Lower Economic Groups Research Articles

Factors Associated With Vaccination Compliance in Southeast Asian Children: A Systematic Review

Although vaccination coverage has reached a peak of 86% globally, around 19.9 million infants and children are yet to receive routine vaccinations-with Asia holding the highest prevalence of noncompliance. This implies notable gaps in vaccination coverage among some regions in the world. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with compliance toward childhood vaccination in Southeast Asia. A systematic review of observational studies was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. Included studies analyze factors affecting compliance with childhood vaccination in Southeast Asia, and assessed with JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale's criteria. Sixteen observational studies were included, with a total of 41 956 subjects, consisting of 15 cross-sectional studies and one case-control study. Our results suggested that parental personal-related, children and family status-related, socioeconomic, and health care-related factors strongly affected subjects' compliance with immunization. Prominent determinants were older maternal age, higher economics groups, parents in government or health care sectors, and frequent antenatal care visits. On the other hand, noncompliance were associated with younger age, large quantity of family members, lower economic groups, lower education, and unemployed parents. We hope that this comprehensive assessment thoroughly addresses challenges and inform strategies to raise compliance toward childhood vaccination in Southeast Asia.

Interaction of Socio-demographic Characteristics on Acceptance of Disability Among Individuals With Physical Disabilities.

This study aimed to investigate the interaction of sociodemographic characteristics on acceptance of disability among individuals with physical disabilities (IWPD). Data from the 8th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled in Korea (PSED) in the second wave were used. A sample concerning the first phase of disability was extracted using the one-step colony method to extract regions and was stratified based on the type of disability, disability grade, and age. To explore the association between acceptance of sociodemographic characteristics and of disability, we used a general linear model. A significant main effect was observed in employment, health status, degree of help, and subjective economic status. Regarding employment status, acceptance of disability in unemployment of IWPD with less than high school was lower as compared to those with more than high school. We observed that unemployed IWPD with low income or poor health status could be the group with the highest risk for acceptance of disability. Individuals in the low economic group were more religious than those in the high economic one. These findings indicate that specialized intervention programs that consider religion, economic status, employment, education, health, and their interactions would be effective for acceptance of disability. Interdisciplinary team members should consider the individual profiles of these populations and implement suitable support and rehabilitation programs.

Transfer of Ownership Rights to Land Due to Inheritance Based on Customary Law in Semidang Alas Maras Subdistrict in terms of Civil Inheritance

The purpose of this study was to determine the transfer of ownership rights to land due to inheritance based on customary law in Semidang Alas Maras District in terms of Civil Inheritance. This study uses an empirical juridical approach. This approach aims to understand that the law is not merely a set of statutory rules that are normative in nature, but the law is understood as the behavior of people who are symptomatic in their lives, always interact and relate to social aspects, such as; economic, social and cultural aspects. 2. Transfer of land rights regarding the skills and authority to act from those who will transfer and receive the transfer of land rights. Constraints that occur in the implementation of the transfer of ownership rights to land due to inheritance are caused by the community's reluctance to certify their land because the community assumes that the services provided by the land office are very difficult and take a long time and are relatively expensive for people with low economic groups.

The association between calcium supplementation in antenatal childbearing aged women and risk of small for gestational age among neonatal singleton in Shaanxi province

