Low-dose Estrogen Oral Contraceptives Research Articles

Impact of Preventing Pregnancy Methods and Their Relationships with the Level of Growth Fitness Body Health housewife Case Women Newlyweds

Our aims for this study interest on the Preventing Pregnancy Methods based on the pills contraceptive or the calculus of cycle of ovum women. From that, our aims upon the effect of physical activity on the improvement of the Fitness Body Health. Based on the Medical studies similar that, the effects of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women. For homogeneity of our Samples, we have calculated the age and five-test fitness, for 20 participants’ voluntaries Housewife women Newlyweds average age ≤ 24 for the duration of four cycles of ovum. Where we distributed in four groups based on plan experimental (group1 take Pill and practice sport, group2 take Pill and do not practice sport, group3 do not take Pill and practice sport and group 4 do not take Pill and do not practice sport) and the same marital lifestyle. From that, our assessment was based on the analysis of the Anova and LSD, correlation Paired Samples Test to compare implementations of the proposed conditions as limits of this modest study, we confirm: 1. The proposed conditions Prevent pregnancy. 2. Sport decreased Body Fat and promoted positive Fitness Body Health. 3. Taking the pill in the lack of sport practice promoted increase of Body Fat, which contribute to negative Fitness Body Health. 4. There is a strong positive relationship between body fat and the proposed conditions to back off or develop the Fitness Body Health.

Recent oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk among women 20 to 49 years of age.

Previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer indicate that recent use slightly increases risk, but most studies relied on self-reported use and did not examine contemporary oral contraceptive formulations. This nested case-control study was among female enrollees in a large U.S. integrated health care delivery system. Cases were 1,102 women ages 20 to 49 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1990 to 2009. Controls were randomly sampled from enrollment records (n = 21,952) and matched to cases on age, year, enrollment length, and medical chart availability. Detailed oral contraceptive use information was ascertained from electronic pharmacy records and analyzed using conditional logistic regression, ORs, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Recent oral contraceptive use (within the prior year) was associated with an increased breast cancer risk (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9) relative to never or former OC use. The association was stronger for estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+); OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1) than estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) disease (OR, 1.2, 95% CI, 0.8-1.8), although not statistically significantly different (P = 0.15). Recent use of oral contraceptives involving high-dose estrogen (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2), ethynodiol diacetate (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.7), or triphasic dosing with an average of 0.75 mg of norethindrone (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.9-5.1; Pheterogeneity compared with using other oral contraceptives = 0.004) was associated with particularly elevated risks, whereas other types, including low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives, were not (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7). Our results suggest that recent use of contemporary oral contraceptives is associated with an increased breast cancer risk, which may vary by formulation. If confirmed, consideration of the breast cancer risk associated with different oral contraceptive types could impact discussions weighing recognized health benefits and potential risks.

Topics in migraine management: A survey of headache specialists highlights some controversies

The authors' Survey of headache specialists highlights a number of controversial issues in migraine management including the following: acute treatment, focusing on use of triptans, and preventative medications; treatment of migraine with prolonged aura and basilar migraine; and the use of oral contraceptives in migraine. Interestingly, the prevalence of migraine among the headache specialists themselves is much higher than in the general population. Although triptans have revolutionized the acute treatment of migraine, treatment is still problematic for the sizable percentages of patients with an incomplete or no response and recurrence of headache. Triptans are generally very safe when the physician, aware of the potential for coronary artery vasoconstriction, appropriately screens patients before and during their use. Serotonin syndrome as a complication of triptan use is quite rare. Although there is no definite evidence of teratogenesis, triptans should not be taken during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Caution is also advised when using a triptan during breastfeeding. The United States Headache Consortium parameters, which consider indications for preventative treatment and propose general principles of management, are reviewed. Unfortunately, the experience of many migraineurs with preventative medications is less than satisfactory because of side effects or lack of efficacy. Treatment of both migraine with prolonged aura and basilar migraine is anecdotally based. Many headache specialists do not use beta blockers for prevention for those with prolonged aura and basilar migraines because of concerns over the potential limitation of compensatory vasodilatory capacitance. There are seven case reports in the literature of an association between stroke and the use of beta blockers in migraineurs. Prevention using divalproex sodium and verapamil is favored by many headache specialists. Triptans are contraindicated in the treatment of patients with hemiplegic or basilar migraine because of concern over the potential for cerebral vasoconstriction. The frequency of migraine is usually unchanged with the use of oral contraceptives although, occasionally, migraine may occur for the first time or increase in frequency. Studies have produced conflicting results as to whether low-dose estrogen oral contraception increases the risk of stroke. Migraine alone increases the risk of stroke, at least in women under the age of 45 years. Most women with migraine without aura and migraine with visual aura lasting less than 1 hour can safely use low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives when there are no other contraindications. Those with aura symptoms such as hemiparesis or dysphasia or prolonged focal neurologic symptoms and signs lasting more than 1 hour should avoid starting low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives and stop the medication if they are already taking it.

