Low Dormancy Research Articles

After-Ripening and Stratification Improve the Germination of the Cakile maritima Scop. (Brassicaceae) from the Apulia Region, Italy

Understanding seed germination is crucial for refining the propagation techniques of Cakile maritima, a wild halophyte species with significant potential for biosaline agriculture. However, research on seed germination within intact fruits of this species is limited. Four trials were conducted to study the seed germination of a population from the Apulia region. The focus was on seeds that had undergone after-ripening for 3 years (20AR3) or 2 years (20AR2) (both collected in 2020), or 1 year (22AR1) (collected in 2022), and freshly harvested seeds in 2022 (22AR0) and 2023 (23AR0). The seeds were either incubated as naked or moist-stratified within intact fruits. A portion of 2022 AR0 siliques was submerged in saline water before stratification. The naked seeds collected in 2022 and 2020 (22AR0 and 20AR2) did not germinate, whereas a portion of the 23AR0 (67%), 20AR3, and 22AR1 (45%, irrespective of after-ripening) lots quickly (T50 = 3.5 days) germinated, underlining a lower dormancy level for seeds harvested or dry stored in 2023. Seed germination in the intact fruits was lower than the naked seeds, confirming the role of the pericarp in inducing seed dormancy. Stratification of the shelled seeds was much more effective in improving the germination time (140 days) and levels in the 23AR0 (81%), 20AR3, and 22AR1 (66%, irrespective of after-ripening) lots than in the 22AR0 (34%) and 20AR2 (61%) ones, which required 240 days to germinate. The saline solution imbibition of fruit seems only to delay the occurrence of the maximum emergence. The physiological seed dormancy of this C. maritima population has been proven, which may be variable in depth according to the year of fruit collection, ranging from intermediate to non-deep.

MIKC type MADS-box transcription factor LcSVP2 is involved in dormancy regulation of the terminal buds in evergreen perennial litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.).

SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), a member of the MADS-box transcription factor family, has been reported to regulate bud dormancy in deciduous perennial plants. Previously, three LcSVPs (LcSVP1, LcSVP2 and LcSVP3) were identified from litchi genome, and LcSVP2 was highly expressed in the terminal buds of litchi during growth cessation or dormancy stages and down-regulated during growth stages. In this study, the role of LcSVP2 in governing litchi bud dormancy was examined. LcSVP2 was highly expressed in the shoots, especially in the terminal buds at growth cessation stage, whereas low expression was showed in roots, female flowers and seeds. LcSVP2 was found to be located in the nucleus and have transcription inhibitory activity. Overexpression of LcSVP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in a later flowering phenotype compared to the wild-type control. Silencing LcSVP2 in growing litchi terminal buds delayed re-entry of dormancy, resulting in significantly lower dormancy rate. The treatment also significantly up-regulated litchi FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (LcFT2). Further study indicates that LcSVP2 interacts with an AP2-type transcription factor, SMALL ORGAN SIZE1 (LcSMOS1). Silencing LcSMOS1 promoted budbreak and delayed bud dormancy. Abscisic acid (200mg/L), which enforced bud dormancy, induced a short-term increase in the expression of LcSVP2 and LcSMOS1. Our study reveals that LcSVP2 may play a crucial role, likely together with LcSMOS1, in dormancy onset of the terminal bud and may also serve as a flowering repressor in evergreen perennial litchi.

Security analysis of fog computing environment for ensuring the security and privacy of information

AbstractIn fog computing, the management, measurement, configuration, control, communication, and storage tasks are carried out collaboratively by one or more near‐user or end users. Fog computing is widely utilized in major application domains like centralized fog utilized in a shopping complex (UXFog), agriculture domain (FoAgro), health‐care domain (MediFog), vehicle parking system, and energy Lattices. The execution of fog computing at the system's edge provides the elevated quality of service (QoS), promotes area mindfulness, and minimal dormancy for the continuous and online streaming application areas. Fog networking is extremely concerned about wireless system security due to the prevalence of wireless communication in fog computing. Sniffer attacks, Jamming assaults, and several other intrusions are considered examples of security issues. While considering network storage issues, factors like interaction management, dynamic workload, and low dormancy are the most challenging aspects of designing the network model. Thus, privacy and security issues are crucial while designing the network model, accomplished through intrusion detection, access control and authentication methods. Therefore, the security analysis of fog computing based on authentication, access control and intrusion detection mechanisms are analyzed in this research to design a novel technique with enhanced security and privacy features for sharing and accessing information.

