Low Levels Of Discrimination Research Articles

Relationship quality in student-teacher-dyads: Comparing student and teacher determinants in multicultural classrooms

Teacher-student-relationship quality is associated with academic success and, among ethnic minority adolescents, it can promote positive intergroup relations. However, most research has studied student or teacher reports only and rarely accounted for ethnic classroom heterogeneity. This study investigated teacher-student-agreement on relationship quality in minority and majority student-teacher-dyads and tested predictors of relationship quality in adolescence. The sample comprised 309 minority (Mage = 12.99, SD = 1.30) and 200 majority adolescents (Mage = 13.50, SD = 1.56) and their 28 majority teachers (Mage = 45.82, SD = 11.50). Teachers reported higher relationship quality than students. Correlations in student-teacher-dyads were similar for minority and majority students. A better school climate, teachers’ awareness of social heterogeneity and culturally responsive teaching predicted relationship quality in student reports, whereas teaching enjoyment predicted relationship quality in teacher reports. In minority dyads, higher student socioeconomic status (SES) and lower levels of discrimination were additional predictors for relationship quality in both student and teacher reports. Findings suggest different processes in how minority and majority student-teacher-dyads evaluate relationship quality.

Patient experience and pain outcomes among Black women with early-stage breast cancer after mastectomy.

e13751 Background: Racial pain disparities in breast cancer (BC) are well-described and persist despite prior trials to improve disparate pain outcomes. We previously found Black women (BW) reported more pain severity (PS) and interference with life (PI) after breast surgery compared to White women. Pain expression is multifactorial, and structural factors affect the ability to report and control pain. Perceived discrimination is associated with mistrust of medical providers, which affects clinical outcomes. Their impact on pain is understudied. We evaluated the association between discrimination, trust, and pain among BW with early-stage BC after mastectomy. Methods: BW with stage 0-III BC who had mastectomy ≤2 years of enrollment at academic and safety net hospitals in Houston, TX and Atlanta, GA, completed a demographic survey, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Discrimination in Medical Settings Scale (DMS), and Trust in Physician Scale (TPS). In BPI, worst, least, and average PS were reported from 0-10. PI from 0-10, pain treatments, and % relief were reported. DMS and TPS questions were on a 5-point Likert scale. We performed chart review to obtain baseline clinical data related to BC diagnosis, treatment and comorbidities. PI and DMS were scored as a mean of the total items of each survey. Mean Trust and Mistrust scores used means of TPS questions related to each category. Higher scores mean more PS, PI, discrimination, trust, or mistrust. We used ANOVA to examine associations between categorical variables and Pearson correlation coefficient for continuous variables. We performed univariate linear regression and multi-linear regression between specific variables and outcomes, accounting for collinearity. Results: Of the 77 BW surveyed, 66.2% received chemotherapy. 47.2% had a household income < $25,000, and 40.3% had private health insurance. PS, PI, DMS, and trust scores are shown (Table). Univariate analysis showed an association between DMS and mistrust (p=0.01), lower income and higher PS (p=0.01) and PI (p=0.04), and insurance status and PS (p=0.02) and PI (p=0.02). Associations between mistrust or DMS and pain were not statistically significant. A multivariate analysis with DMS as outcome showed an association with mistrust (p=0.04). Multivariate analysis also showed receipt of chemotherapy was associated with higher PS (p=0.02) and PI (p=0.03). Conclusions: BW have moderate pain up to 2 years following mastectomy. Participants reported low levels of discrimination and high trust. More discrimination was associated with more physician mistrust, but not PS or PI. Lower income and lack of private health insurance were associated with higher PS and PI. Future studies should address discrimination and trust in clinical settings and financial barriers to pain control. [Table: see text]

Abstract PO2-10-01: Discrimination, Trust, and Pain Outcomes Among Black Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer After Mastectomy