EFFECT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IN UNTRAINED WOMEN AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE

1993 Endothelium-derived nitric oxide is an important mediator of exercise-induced changes in skeletal muscle blood flow. Given the recently documented effects of estrogens on nitric oxide synthase, it is hypothesized that oral contraceptives containing estrogen may augment skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise. Fourteen women (18-40 yrs old; non-smokers) were divided into two groups: Control (CON; sedentary, normal menstrual-cycling women who have not used oral contraceptives for the past 12 mons; n=7), and oral contraceptive users (OC; sedentary women who have been using low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives for ≥12 mons; n=7). In order to examine the chronic effects of OC use on peripheral blood flow, experiments were timed to correspond with the point in the menstrual cycle (or pill cycle) where circulating estradiol levels were low (CON=58.5 and OC=95.7 pg/ml; P>0.05). Measurements of forearm blood flow were obtained from each group, using strain gauge plethysmography, at rest and during an exercise protocol in which intermittent handgrip exercise was performed at 15%, 30%, and 45% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Each contraction lasted 5 sec followed by 15 sec of rest and continued for 5 minutes at each stage. Blood flow measurements were taken during the rest periods and an average value obtained for each workload. Results indicate no difference in forearm blood flow (ml/100cc tissue) at rest (CON=2.7; OC=2.8); however, the hyperemic response to handgrip exercise was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the OC group at 30% (9.0 vs. CON=14.2) and 45% (12.0 vs. CON=17.0) of MVC. Contrary to our hypothesis, these data indicate a compromised hyperemic response in the forearm of OC users. This may be due to the effect of OCs on cutaneous blood flow. Supported by TWU Research Enhancement Program.

Effects on Hemostasis After Two-Year Use of Low Dose Combined Oral Contraceptives with Gestodene or Levonorgestrel

We studied 67 healthy women who were randomly allocated to receive third generation gestodene (Gynera) or second generation levonorgestrel (Microgynon 30) combination of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OCs) for their hemostatic effects over 2 years. Hemostatic changes were apparent within 3 months of OC use. Hematocrit (Hct) was not affected, but hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased by 18 months. Shortened prothrombin time (PT) and activated plasma thromboplastin time (APTT) were associated with elevated fibrinogen within the 12-month use of both OCs. Factor VII was reduced only in Micro 30 during the 18 months of use. Enhanced thrombin-antithrombin (TAT)-complex level was seen at 18 months of Gynera use. Prothrombin fragment1+2 (F1+2) rise was seen at 3 months with Micro 30. Reduced antithrombin III (ATIII) activity was seen at 18 months with Gynera and at 24 months with Micro 30. Increased protein C activity was seen at 3 months and reduced protein S occurred at 18 months of Gynera use. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity was enhanced for 6 months in both OCs with raised D-dimer levels for 12 months with Gynera and 6 months with Micro 30. Decreased t-PA antigen was seen at 18 months and decreased urokinaselike plasminogen activator (u-PA) antigen occurred throughout the 24 months of both OCs use. Enhanced u-PA activity was only seen in Gynera users. Elevated plasminogen levels were apparent throughout both OCs use. PAI-1 levels were significantly decreased with Micro 30. With Gynera, the decreased PAI-1 activity was seen only at 18 months and PAI-1 antigen at 12 months. No change in platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were seen in long-term OC use except that beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) showed decreased trends reaching statistical significance by 18 and 24 months of Micro 30 use and by 24 months of Gynera use. A further significant decrease in beta-TG, u-PA antigen, ATIII, and protein S levels were seen 3 months after pill stoppage compared with pretreatment levels. Activated protein C resistance (APCR) was negative in all subjects before and during OC use. The study indicated dynamic balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis with no endothelial activation. However, because some hemostatic markers showed wide fluctuations during OC use, a longer term study is warranted to investigate any adverse hemostatic changes that might enhance the risks of venous thromboembolism in Asian subjects known to be less prone to thrombosis.