Germination Pattern and Seed Longevity of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link in Eastern Australia

Knowledge of the germination pattern and seed longevity of Echinochloa colona under field conditions could play a crucial role in effective weed management. Germination patterns of four populations (B17/12, B17/13, B17/7, and B17/25) of E. colona collected from eastern Australia were studied under field conditions for two years. Each population had multiple cohorts, and peak germination occurred in December 2018. Population B17/12 had a lower dormancy level compared with other populations, as 87% of the seeds germinated in the first cohort. Regression analysis revealed that populations B17/12, B17/13, B17/7, and B17/25 required 2130, 3110, 4320, and 6040 cumulative growing degree days (GDD), respectively, for 80% germination. The last cohorts of each population (100% germination) were observed in February 2020. This suggests that the populations of E. colona had innate dormancy, and a proportion of seeds can germinate in the next season. For the seed persistence study, seed bags of three populations (B17/4, B17/26, and B17/35) were exhumed at different intervals at two locations (Gatton and St George) over 30 months to evaluate decay components. Averaged over locations, burial duration, and burial depth, populations behaved similarly for the seed decay component. After 30 months of seed placement at Gatton, viable seeds at 1, 5, and 15 cm burial depths were 8, 26, and 15%, respectively. However, during the same time period at St George, viable seeds at 1, 5, and 15 cm burial depths were 0, 4, and 3%, respectively. These results implied that E. colona seeds persisted for a longer period (>2 years) in the light-textured soil (Gatton), particularly at the 5 cm burial depth. After 30 months of seed placement at Gatton, seeds decayed faster at 1 cm compared with the 5 cm burial depth. The studies demonstrated that seed persistence and germination patterns of E. colona may vary with different soil and agro-climatic conditions. The results suggest that management strategies should be followed to enable early control of E. colona over a three year period and that restricting reinfestation of weed seeds through seed rains could lead to almost complete control of E. colona in the field.

Cultivar and Maternal Plant Environment Influence Cold Stratification Requirements and Germination Rates of Vitis Species

Open-pollinated seeds from grapevines in Parlier and Davis (in California) and Geneva (in New York) were collected in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Seeds were subjected to a series of cold stratification treatments of varying lengths and germinated in incubators to compare germination rates. Two V. vinifera cultivars (Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon) and three other cultivars (V. labrusca hybrids) with a similar genetic background were compared across three locations to test for maternal environmental effects on germination rates under different cold stratification durations. Two interspecific hybrids (‘Salamander’ and ‘Sovereign Rose’) and three genotypes each from two species, V. riparia and V. cinerea, were evaluated to compare germination rate variability at different cold stratification durations among and within species and hybrids. Large variability in germination rates was evident among and within grape species, with some accessions requiring little to no cold stratification, and others requiring 10 to 12 weeks. These differences could be useful for breeding grapevines with high or low dormancy requirements. The maternal plant environment impacted the seed weight and total seed germination across years and locations.

The GATA transcription factor TaGATA1 recruits demethylase TaELF6-A1 and enhances seed dormancy in wheat by directly regulating TaABI5.