Objective: This study explored the association between antenatal calcium supplementation in the childbearing aged women and risk of small for gestational age infant (SGA) among singleton in Shaanxi province,China. Methods: Multi-stage random cluster sampling method was employed to collect information about pregnant women, who were pregnant and had definite outcomes, and their infants, from 30 districts (counties) in 2010 to 2013. Information was collected by face-to-face questionnaire survey. Generalized linear mixed models were employed after adjusting covariates. Dependent variable was whether single-birth neonate was SGA, and independent variable was calcium supplementation of childbearing aged women in different pregnant periods. Results: A total of 28 357 childbearing aged women was recruited in this study. The age of these women was (28.08±4.74) years old, of which, 79.28% were rural residents and 60.90% had calcium supplementation intake. There was a number of 12 810 female in singleton neonates. The neonatal birth weight and gestational age were (3.27±0.16) kg and (277.44±8.80) day, respectively. The prevalence of SGA was 11.35% in total, and 10.48% in mothers with maternal calcium supplementation and 12.70% in mothers without maternal calcium supplementation in whole antenatal period. There were statistically significant differences seen in antenatal calcium supplementation within the subgroups of maternal age (whether the mother was an advanced maternal woman), residential area, maternal occupation, maternal parity, maternal education level, and household incomes (P<0.05). After adjusting these covariates, the risk of SGA among childbearing aged women with antenatal calcium supplementation showed 16% decreased risk (OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.77-0.92). Further analysis of the different antenatal periods showed that calcium supplementation during the second and third trimester had a statistically significant difference in reducing the risk of neonatal SGA (P<0.05). Besides, subgroup analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the perinatal calcium supplementation and the single-born neonates with SGA Significance (P<0.05) in non-advanced women, those who had a low education level and moderate household economic status groups. Conclusion: The risk reduction of SGA among singleton neonates is related to calcium supplementation during antenatal period in Shaanxi province.

Effect Analysis of Protein Intake of Pedicab Driver in Surabaya

Approximately 64 million people suffer from copd and 3 million people die from copd. No exception to pedicab rickshaw drivers, which is one job that has a high risk of copd. From workplace factors that are always exposed to vehicle fumes and dust pollution and also lifestyles such as smoking habits. Pedal rickshaw drivers are also classified as low economic groups, so their daily food intake is sometimes insufficient. Thus making daily protein intake also reduced, protein intake is very important in copd disease. Where protein can improve the performance of respiratory muscles and improve immune function. This study uses a 24-hour recall method by recording the respondent's food history in the last 24 hours to see how daily food protein intake. In this study lung function measurements were also performed using spirometry where the normal value is if fev1 / fvc&gt; 70%. Obtained a total of 124 respondents with a total of 62 in the lung function disorder group and 62 non-impaired groups of respondents aged an average of 55-64 years with a history of working as a pedicab driver for approximately 5 years. In the different test the asymp sig has a result of 0.000 where the conclusions in this study are as follows: there is a significant difference between daily food protein intake in the pedicab rickshaw driver group with impaired pulmonary function and non pedestrian pedicab driver.

Economic Inequality in Visual Impairment: A Study in Deprived Rural Population of Iran.

Purpose:To determine economic inequality in visual impairment (VI) and its determinants in the rural population of Iran.Methods:In this population-based, cross-sectional study, 3850 individuals, aged 3–93 years were selected from the north and southwest regions of Iran using multi-staged stratified cluster random sampling. The outcome was VI, measured in 20 feet. Economic status was constructed using principal component analysis on home assets. The concentration index (C) was used to determine inequality, and the gap between low and high economic groups was decomposed to explained and unexplained portions using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method.Results:Of the 3850 individuals that were invited, 3314 participated in the study. The data of 3095 participants were finally analyzed. The C was −0.248 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.347 - −0.148), indicating a pro-poor inequality (concentration of VI in low economic group). The prevalence (95% CI) of VI was 1.72% (0.92–2.52) in the high economic group and 10.66% (8.84–12.48) in the low economic group with a gap of 8.94% (6.95–10.93) between the two groups. The explained and unexplained portions comprised 67.22% and 32.77% of the gap, respectively. Among the study variables, age (13.98%) and economic status (80.70%) were significant determinants of inequality in the explained portion. The variables of education (coefficient: −4.41; P < 0.001), age (coefficient: 14.09; P < 0.001), living place (coefficient: 6.96; P: 0.006), and economic status (coefficient: −7.37; P < 0.001) had significant effects on inequality in the unexplained portion.Conclusions:The result showed that VI had a higher concentration in the low economic group, and the major contributor of this inequality was economic status. Therefore, policymakers should formulate appropriate interventions to improve the economic status and alleviate economic inequality.