Abstract BACKGROUND Differences in perception, assessment, communication, and management of pain contribute to racial/ethnic pain disparities in breast cancer (BC). We previously found that Black women (BW) reported higher pain severity and interference with life after breast surgery compared to White women after adjusting for type of surgery and other potential confounders. Racial/ethnic inequities persist despite prior trials to improve disparate pain outcomes. This is likely because multiple factors contribute to pain expression, and structural factors affect the ability to control pain adequately. Perceived discrimination is associated with mistrust of medical providers. These factors are known to affect clinical outcomes, but their impact on pain has been understudied. In this preliminary analysis, we examine medical discrimination, trust in physician, and pain outcomes among BW with early-stage breast cancer after mastectomy. METHODS We surveyed BW with stage 0-III breast cancer who had mastectomy < 2 years of study enrollment at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center or Harris Health Smith Clinic in Houston, TX. Participants completed a demographic survey as well as the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Discrimination in Medical Settings Scale (DMS), and Trust in Physician Scale (TPS). In the BPI, participants reported their pain severity (PS) on a 0-10 scale at its worst, least, and on average. They reported pain interference with life (PI) from 0-10, types of pain treatments, and % relief from pain treatments. DMS and TPS questions were assessed on 5-point Likert scale. We performed chart review to obtain baseline clinical data related to BC diagnosis and treatment and comorbidities. We summarized patients’ baseline demographic and clinical information using descriptive statistics. PI and DMS were scored as a mean of the total items of each survey. We created mean Trust and Mistrust scores using means of the TPS questions related to each category. RESULTS Of the 37 BW surveyed, 36 (97.3%) were non-Hispanic. 23 (62.2%) had HR+ BC, and 2 (6.7%) had HER2+ disease. 26 (70.3%) women received chemotherapy, 10 (27%) received radiation therapy, and 17 (45.9%) received endocrine therapy. 26 (70.3%) women had > 1 comorbidity; the mean (SD) number reported was 1.3 (1.1). Mean BMI was 30.9 (6.6). 10 (29.4%) women completed high school, and 8 (23.5%) completed some college. 19 (55.9%) had a household income < $25,000, and 11 (32.4%) had private health insurance. Mean worst PS was 4.2 (3.1), and mean average PS was 3.6 (2.9). Mean composite PI score was 2.7 (2.7). 11 (29.7%) women were taking opioids for pain, 17 (45.9%) were taking non-opioid analgesics, and 3 (8.1%) were receiving non-medication treatments. Mean % pain relief with treatment was 52.3% (38.3). Mean DMS score was 1.2 (0.6). Mean composite TPS Trust and Mistrust scores were 4.4 (0.7) and 1.8 (1.0), respectively. CONCLUSION BW may continue to experience pain requiring opioid and/or non-opioid analgesics up to 2 years following mastectomy. Study participants reported relatively low levels of discrimination and high levels of trust on average. We are currently enrolling additional participants in the Emory Healthcare System and Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA. After enrolling at least 80 total patients, we will determine the association between DMS and pain outcomes among participants adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors as well as assess TPS as a potential mediator in the causal pathway between DMS and PS. Citation Format: Demetria Smith-Graziani, Yichun Cao, Jeffrey Switchenko, Mothaffar Rimawi, Abenaa Brewster. Discrimination, Trust, and Pain Outcomes Among Black Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer After Mastectomy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-10-01.

Experiences of discrimination are associated with microbiome and transcriptome alterations in the gut.

Discrimination is a recognized psychosocial stressor that has been linked to various negative health outcomes. This study explored the impact of discrimination on gut health, specifically focusing on microbiome changes, predicted metagenomic differences, transcriptomic profiles, and the potential for using a multi-omic approach to predict discrimination to identify discrimination status for an individual. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive investigation involving male and premenopausal female participants, using the Everyday Discrimination Scale to classify them into either high or low discrimination. Multiple questionnaires were administered to evaluate participants' physiological, psychological, and perceived stressors. Two diet questionnaires were also administered. Stool samples were collected for microbiome analysis and RNA sequencing. Microbial composition changes were analyzed using the Shannon index and Chao1 richness estimator for alpha diversity and the Aitchison distance metric for beta diversity. Differential abundance was evaluated using MaAsLin2, followed by metatranscriptomics sequencing and annotation. A multi-omic approach utilizing random forest was used to assess the predictability of discrimination. The study results showed that high discrimination was linked to higher gut microbiome species richness (Chao1, p = 0.02) and significant beta diversity differences (p = 0.04). Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae were both less abundant in the high discrimination group. High discrimination participants also reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, early life adversity, visceral sensitivity, and neuroticism than those in the low discrimination group. Gene expression analysis revealed distinctive patterns, with significant changes in genes associated with environmental sensing (two-component system) and metabolic pathways. In a plot comparing gene transcription to DNA content, certain genes showed higher expression levels in participants who experienced both high and low levels of discrimination. Our random forest classifier demonstrated the capability to accurately differentiate individuals with high and low discrimination in our training cohort (AUC = 0.91). These findings illuminate the substantial impact of discrimination on gut health, encompassing microbiome composition, gene expression, and functional pathways. These findings suggest that discrimination is associated with internal biological changes that can be associated with negative health outcomes, opening research to examine novel pathways that can be used to mitigate the negative health effects of discrimination.