Seed dormancy is an important agronomic trait in crops, and plants with low dormancy are prone to preharvest sprouting (PHS) under high-temperature and humid conditions. In this study, we report that the GATA transcription factor TaGATA1 is a positive regulator of seed dormancy by regulating TaABI5 expression in wheat. Our results demonstrate that TaGATA1 overexpression significantly enhances seed dormancy and increases resistance to PHS in wheat. Gene expression patterns, abscisic acid (ABA) response assay, and transcriptome analysis all indicate that TaGATA1 functions through the ABA signaling pathway. The transcript abundance of TaABI5, an essential regulator in the ABA signaling pathway, is significantly elevated in plants overexpressing TaGATA1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) and transient expression analysis showed that TaGATA1 binds to the GATA motifs at the promoter of TaABI5 and induces its expression. We also demonstrate that TaGATA1 physically interacts with the putative demethylase TaELF6-A1, the wheat orthologue of Arabidopsis ELF6. ChIP-qPCR analysis showed that H3K27me3 levels significantly decline at the TaABI5 promoter in the TaGATA1-overexpression wheat line and that transient expression of TaELF6-A1 reduces methylation levels at the TaABI5 promoter, increasing TaABI5 expression. These findings reveal a new transcription module, including TaGATA1-TaELF6-A1-TaABI5, which contributes to seed dormancy through the ABA signaling pathway and epigenetic reprogramming at the target site. TaGATA1 could be a candidate gene for improving PHS resistance.

Natural alleles of the clock gene timeless differentially affect life-history traits in Drosophila.

Circadian clocks orchestrate a variety of physiological and behavioural functions within the 24-h day. These timekeeping systems have also been implicated in developmental and reproductive processes that span more (or less) than 24h. Whether natural alleles of cardinal clock genes affect entire sets of life-history traits (i.e., reproductive arrest, developmental time, fecundity), thus providing a wider substrate for seasonal adaptation, remains unclear. Here we show that natural alleles of the timeless (tim) gene of Drosophila melanogaster, previously shown to modulate flies' propensity to enter reproductive dormancy, differentially affect correlated traits such as early-life fecundity and developmental time. Homozygous flies expressing the shorter TIM isoform (encoded by the s-tim allele) not only show a lower dormancy incidence compared to those homozygous for ls-tim (which produce both the short and an N-terminal additional 23-residues longer TIM isoform), but also higher fecundity in the first 12days of adult life. Moreover, s-tim homozygous flies develop faster than ls-tim homozygous flies at both warm (25°C) and cold (15°C) temperatures, with the gap being larger at 15°C. In summary, this phenotypic analysis shows that natural variants of tim affect a set of life-history traits associated with reproductive dormancy in Drosophila. We speculate that this provides further adaptive advantage in temperate regions (with seasonal changes) and propose that the underlying mechanisms might not be exclusively dependent on photoperiod, as previously suggested.

High Nitrogen Fertilization Decreases Seed Weight but Increases Longevity in Tomato Seeds

Nitrogen fertilization is a key practice in agriculture and its effects on yield and quality of most commodity products are widely known. However, the response of seed production to N fertilization, especially with regard to its effects on seed quality, is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N fertilization on tomato seed yield and quality. Six quality attributes were assessed (weight, standard germination, germination rate under normal and adverse conditions, dormancy and longevity) in tomato cv. Moneymaker plants fertigated with one of three nutrient solutions differing in their N concentration: 5, 15 or 25 mM. Seed weight decreased by 4% with increasing N fertilization while standard germination and mean germination time did not vary among treatments, with average values of 89.7% and 6.2 days, respectively. The percentage and rate of germination decreased when seeds were imbibed in solutions with reduced osmotic potential; however, this effect was less pronounced in seeds from the 25 mM treatment, indicating a lower dormancy. When germination was evaluated after accelerated aging, seeds from the high N fertilization treatment showed greater longevity. These results contribute to optimizing fertilization practices for the production of high quality tomato seeds.

Maternal drought stress induces abiotic stress tolerance to the progeny at the germination stage in sunflower