Change in eating habits and physical activities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong: a cross\u2010sectional study via random telephone survey

BackgroundHong Kong is a densely populated city with a low incidence and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The city imposed different levels of social distancing including, the closure of sports venues and restrictions on eateries. This inevitably affects the eating behaviour and physical activities of the population. We examined the changes in eating behavior and physical activities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified sociodemographic factors associated with the behavioral changes.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study via a random telephone survey of Chinese adults conducted in Hong Kong from May to June, 2020 - a period in which social distancing measures were being imposed. We measured the physical activity habits from four aspects and dietary consumption patterns from seven aspects before and during the pandemic based on the World Health Organization’s guidelines and previous publications.ResultsIn total, 724 participants were recruited. Individuals were found to cook more frequently at home (p < 0.001) and order take-out (p < 0.001) during the COVID-19 pandemic. While no significant change in the frequency of fast food consumption was observed, we found significant increases in the frequency of eating fruits (p < 0.001) and vegetables (p = 0.004). The frequencies of walking, moderate-intensive sports, and high-intensity sports were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). We found that healthy lifestyle behaviors during the pandemic were negatively associated with participants’ economic status.ConclusionsSocial distancing measures likely provided an opportunity for individuals to stay home and thus eat healthier. However, in a prolonged period of social restrictions, a lower physical activity level poses a risk to public health. Public health officials are thus advised to monitor physical health on a population-wide basis. The findings highlighted the importance of interventions tailored to individuals who have prolonged home stays - particularly for individuals in the low economic group.

PERMASALAHAN TKI DI LUAR NEGERI DAN SEJENISNYA

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A series of government policies that are deemed incapable of changing the welfare of society, especially those of low economic groups, there are other sectors of work that are promising enough to change their fate to be more prosperous, namely as Indonesian Workers (TKI). This effort received a good response from the community where people have their own reasons which are considered not excessive considering that the promised salaries are quite large when compared to the wages they receive as laborers in Indonesia. The placement of migrant workers abroad also has a negative effect, with cases that befell TKI both before, during work and when they return to their home areas in Indonesia. Of the many problems, at least the problem of education is one of the factors in the process of violence against TKI. On the other hand, the closure and restrictions on sending TKI through formal programs can stimulate the development of various forms of illegal sending, either through taikong / labor brokers or other informal channels. The problem of Indonesian migrant workers abroad also still affects the conditions of Indonesian labor, especially in relation to the implementation, placement and protection of Indonesian workers abroad. Various policies regarding the sending of TKI still need to be improved and perfected so that TKI can work well, are protected by their human rights and can fully enjoy the results of their hard work. In addition, the safety of TKI who work abroad has not received optimal protection.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Differential characteristics and treatment of psoriasis patients by economic status in South Korea: An analysis of the National Health Insurance Database.

Despite the enormous burden on patients with severe psoriasis, their utilization of medical care is not well understood in Korea.To compare the characteristics and treatment patterns of psoriasis patients by economic status as well as to examine the factors influencing systemic treatments of psoriasis.We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using National Health Insurance sample cohort data in 2015. Psoriasis patients were classified as either the “topical treatment only” or the “systemic treatment” group based on the types of treatment. Patients’ economic status was defined by the deciles of health insurance premium, which was determined based on income and assets. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors influencing systemic treatments of psoriasis.We identified 6041 psoriasis patients; 39.5% were in the bottom 5 deciles of health insurance premium and 60.5% were in the top 5 deciles. Only 1.9% of the low economic status group and 4.0% of the high economic status group were treated with expensive biologics, although the difference was not statistically significant.Overall, psoriasis patients with higher economic status had a lower likelihood of receiving systemic treatments but had a higher probability of being treated with expensive biologics.

