of 24 years.For each offender, we examined the expert report and the judicial research report. We then transcribed the socio-demographic and clinical information, as well as the criminological and forensic characteristics, onto a pre-established form.ResultsThe accused women in our study had an average age of 35 years and 06 months, and 67.86% of the cases were under 40 years of age, with an educational level no higher than primary school in 62.5% of cases. They were unemployed in 71.4% of cases. Among the accused examined, 76.8% had mental disorders, including 46.6% with personality disorders, 16.3% with intellectual disability, 16.3% with bipolar disorder, 9.3% with depressive disorder, 9.3% with psychotic disorder, and 2.3% with substance use disorder (anxiolytic). We recorded 55.4% offences against persons, including 37.5% homicides and attempted homicides, and 44.6% offences against property, including 23.2% thefts. Dementia in the legal sense was identified in 30.4% of cases. Bipolar disorder accounted for 41.1% of legally demented subjects.Conclusions It emerges that the profile of the female criminal is that of a woman under 40, with a low educational and economic level, and most often with an antisocial personality or intellectual disability. It would therefore be important to step up primary prevention work by better educating these at-risk women and to combat the factors contributing to dangerousness among the mentally ill by optimizing their psychiatric care.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Multidrivers of energy-related carbon emissions and its decoupling with economic growth in Northwest China

Northwest China has great natural resource endowment to develop its economy, but factors such as geographic remoteness and technological backwardness result in lower economic levels and higher carbon emissions. This study calculated the energy-related carbon emissions of five provinces in this region, and the evolutionary characteristics of energy-related carbon emissions were analysed from the spatiotemporal perspective. The Kaya identity was applied to decompose the factors influencing energy-related carbon emissions, and the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) and refined Laspeyres index were combined to calculate the role of each influencing factor on energy-related carbon emissions. Finally, the Tapio and LMDI models were used to analyse the evolution of the decoupling relationship between energy-related carbon emissions and economic growth and the role of various influencing factors. The energy-related carbon emissions in Northwest China showed an increasing trend. In terms of influencing factors, economic growth and urban expansion had the highest contributions to carbon emissions and decoupling inhibition, whereas population agglomeration had the opposite effect. Northwest China showed great decoupling trends between energy-related carbon emissions and economic growth.

Diversified evolutionary patterns of surface urban heat island in new expansion areas of 31 Chinese cities

As a hot area of population inflow in the process of urbanization, the urban expansion area faces rapid growth of surface urban heat island (SUHI). However, the multi-dimensional evolutionary characteristics of SUHI in urban expansion areas are still unclear. Through analyzing the evolution of SUHI range ratio, mean intensity and maximum intensity, in this study we identified the comprehensive evolutionary pattern of summer SUHI in urban expansion areas of 31 major cities in China during 2000–2018, and further investigated the corresponding dominant influencing factors. The results showed that the SUHI range and intensity in urban expansion areas exhibited a significant increasing trend in 81% and 71% of the cities respectively during the summer daytime. The cities with declining SUHI range and intensity were distributed in northwestern high-altitude areas with low economic level, while the cities with dominant increases in the SUHI range were distributed in eastern low-altitude areas with high economic level. Climate conditions and population distribution were the dominant influencing factors of intensity-dominated increasing and balanced increasing types, respectively. The intensity and range two-dimensional increasing type had experienced the most severe SUHI growth, with large proportion of secondary industry as the main influencing factor. This study highlighted the importance of multi-dimensional characteristics of SUHI evolution, which provided a new insight to understand SUHI change in urban expansion areas and associated mitigation measures.

Research on the decoupling relationship between water resources utilization and economic development at the county scale in Qian’nan Prefecture, Guizhou Province

There is a close link between water resources and economic development. To understand the relationship between water resources and economic development in Qian’nan, Guizhou, the study utilized the water resources ecological footprint and decoupling model to analyze the relationship between water resource ecological footprint and economic growth in the region. Data from 2009 to 2019 were collected and analyzed to understand the trends and patterns. The results indicate that from 2009 to 2019, the ecological footprint of water resources in Qian’nan remained less than the ecological carrying capacity, indicating a surplus of water resources and low ecological pressure. However, the water resources ecological footprint gradually increased over the study period. Furthermore, the ecological footprint of water resources was found to be higher in the northern areas compared to the southern regions. Additionally, areas with higher economic levels exhibited larger ecological footprints of water resources, while areas with lower economic levels had smaller ecological footprints. Although some counties (cities) showed an increasingly severe relationship between water resource ecological footprint and economic growth, overall, most counties (cities) demonstrated a weak decoupling state, suggesting that economic development is not significantly constrained by water resources. The findings suggest that Qian’nan, Guizhou, has experienced a surplus of water resources with low ecological pressure over the past decade. However, the increasing water resources ecological footprint warrants attention to ensure sustainable management. The spatial disparities in the ecological footprint of water resources highlight the need for targeted interventions in different regions. Additionally, the weak decoupling state between water resources ecological footprint and economic growth indicates the potential for further economic development without significant constraints from water resources. However, proactive measures should be implemented to maintain this balance and promote sustainable development in the region.