Climate change produces more frequent and intense drought events during seed development that can affect seed quality. Germination is critical to ensure plant growth and reproductive success but it can be impacted by various abiotic stresses. Here, we studied the effect of drought stress during sunflower seed development on the germination of the progeny. We applied different scenarios of drought stress during seed development in sunflower inbred lines and hybrids and assessed seed germination of the progeny. Drought stress during seed development provided tolerance to water, hypoxic, cold and salt stresses during seed germination and also induced lower dormancy. We established that the induction of these traits was not transgenerational but maternally transmitted and could be reproduced in sunflower hybrids. Drought stress during seed development decreased pericarp thickness and induced higher leakage of soluble electrolytes from pericarp but it also modified embryo metabolism. A metabolomics analysis showed that ABA, oligosaccharides and polyphenols accumulated differently in drought stress seeds and could also participate in the seed tolerance to abiotic stress conditions during germination. Altogether our results reveal an adaptative process that allows sunflower plants exposed to drought stress during their reproductive stage to produce seeds with higher fitness. Besides bringing novel insight on natural adaption of plant populations to climate change, these results may have implications for the seed industry through the production of seeds resilient to higher climatic variability during the establishment of sunflower crop. • Drought stress during sunflower seed development induces seed tolerance to abiotic stresses and lower dormancy • The modulation of germinative properties by the environment is not transgenerational but maternally transmitted • Seed pericarp and embryo both play a role in the inheritance of germinative traits

Agronomical evaluation of low dormancy alfalfa populations selected by an indoor screening method

AbstractFall dormancy is a vital component of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield in northern climates, but selection for the trait is often done at the expense of winter survival. We performed one cycle of selection to reduce fall dormancy in two winter hardy cultivars (Yellowhead and Peace) using a new indoor screening method. We compared the reduced dormancy populations with their respective initial cultivars for fall dormancy, yield, and winter survival at four sites across Canada. During the establishment and the first production years, plants of the reduced dormancy populations were generally taller in the fall than their respective cultivar, which resulted in a one unit increase of their fall dormancy class. Under field conditions, plants of the reduced dormancy populations had a similar winter survival than those of the initial cultivars. Under simulated winter conditions, freezing tolerance was not affected by selection for reduced dormancy in Peace, whereas a decrease from −24.0 to −21.5 °C was observed in Yellowhead. However, in this cultivar, we noted a 37% yield increase under field conditions and a 40% more vigorous regrowth under simulated winter conditions in the reduced dormancy population. These results showed that the indoor selection method effectively reduced fall dormancy and that indirect responses for yield and winter survival were dependent on the genetic background used as selection material. This selection method could therefore be promising to develop alfalfa cultivars adapted to northern latitudes with high winter hardiness and improved late season yield.

The Effect of Difference Soaking Duration and GA3 Concentration on Germination of oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq)

One of the main oil palm seed dormancy factors is the shell thickness. This could influence the germination homogeneity and required more time for oil palm seeds to germinate evenly. There will be such alternatives to improve oil palm seed germination as shell-less oil palm seeds or kernels which were soaked at different duration time and GA3 concentration. The objectives of this research was to evaluate germination rate of kernels under different soaking time and GA3 concentration. This study was conducted on Laboratory Plants Seed and Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Lampung from June 2019 to September 2019. Treatment was arranged by factorial (6x3) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The first factors were the six different concentrations of GA3 hormones as 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The second factors were the three different soaking duration as 3, 7, and 10 days. The variables observed were the percentage of germination, the maximum growth potential, early time of germination, germination rate, dormancy intensity, radicle and plumule lengths. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then different mean values of treatments were analyzed by 5% of LSD using the SAS software application (version 9.4). The results showed that the concentration of 200 ppm GA3 resulting in low dormancy intensity (12.22%), increasing potency maximum growth (87.78%), and kernels germination rate (8.44%/etmal) compared with a concentration of 0 ppm GA3. Soaking duration of GA3 10 days resulted in low dormancy intensity (17.22%), the percentage of germination increased (23.33%), the maximum growth potential increased (78.89%), the kernel germination rate (8.94%/etmal), radicle length (2.00cm), plumule length (1.92cm), and early time of germination (4.61days) compared to the length of soaking duration of 3 days.