Effects of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women: Reubinoff B.E.; Grubstein A.; Meirow D.; Berry E.; Schenker J.G.; Brzezinski A. ISR Fertil Steril 1995 63/3 (516–5210)

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 51, Issue 2 p. 194-194 Citations from the literature endocrinology Effects of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women Reubinoff B.E.; Grubstein A.; Meirow D.; Berry E.; Schenker J.G.; Brzezinski A. ISR Fertil Steril 1995 63/3 (516–5210) First published: November 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(95)96767-OAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue2November 1995Pages 194-194 RelatedInformation

Effects of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women

To determine prospectively whether the use of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OC) is associated with changes in weight, body composition, or fat distribution. Anthropometric measurements were performed in 49 healthy young (16 to 21 years old) women before commencement of OC use (30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol [EF2] plus 75 micrograms gestodene) and after three and six treatment cycles. Thirty one age- and weight-matched women who were not using OC served as controls. Outpatient gynecological clinic of Hadassah Medical Center, a tertiary level hospital, and the "Shilo" voluntary service for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip girth ratio, and body composition (the percentage of body fat and water), estimated by mean of infrared interactance. In the group of OC users, baseline BMI, percent fat, percent water, and waist-to-hip girth ratio were 21.1 +/- 0.32 (kg/m2), 23.8% +/- 0.63%, 57.4% +/- 0.39%, and 0.73 +/- 0.01, respectively, and did not change significantly after six cycles (20.6 +/- 0.41 [kg/m2], 23.9% +/- 0.57%, 58.1% +/- 0.49%, and 0.72 +/- 0.03, respectively). These measurements were not significantly different when compared with the nonusers. Fifteen OC users (30.6%) gained weight (> 0.5 kg). Weight gain was due to a significant accumulation of fat (from 22.5% +/- 1.1% to 25.6% +/- 0.74%), whereas the percentage of body water remained stable. The waist-to-hip girth ratio also was not changed significantly. Similarly, 11 nonusers (35.4%) gained weight because of similar nonabdominal fat accumulation. Ten OC users (20.4%) lost weight (57 kg +/- 1.51 to 55.4 +/- 1.47 [mean +/- SEM]) and 6 nonusers (19.3%) also lost weight (59 kg +/- 1.42 to 57.3 +/- 1.92). In both groups the loss of weight was not associated with significant change in body composition. The use of low-dose OC (EE2 plus gestodene) was not associated with overall impact on weight, body composition, or fat distribution. However, when weight gain did occur during OC use, it was due to increase in body fat and not in volume of body water, and it was not associated with changes in fat distribution.

The effects on hemostasis of oral contraceptives containing desogestrel

Epidemiologic research has shown that current low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives are associated with a low risk of vascular events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis or thromboembolism). Yet questions still persist about the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on the cardiovascular system. Changes in the coagulation system have been linked primarily to the estrogen component; however, it has been proposed that the progestin may have an influence on the fibrinolytic system. Desogestrel, a new gonane progestin, has been commercially available in Europe since 1981. It has been widely shown to produce minimal changes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, and it has not been associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disorders.

Increase in endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activity during exercise in young volunteers.

The influence of physical exercise and intake of oral contraceptives on endogenous fibrinolytic activity and platelet aggregation behaviour was studied in young healthy women and compared to an age matched group of male volunteers. Physical exercise beyond the anaerobic threshold significantly increased the activity of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) in male and female volunteers from initial values of 1.6 +/- 0.1 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 IU/ml to 5.5 +/- 1.0 and 5.3 +/- 0.9 IU/ml (P less than 0.01), respectively. In women taking low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives t-PA increased from 1.5 +/- 0.2 to 3.8 +/- 0.5 (P less than 0.01). There were no major alterations in plasminogen activator inhibitor - I (PAI-I) plasma activities. Platelet activity during exercise was significantly enhanced in male test persons indicated by a significant decrease in the ED50 values for ADP. In contrast, in women ED50 values were basically unaltered, irrespective of the intake of oral contraceptives.

Oral contraception and cancer of the female reproductive system.