Exploring Two Years of Stunting Trends: Insights from Tidore Kepulauan

Stunting, as a complex issue, demands a serious and comprehensive approach. Accelerating efforts to reduce stunting is imperative and requires collaboration from all stakeholders, including the Tidore government, private sector, community, and families. Furthermore, addressing this issue necessitates extensive longitudinal research to investigate its prevalence and influencing factors. To tackle this, a crucial study is essential to unveil the prevalence trends of stunting from 2022 to 2023, covering the last two years in the Tidore Kepulauan. The primary goal of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of stunting trends in Tidore through long-term analysis, exploring prevalence fluctuations. Employing a descriptive statistical approach, this study relies on numerical data as its primary foundation, focusing on in-depth descriptive analysis of stunting prevalence trends in the Tidore Kepulauan over the last two years. Data from the Directorate General of Regional Development's website reveals significant variations among villages in 2022. Villages like Gurabati (1.2%), Toloa (2.1%), and Maregam (3.8%) exhibit low rates, whereas Topo (45.5%), Topo Tiga (23.1%), and Maitara Tengah (20.6%) have high rates. Specific efforts are needed in high-prevalence villages to improve child nutrition and overall community well-being. The 2023 prevalence data shows significant variations among villages, with some areas displaying alarmingly high rates. Descriptive statistical analysis links stunting in the Tidore Kepulauan to several key factors. Malnutrition (32.4%), inadequate nutritional intake, and prenatal malnutrition (28.2%) are major contributors. Genetic factors (16.2%), poor hygiene (4.8%), and viral/bacterial infections (4.1%) also play roles. Lower economic levels and other factors contribute in smaller proportions (2.8% and 3.0% respectively). Although 8.5% of respondents are unaware of the causes, this analysis provides a comprehensive overview of factors that need attention to combat stunting in the Tidore Kepulauan.

Tradisi Asokan Pada Walimatul ‘Urs Tinjauan Terhadap Ketahanan Ekonomi Keluarga di Kecamatan Bilah Hilir Kab. Labuhanbatu, Prov. Sumatera Utara

The people of Bilah Hilir District have a tradition called Asokan. Asokan is assistance in the form of basic materials or money to ease the burden on the householder. Even though this tradition has been implemented by the people of Bilah Hilir District for a long time, there are still a number of people who object to this Asokan Tradition because they are required to return the Asokan at least equivalent to the amount given. Thus this Asokan is not really a gift but rather a debt that must be paid in time. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of Asokan on the economic resilience of families in the Bilah Hilir District Community. The problem of this research can be formulated as follows: how does Asokan occur in Bilah Hilir District, what is the influence of Asokan on family economic security, and what is the law on Asokan in Bilah Hilir District according to Islamic Sharia. Primary data was obtained from interviews and distributing questionnaires. Secondary data obtained from literature studies related to research problems. The Askan tradition has an influence on the economic resilience of families in the Bilah Hilir sub-district community which has a relatively low economic level.

Probabilistic location of early instrumental earthquakes based on macroseismic and instrumental data

There are regions of moderate seismicity that have long lacked a dense network of seismic stations due to their sparse population, inaccessibility, and low economic levels. Characterization of earthquakes in such regions is typically limited to the small amount of macroseismic information available and data from only one or two seismic stations. Most often, the location of such earthquakes was based on the use of macroseismic information alone. We propose a method for probabilistic estimation of the location of such earthquakes based on a joint analysis of their macroseismic and instrumental data. The technique is implemented in the ProLoM program (Probabilistic Locator by Macroseismics). In this study, we test the performance of the method on a test earthquake of May 20, 1967 and present the results of the analysis of the earthquakes that occurred in the north of the East European Platform on June 30, 1911 and January 13, 1939.