Re-colonization of hostile environments by benthic foraminifera: an example from Montserrat, Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc

The Soufrière Hills Volcano, on the island of Montserrat, has an eruption history spanning over 2 million years. During this time the volcano has undergone multiple eruptions with intervening periods of low activity or dormancy. The most recent activity began in 1995 and has seen a series of major eruptive events. One of the most recent of these, and the focus of this study, occurred on the 20th May 2006. This major dome collapse produced 90 million m3 of volcanic material in only 3 hours, propelling ash clouds through the air and pyroclastic flows down the side of the volcano and into the sea. In this study of benthic foraminifera, cores from four sites off-shore Montserrat are analysed, including those collected from a location within the path of the 2006 ash cloud, around 10 km west of the Montserrat coast. In this area, one core contained 6-7 cm of ash overlying hemipelagic sediments. Volcanic ash is present in two distinct layers, one 3 cm layer produced by the 2006 eruption and the other, 3-4 cm layer, from an earlier eruption in 2003. Other cores were collected from areas unaffected by recent ash fall deposits and provide a base line for comparisons within the affected areas. To the east and south-east of Montserrat there is a different situation as this is the direction of travel of massive pyroclastic flows down the Tar Valley and the impact on the sea floor is more dramatic. There are also two extinct volcanic centres that allow the investigation of sea floor re-colonization on different time scales. The sites to the west of Montserrat record rapid colonization by benthic foraminifera of opportunistic taxa, comparable to that seen near Mt Pinatubo in the South China Sea while the sites to the east record a slower pattern of re-colonization by a wider spectrum of taxa, similar to that recorded at Deception Island in the Southern Ocean, with different benthic taxa performing the pioneering role.

Genetic control of seed dormancy in

Context Lolium rigidum Gaudin (annual ryegrass) has remained the most problematic weed of crop production in Australia for more than 20 years. There is some evidence that this weed species can rapidly adapt to management practices including delayed crop sowing. Aims Studies were undertaken to determine genetic variation for seed dormancy within L. rigidum populations and its association with genes involved with gibberellic acid and abscisic acid synthesis. Methodology Populations of L. rigidum were grown in pots to select low and high dormancy cohorts. Seeds produced by these cohorts from each population were assessed for variation in seed dormancy. Seeds of high and low dormancy cohorts were concurrently assessed for seed dormancy and expression of LrABA1 and LrGA20ox genes, using quantitative real-time PCR. Results Presence of differences greater than two-fold in seed dormancy between populations from the same farm indicated in situ selection for seed dormancy, most likely in response to management. Low and high dormancy cohorts of all populations maintained clear differences in seed dormancy in both years of assessment. Differences in seed dormancy between low and high dormancy cohorts were significantly correlated with LrABA1 and LrGA20ox gene expression. Conclusions This investigation has provided clear evidence of the presence of genetic variation for seed dormancy within L. rigidum populations. Implications The presence of genetic variation for seed dormancy in L. rigidum populations will allow this weed to adapt rapidly to changes in weed management practices such as delayed sowing of crops.

Optimal wavelets with Binary Phase Shift Keying modulator utilized simulation analysis of 4G/5G OFDM systems

SummaryLong‐Term Evolution (LTE) is progressively observed as a promising innovation for serving Internet of Things (IoT) because of high information rate, low dormancy, need services, and so forth. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) meets the LTE needs to extend adaptability and enables cost‐profitable reactions for especially wide transporters. LTE contributes enormous information esteems with low inertness, improved services, and lower costs and takes into consideration range reexamining, on account of the recurrence and transfer speed adaptability. In this exploration work, 4G/5G received OFDM was proposed under binary‐phase shift keying (BPSK) guideline and multi‐equalizer. To diminish the bit error rate (BER), ideal wavelet coefficients are utilized in the transmitter end. Here, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is applied in input signals to choose the ideal wavelet coefficients Binary Firefly (BFF) calculation. At that point, ideal coefficients are accomplished; the balance BPSK is utilized for serial measure. Eventually, the multi‐equalizer such as maximum likelihood (MLE) and minimized mean square error (MMSE) are utilized to decrease BER in the OFDM model. The execution of the proposed strategy is dissected with boundaries BER, symbol error rate (SER), mean square error (MSE), and spectral efficiency. The proposed strategy gives accurate outcomes contrasted with existing methods.

Seed traits correlate with herbicide resistance in Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum).

Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) is one of the major winter annual weeds worldwide. In this research, diversity for seed morpho-physiological traits such as seed weight, seed size, awnedness, dormancy, speed of germination, and seed vigor among Italian ryegrass populations collected from the Texas Blacklands region were assessed, and potential association with herbicide resistance was investigated. A high degree of diversity was observed among the populations for 100-seed weight (125-256 mg), seed length (4.8-6.6 mm), awn length (0-6 mm), and total seedling length (9-14 cm at 21 days after seed germination). Inter-population range for seed dormancy was higher in the freshly harvested seed (31-85%), which reduced to 18 to 62% at 9months after harvest. Populations with high initial seed dormancy (> 70% dormancy) released dormancy at a faster rate than the low dormancy group (< 40%). Percent survival status to multiple postemergence herbicides was positively correlated with 100-seed weight and fresh or initial seed dormancy. Early emerging cohorts are easily controlled by pre-plant tillage and preemergence herbicides, whereas late emerging cohorts (facilitated by seed dormancy) are exposed to postemergence herbicides wherein greater opportunities exist for resistance evolution, likely explaining the occurrence of high seed dormancy in Italian ryegrass populations resistant to postemergence herbicides. High seed weights can further allow seedling emergence from greater burial depth, thereby exposing more seedlings to postemergence herbicides and increasing the likelihood of resistance evolution. Results provide unique insights into the association between seed traits and herbicide resistance in this species. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of agroclimatic conditions on sunflower seed dormancy at harvest

At harvest sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) are dormant and poorly germinate at 10 and 25 °C. Seed sensitivity to low temperatures (10 °C) results from an embryo dormancy whereas the envelopes (pericarp and seed coats) inhibit the germination at 25 °C. Removal of pericarp greatly improved seed germination when the germination of whole achenes was higher than the critical value of 20 %. Using 107 seed batches corresponding to 26 genotypes cultivated in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in various production areas in France (Center and South) and Spain (South), we investigated the effects of agro-environmental factors on the depth of dormancy at harvest. A principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed with all the seed batches did not show any significant effect of the genotype (variety or female) and year of production on the intensity of dormancy, but it revealed the role of agro-climatic conditions. Experimental field trials performed with plants treated by a chemical desiccant after flowering demonstrated that accelerated desiccation during seed maturation on the mother plant was associated with lower dormancy. Our data also suggest that the longest the duration of the developmental cycle from sowing to harvest, the lowest the dormancy at harvest. We provide new insights into the modulation of dormancy intensity by genetic and environmental factors which might have practical applications in seed production.

Maternal control of early life history traits affects overwinter survival and seedling phenotypes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

When cultivated and wild plants hybridize, hybrids often show intermediate phenotypic traits relative to their parents, which makes them unfit in natural environments. However, maternal genetic effects may affect the outcome of hybridization by controlling expression of the earliest life history traits. Here, using wild, cultivated and reciprocal crop-wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids, we evaluated the maternal effects on emergence timing and seedling establishment in the field and on seedling traits under controlled conditions. In the field, we evaluated reciprocal crop-wild hybrids between two wild populations with contrasting dormancy (the high dormant BAR and the low dormant DIA) and one cultivar (CROP) with low dormancy. Under controlled conditions, we evaluated reciprocal crop-wild hybrids between two wild populations (BAR and RCU) and one CROP under three contrasting temperature treatments. In the field, BAR overwintered as dormant seeds whereas DIA and CROP showed high autumn emergence (~50% of planted seeds), resulting in differential overwinter survival and seedling establishment in the spring. Reciprocal crop-wild hybrids resembled their female parents in emergence timing and success of seedling establishment. Under controlled conditions, we observed large maternal effects on most seedling traits across temperatures. Cotyledon size explained most of the variation in seedling traits, suggesting that the maternal effects on seed size have cascading effects on seedling traits. Maternal effects on early life history traits affect early plant survival and phenotypic variation of crop-wild hybrids, thus, they should be addressed in hybridization studies, especially those involving highly divergent parents, such as cultivated species and their wild ancestors.