This paper reviews epidemiologic evidence regarding the association between exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) and the development of 4 cancers involving the reproductive system: breast, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical. Most knowledge in this area has been derived from cohort or case-control studies. Currently available evidence suggests that OC use does not influence breast cancer risk either adversely or favorably, although there may be a favorable influence on tumor growth. In view of the long latency of effect seen with known risk factors such as radiation exposure, age at menarche, and age at 1st full-term pregnancy, further studies are needed in this area. The epidemiologic evidence consistently supports the prediction that OC use makes the ovaries less susceptible to malignant change, perhaps by a mechanism similar to the protective effect of pregnancies. The magnitude of the effect is considerable, and should have a significant impact on the future incidence of ovarian cancer. In terms of endometrial cancer, there is evidence that sustained estrogenic stimulation unopposed or inadequately opposed by progestogen leads to endometrial hyperplasia and an increased longterm risk of malignancy. In currently used OC formulations, however, the progestogenic component has the predominant effect on the endometrium, and this effect is protective. It remains unknown whether OCs increase cervical cancer risk directly, or whether the association is an indirect one linked to some aspect of sexual behavior that is not being controlled. On the other hand, it seems reasonable to conclude that longterm OC users have an above average risk of cervical cancer and should have regular screening by cervical cytology. It should be kept in mind that recent changes in OC formulations and use patterns render epidemiologic data now available obsolete. It will be many years before sound data will be available on the low-dose estrogen OCs now in almost universal use.

Effect of oral contraceptives on triazolam, temazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam kinetics.

The effects of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OC) on the elimination of the oxidized benzodiazepines triazolam (TRZ) and alprazolam (ALP) and the conjugated benzodiazepines temazepam (TMZ) and lorazepam (LOR) were studied in two parallel crossover studies of 20 women each. Women taking OC steroids containing low doses of estrogen and women matched for age, weight, and cigarette smoking received single oral doses of TRZ (0.5 mg) and TMZ (30 mg) or ALP (1 mg) and LOR (2 mg). Kinetics were determined as plasma concentrations during 48 hr after dosing. OCs inhibited the metabolism of ALP: The AUC increased and the elimination rate constant was greater in users of OCs. For TRZ, which has an intermediate extraction ratio, the AUC was increased by OCs but not significantly so. In contrast, OCs decreased the AUC for TMZ and the elimination rate constants for LOR and TMZ. The AUC of LOR was not affected by OCs. Low-dose estrogen OCs may therefore inhibit the metabolism of some oxidized benzodiazepines and accelerate the metabolism of some conjugated benzodiazepines.

Differential effects of isoniazid and oral contraceptive steroids on antipyrine oxidation and acetaminophen conjugation.

Factors influencing hepatic oxidation of antipyrine and conjugation of acetaminophen were evaluated in volunteers who received 1.0 g of antipyrine intravenously and on a different occasion a 650 mg intravenous dose of acetaminophen. In study one, subjects received both drugs in the control state and at another time during coadministration of isoniazid (INH), 180 mg daily. In control versus INH conditions, mean clearance of antipyrine was reduced from 0.67 to 0.60 ml/min/kg as was clearance of acetaminophen from 4.97 to 4.23 ml/min/kg, but these differences were not statistically significant. In study two, females on low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OC) and drug-free controls matched for age received both drugs. Compared to controls, OC users had reduced total clearance of antipyrine (0.71 vs. 0.50 ml/min/kg; p less than 0.005) and prolonged antipyrine t1/2 (9.6 vs. 13.3 h; p less than 0.005). For acetaminophen, however, OC users had higher clearance (5.2 vs. 6.1 ml/min/kg) and shorter t1/2 (2.2 vs. 1.9 h) although differences did not attain statistical significance. Clearance of antipyrine and acetaminophen across both studies was not statistically significantly correlated within individuals (r = 0.22). The capacities for drug oxidation and conjugation appear to be controlled by different mechanisms.

Do natural estrogens pose an increased risk of thrombosis in postmenopausal women?

An inverse relationship between Xa inhibitory activity and response to a thrombotic challenge has been demonstrated in human subjects. Because of this relationship a study of thromboembolic effects on 43 postmenopausal ranked the subjects on the basis of Xa inhibitory levels. Group 1 received no estrogen; Group 2 received low-dose Premarin premenopausal controls received low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives. There was no difference in the quantity of antithrombin 3 among the 3 postmenopausal groups. Premarin caused a significant decrease (P < .01) in Xa inhibitory activity. A significant additional decrease in the high-dose group (P < .02) demonstrated that the effect was dose-related. Premarin should be used only if required for medically indicated conditions and then only in the smallest possible dosage.