Association between regional economic status and renal recovery of dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury among critically ill patients

The association between regional economic status and the probability of renal recovery among patients with dialysis-requiring AKI (AKI-D) is unknown. The nationwide prospective multicenter study enrolled critically ill adult patients with AKI-D in four sampled months (October 2014, along with January, April, and July 2015) in Taiwan. The regional economic status was defined by annual disposable income per capita (ADIPC) of the cities the hospitals located. Among the 1,322 enrolled patients (67.1 ± 15.5 years, 36.2% female), 833 patients (63.1%) died, and 306 (23.1%) experienced renal recovery within 90 days following discharge. We categorized all patients into high (n = 992) and low economic status groups (n = 330) by the best cut-point of ADIPC determined by the generalized additive model plot. By using the Fine and Gray competing risk regression model with mortality as a competing risk factor, we found that the independent association between regional economic status and renal recovery persisted from model 1 (no adjustment), model 2 (adjustment to basic variables), to model 3 (adjustment to basic and clinical variables; subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.422; 95% confidence interval, 1.022–1.977; p = 0.037). In conclusion, high regional economic status was an independent factor for renal recovery among critically ill patients with AKI-D.

Does the Association between Guardians' Sense of Coherence and their Children's Untreated Caries Differ According to Socioeconomic Status?

Untreated caries is the most prevalent disease in the world. A sense of coherence (SOC) is believed to contribute to oral health. We aimed to clarify the association between guardians’ SOC and their children’s caries based on socioeconomic status (SES) in Japan. This study’s subjects were Japanese public junior high schoolers (N = 1730), aged 12–15, and their guardians in Kosai City. We administered a questionnaire survey among guardians in 2016 to assess their SOC and family environment. With their students’ consent, public junior high schools shared the results of the dental examinations that were part of their school physicals. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to clarify the association between guardians’ SOC and their children’s untreated decayed permanent teeth. We also conducted a stratified analysis according to a relative poverty line. We observed in the multivariate regression a significant inverse association between children’s untreated decay and their guardians’ SOC (OR 0.93, 95%CI 0.87–1.00). The association of SOC was stronger in the low economic group (OR 0.64, 95%CI 0.43–0.95). Guardians with higher SOC were associated with children having fewer caries. Guardians’ SOC is a factor for the prevalence of caries and access to dental care, especially among children with low economic status.

Empirical Examination of Intersectoral Linkages Between Tourism and Regional Economy by Using the Social Accounting Matrix

Purpose: The main objectives of this study are to analyze the role of the tourism sector as measured by multiplier effects and linkages in the economy’s output, employment, and income distribution. Design/methodology/approach: The Social Accounting Matrix model was utilized by using the methods of Linkage Analysis, Multiplier Analysis, Multiplier Decomposition, Structural Path Analysis (SPA) and simulation analysis. Findings: The results show that the tourism sector contributes greater portion to the economic output, than other economic sectors in Bali. It also generates more equal income distribution and employment. However, the simulation shows that the tourism sector has not focused on increasing the income of the lower classes in rural areas. Practical implications: This study is practically useful for policy makers and entrepreneurs in the tourism sector to expand the tourism base in rural areas by actively involving lower economic groups as labor and supplier partners. Originality/value: This study originally investigated the linkages between agriculture and tourism from various economic perspectives of output, income distribution and employment.

Outcomes of complete mitral valve excision and replacement with tilting disc (TTK Chitra) valve for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis

Background: Mitral valve (MV) disease is one of the earliest diseases of the heart, and rheumatic MV disease is one of the first discovered in the world dating back to the 19th century. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is declining in other countries, but it is still prevalent in the rural parts of India especially in lower economic group. In our hospital, we have operated 50 cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis for whom mitral valve replacement (MVR) with tilting disc (TTK Chitra valve) was done. Most of the MV cases have MV score >12 and the subvalvular apparatus was severely affected. In all the cases we have operated, we have excised complete valve and no posterior leaflet preservation or chordal tethering and repair was done. Objectives of the study: To study MVR outcomes with tilting disc TTK Chitra valve and to compare pre- and postoperative valve gradient across tilting disc prosthetic valves and also study the left ventricular (LV) dimensions pre and post MVR and to study ejection fraction (EF) pre and post valve replacement and complications arising from posterior leaflet excision. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with chronic RHD Chronic Rheumatic heart Disease (CRHD) with severe mitral stenosis were taken up for the study who were operated in this department from May 2016 to April 2019. All the patients were evaluated with 2D echo, electrocardiogram, and coronary angiogram (when they were >35 years old). Results: Out of 50 patients operated in our hospital, 34 were females, that is, 68% of the patients, and 16 patients were males, that is, 32%. As per age, 20 patients were between 41 and 50 years of age, that is, 40% belonged to 41–50 years of age; 39 patients were below 50 years, that is, 78% of patients were below 50 years; 4% are below 20 years; and 22% were above 50 years. As per the combined age and sex ratio also among both males and females, most Mitral Stenosis (MS) presumed below 50 years only. As per the valve area, the most common valve by preoperative echo was 66% below and equal to 1 cm[2] by Pressure half time (PHT) and Planimetry. About 60% of the patients had preoperative EF of more than 55% and less than 10% had between 36% and 40%. Preoperatively, 40% of the patients had severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), 30% of the patients had moderate PAH, and 30% of the patients had mild PAH. All these patients had been operated for MV where posterior leaflet was excised and no subvalvular apparatus was conserved and no chordal repair was done, but apparently no postoperative LV dysfunction was found in these patients. All these patients had taken up for MVR and TTK Chitra valve between 27 and 31 was used. In 70% of the patients, 29 and 31 TTK Chitra valve was used. This study is based on the echocardiographic analysis of the preoperative mean gradient across MV and postoperative mean gradient across MV which shows a considerable, comparable, and acceptable mean gradient postoperatively. Conclusion: Whenever rheumatic mitral stenosis is present, complete valve can be reasonably excised without even sparing or preserving the subvalvular apparatus and it does not affect the EF and LV function. Native tilting disc valve, that is, TTK Chitra valve, can be safely used and it can give comparable results with the recent generation valves. Better outcomes are encountered with 29-mm size and above valves. Pulmonary artery hypertension decreases significantly if mitral stenosis is operated regardless of the advancement of disease process. There is no significant change in the LV parameters, and pre- and postoperatively EF remained the same.

Socioeconomic inequality in smoking and its determinants in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The role of socioeconomic inequality and related factors has not been well reported in tobacco consumption. To investigate the socioeconomic inequality in smoking and its associated factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Data were collected from surveillance for noncommunicable diseases in 2005, which included 89 404 people aged 15-65 years. Economic status was defined by principal component analysis on variables related to socioeconomic status. Concentration index and slope index of inequality were used to determine the inequality value. The gap between the high and low economic status groups was decomposed using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method for explained and unexplained components. The total prevalence of smoking was 17.0%; 28.0% in males, and 5.8% in females, 15.8% in urban and 19.1% in rural areas. The concentration index was -0.032 in the whole of country; -0.098, in males, -0.246 in females, 0.014 in urban and -0.059 in rural areas and varied in different provinces of country. The smoking rate was 18.0% for the first quintile and 13.5% for the fifth quintile, a gap of 4.5%. The major part of this gap was related to differences in education level, sex, marital status and age in economic groups. There was a pro-rich socioeconomic inequality in smoking, especially in females and in the southern provinces. Increase in education level and empowering females of low socioeconomic status are sound interventions for alleviating inequality and for tobacco control.

The impact of income inequality in HIV testing among people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran: A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition

ABSTRACTBackground: HIV testing plays an important role in any public health strategy for reducing HIV transmission and controlling HIV/AIDS among people who inject drugs (PWIDs). It is important to clarify whether HIV risk behaviors are explained by differences in the distributions of socio-demographic or socio-economic factors or some combination of both. In this study, we used a Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition for non-linear models to explore the relative contributions of variations in the distributions of socio-demographic versus their differential effects in producing economic inequalities in HIV testing in Tehran.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey of PWIDs in 2016 in Tehran. Participants were those who reported injecting drug use in the past month, were able to speak and comprehend Farsi enough to respond to survey questions, and provided informed consent to complete the interview. Participant income, which was used as a proxy measure of economic status, was the key explanatory variable. Economic status was measured by a composite index created by principal component analysis (PCA) using income information. we used the Blinder – Oaxaca (BO) method to decompose the economic inequality in HIV testing.Results: A total of 520 people were interviewed for the study. Data for these analyses are limited to the 500 who fully completed the questionnaire. The proportion of never- married was 40%, 73.3% had less than 6 years of schooling. Almost one quarter (24%) of participants had a monthly income of more than US$150 and almost half (42%) reported injecting illicit drugs more than 2 times per day. The most important factors in the explained component were knowledge of HIV (6.2%) and access to needle syringe programs (NSP) (4.2%). The lower level of knowledge of HIV in the low-economic group was the main factor responsible for the explained component.Conclusions: The results show that inequalities in HIV testing were primarily explained by the differential effects of access to harm reduction services and HIV knowledge for low and high economic status rather than by the differential distributions of these characteristics. Increasing access to harm reduction programs and increasing HIV knowledge are essential to efforts to eliminate HIV.

Clinicopathological Profile of 66 Patients with Carcinoma Stomach in North-East Part of Bangladesh

Background: There is wide variation in the prevalence of carcinoma stomach throughout the world. In some parts of the world it is decreasing whereas in the other parts it is increasing. Also there are variations in the risk factors of the disease.&#x0D; Objective: To see clinicopathological profile of patients of carcinoma stomach in North-East part of Bangladesh.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Consecutive new patient diagnosed as carcinoma of stomach were interviewed and data was recorded in a data sheet.&#x0D; Results: Total 66 cases, age varying from 26−77 (mean 52) years, male 45 (68.2%) and female 21 (31.8%) were enrolled. Out of them 44 (66.7%) were above 45 years. People from lower economic group (51, 78.8%) and rural area (39, 59.1%) were predominantly affected. Commonest presenting symptoms were weight loss, abdominal pain and vomiting. Common site of lesion was antrum and common histopathological type was adenocarcinoma (64, 97%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Carcinoma stomach is a disease of older age group and male are predominantly affected. Smoking, tobacco and betel nut chewing are risk factors. Lower income group and rural people are more affected.&#x0D; J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(3): 166-169

Cost-Minimized Nutritionally Adequate Food Baskets as Basis for Culturally Adapted Dietary Guidelines for Ethiopians.

The high prevalence of undernutrition, especially stunting, in Ethiopia hampers the country’s economic productivity and national development. One of the obstacles to overcome undernutrition is the relatively high cost of food for low economic groups. In this study, linear programming was used to (i) identify urban and rural nutritionally adequate food baskets (FBs) with the highest affordability for an Ethiopian family of five and (ii) create urban and rural FBs, optimized for cultural acceptability, which are affordable for a family with the lowest income. Nutritionally adequate rural and urban FBs with highest affordability cost as little as Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 31 and 38 (~USD 1.07 and 1.31), respectively, but have poor dietary diversity (16 and 19 foods). FBs that cost ETB 71.2 (~USD 2.45) contained 64 and 48 foods, respectively, and were much more similar to the food supply pattern reported by FAO (15% and 19% average relative deviation per food category). The composed FBs, which are affordable for the greater part of the Ethiopian population, may serve as a basis for the development of culturally acceptable food-based dietary guidelines. These guidelines would recommend a diet composed of approximately up to 60% cereals, up to 20% roots and tubers, 10% legumes, and 10% fruits and vegetables by weight, plus only a small share from animal foods.

Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in China: Who are faced with a greater effect?