A Survey on Different Attacks in LTE/LTE-A Networks

This paper is about security assaults in LTE/LTE-A Systems. The Long haul Development (LTE)/LTE-Progressed (LTE-An) arrange gives propelled administrations to billions of clients with its higher transfer speeds, better range effectiveness, and lower dormancy than heritage cell systems. Be that as it may, regardless of whether it experiences new security dangers because of its everything IP-based heterogeneous design. Accordingly, there is a basic need to play out a fast and precise system security estimation in LTE/LTE-A system. To accomplish LTE/LTE-A system security estimation, security-applicable information (in short security information) assortment and information examination for assault discovery are required as essentials. Be that as it may, the majority of the current work just spotlights on information assortment and examination for a specific sort of LTE/LTE-An assaults. Little work has been done to exhaustively perform information assortment and examination for identifying different assaults on LTE/LTE-A system. Not quite the same as past work, In this paper we focused on DOS, DDOS Man-in-the-Center (MitM) assaults, rebel base station assaults and the answers for such assaults were broken down to secure LTE and LTE-A systems

Feeding pollinators from weeds could promote pollen allergy. A simulation study

Abstract Weed pollen both feeds many insects and causes allergies in humans. The objective of the study was to investigate the determinants in terms of management practices and weed species traits on those pollen-borne services and dissservices (hence (dis)services). We developed a set of indicators to assess the magnitude of these (dis)services combining species pollinating values (or allergizing potential) with species densities by means of the CONTRA method for designing fuzzy decision trees. Densities were calculated by the process-based weed dynamics model F lor S ys , which simulates the dynamics of a multispecies weed flora at a daily time step and over the years depending on the field's cropping system and pedoclimate. We then simulated a virtual farm-field network consisting of 272 cropping systems from 7 regions in France and Spain, with F lor S ys over 27 years and with 10 weather repetitions. The simulated weed flora and (dis)service indicators were analysed with analyses of variance, regression trees, RLQ and fourth-corner analyses. The simulations showed that the management practices that increased pollen-borne allergy risk were also often those providing large trophic resources for butterflies and, to a lesser degree, to other pollinating insects. Practices reducing pollen-borne (dis)services included frequent and intensive tillage, frequent spring crops, herbicides sprayed on cash crops, preferably broad-spectrum products targeting emerged weeds but the effect of all these techniques greatly varied with the date of their implementation. The weed species that most contributed to pollinator food were those that were present and growing best during the critical feeding period of the pollinators rather than those with the largest pollinating value or those with the largest densities during the cropping campaign. Species characteristics favouring pollinator food included low dormancy, tall “stemmy” plants and high temperature requirements in terms of photosynthesis and frost sensitivity. Then, we identified the management strategies that reconciled pollinator food with low allergy risk. For instance, direct sowing or several weeks without tillage after harvest or prior to crop sowing increase food offer. Finally, we proposed rules for ex post monitoring following the introduction of novel crops or management techniques. For instance, ex post biodiversity monitoring following the introduction of glyphosate-tolerant maize should focus on situations with frequent tillage and on the presence of butterflies.

Arabidopsis in the Wild-The Effect of Seasons on Seed Performance.

Climate changes play a central role in the adaptive life histories of organisms all over the world. In higher plants, these changes may impact seed performance, both during seed development and after dispersal. To examine the plasticity of seed performance as a response to environmental fluctuations, eight genotypes known to be affected in seed dormancy and longevity were grown in the field in all seasons of two years. Soil and air temperature, day length, precipitation, and sun hours per day were monitored. We show that seed performance depends on the season. Seeds produced by plants grown in the summer, when the days began to shorten and the temperature started to decrease, were smaller with deeper dormancy and lower seed longevity compared to the other seasons when seeds were matured at higher temperature over longer days. The performance of seeds developed in the different seasons was compared to seeds produced in controlled conditions. This revealed that plants grown in a controlled environment produced larger seeds with lower dormancy than those grown in the field. All together the results show that the effect of the environment largely overrules the genetic effects, and especially, differences in seed dormancy caused by the different seasons were larger than the differences between the genotypes.