BackgroundWhether socioeconomic indicators modify the relationship between air pollution exposure and health outcomes remains uncertain, especially in developing countries. ObjectiveThis work aims to examine modification effects of socioeconomic indicators on the association between PM2.5 and annual incidence rate of lung cancer for males in China. MethodsWe performed a nationwide analysis in 295 counties (districts) from 2006 to 2014. Using multivariable linear regression models controlling for weather conditions and socioeconomic indicators, we examined modification effects in the stratified and combined datasets according to the tertile and binary divisions of socioeconomic indicators. We also extensively investigated whether the roles of socioeconomic modifications were sensitive to the further adjustment of demographic factors, health and behaviour covariates, household solid fuel consumption, the different operationalization of socioeconomic indicators and PM2.5 exposure with single and moving average lags. ResultsWe found a stronger relationship between PM2.5 and incidence rate of male lung cancer in urban areas, in the lower economic or lower education counties (districts). If PM2.5 changes by 10 μg/m3, then the shift in incidence rate relative to its mean was significantly higher by 3.97% (95% CI: 2.18%, 4.96%, p = 0.000) in urban than in rural areas. With regard to economic status, if PM2.5 changes by 10 μg/m3, then the change in incidence rate relative to its mean was significantly lower by 0.99% (95% CI: −2.18%, 0.20%, p = 0.071) and 1.39% (95% CI: −2.78%, 0.00%, p = 0.037) in the middle and high economic groups than in the low economic group, respectively. The change in incidence rate relative to its mean was significantly lower by 1.98% (95% CI: −3.18%, −0.79%, p = 0.001) and 2.78% (95% CI: −4.17%, −1.39%, p = 0.000) in the middle and high education groups compared with the low education group, respectively, if PM2.5 changes by 10 μg/m3. We found no robust modification effects of employment rate and urbanisation growth rate. ConclusionMale residents in urban areas, in the lower economic or lower education counties are faced with a greater effect of PM2.5 on the incidence rate of lung cancer in China. The findings emphasize the need for public health intervention and urban planning initiatives targeting the urban–rural, educational or economic disparities in health associated with air pollution exposure. Future prediction on air pollution-induced health effects should consider such socioeconomic disparities, especially for the dominant urban–rural disparity in China.

KUALITAS HIDUP ANAK USIA 3-5 TAHUN DENGAN EARLY CHILHOOD CARIES YANG TIDAK DITANGANI

Early childhood caries (ECC), dental caries affecting the primary teeth in preschool aged children, is prevalent, especially among low social economic groups in developing countries. Treatment of ECC in developing country is almost nonexistent, so that it can cause more serious complications ((pulpitis, ulceration, fistula, and abscess). Untreated ECC can affect on quality of life in preschool aged children. This cross-sectional study aim was to evaluate association between untreated ECC and quality of life of preschool children (aged 3-5 years). This study was conducted on September until October 2018 in playgroups or kindergartens in Ilir Barat I Subdistrict, Palembang and consisted of 334 preschool children–parent pairs.Untreated ECC was assessed by PUFA/pufa index and preschool children’s quality of life by ECOHIS instrument. Association between untreated ECC and preschool children’s quality of life were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test with 95% CI. The result showed that ECC prevalence was 84.1% dan more than 90% was untreated ECC. The pufa was developed in 39.1% untreated ECC. There wasa significant association between untreated ECC and preschool children’s quality of life (p&lt;0,05).

The Effect of Economic Assets on Mortality in Patients with Dementia: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

We investigated the effect of economic assets on mortality in patients with dementia in a national cohort of elderly individuals aged 65 or older. To examine the effect of economic assets on mortality in patients with dementia. Incidence of dementia and all-cause mortality was analyzed with incidence rate ratios (IRR) in three different categories of economic assets by means of Cox regression models. A total of 874,246 individuals aged 65+ were included. The risk of receiving a dementia diagnosis was highest in the low economic asset group (IRR 1.19). Patients with dementia had a higher mortality compared to those without a diagnosis (IRR 2.85). The mortality in the dementia group was lowest in the high economic asset group (IRR 3.31). However, the increase associated with dementia was lowest within the low economic assets group (IRR 2.57). Mortality is increased with a dementia diagnosis and highest for the low economic asset group. However, the increase in mortality attributable to dementia was higher in the high economic assets group.