Balancing Learning Model Privacy, Fairness, and Accuracy With Early Stopping Criteria.

As deep learning models mature, one of the most prescient questions we face is: what is the ideal tradeoff between accuracy, fairness, and privacy (AFP)? Unfortunately, both the privacy and the fairness of a model come at the cost of its accuracy. Hence, an efficient and effective means of fine-tuning the balance between this trinity of needs is critical. Motivated by some curious observations in privacy-accuracy tradeoffs with differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD), where fair models sometimes result, we conjecture that fairness might be better managed as an indirect byproduct of this process. Hence, we conduct a series of analyses, both theoretical and empirical, on the impacts of implementing DP-SGD in deep neural network models through gradient clipping and noise addition. The results show that, in deep learning, the number of training epochs is central to striking a balance between AFP because DP-SGD makes the training less stable, providing the possibility of model updates at a low discrimination level without much loss in accuracy. Based on this observation, we designed two different early stopping criteria to help analysts choose the optimal epoch at which to stop training a model so as to achieve their ideal tradeoff. Extensive experiments show that our methods can achieve an ideal balance between AFP.

Nonprofit Organizational Identification, Moral License, and Whiteness: An Experimental Study of the Effect of Nonprofit Work on the White Morality Myth

Moral license researchers find that White people more readily agree with racial discrimination after interacting with nonprofits, but nonprofit organizations often support racial diversity. This study explores whether White nonprofit workers who are prompted to describe their work will identify with the equality espousals of their employers by indicating lower levels of discrimination or indicate higher levels of discrimination as the moral license literature predicts. An online experiment examines how describing nonprofit work influences race and gender opinions, finding that White nonprofit workers indicate lower agreement with a discrimination index after describing their work. These findings imply that racial institutional context is important for moral license and organizational identification. For nonprofits, the finding supports the use of strategic practices to manage diversity even when those practices do not have explicit linkages to race and gender equality.

COMPARATIVE IDENTIFICATION APPROACH FOR GUM-PRODUCING LACTOBACILLI IN PALM WINE

Introduction: Species of lactobacilli are responsible for the consistency and soluble white colouration of palm wine through the production of gum. Phenotypic and physiological characteristics as basis for identification of lactobacilli is often with low level of discrimination. Objection: This study aimed at comparative identification approach of gum-producing lactobacilli using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and API kit 50 CHL. Methodology: Four hundred colonies of lactobacilli isolated from seventy-two fresh palm wine samples and two hundred were used for genomic DNA extraction, 16S rDNA analysis and digestion of amplicons with two endonucleases: Hae III and Bash 12361. Results: Twenty ARDRA pattern group were generated and representatives of each were randomly chosen for sequence and API kit analysis. The size of the amplified products (̴ 1500 bp), digested amplicons (100 - 1000 bp) and the ARDRA profiles; A-T. ARDRA screening revealed unique patterns among the two hundred isolates, with the same pattern for some of the isolates. The 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates were divide into 20 groups of three genera: Lactobacillus (65%), Leuconostoc (30%), and Lactococcus (5%) whereas API kit identified two genera; Lactobacillus (75%) and Leuconostoc (25%). Gene sequence similarity of all the representative isolate for 16S rDNA (99 - 100%) while API kit (74.8 – 99.9%) with 55% overall similarity in bacterial identified. ARDRA showed higher similarities in identification and discrimination of bacterial species or between closely related groups isolated from palm wine compared to API kit. Conclusion: ARDRA is a good tool for lactobacilli identification based on the results from this study.

Loneliness in Older Migrants: Exploring the Role of Cultural Differences in Their Loneliness Experience.

The scientific literature suggests the necessity of studying loneliness from a broader social perspective. This article aims to broaden the research on loneliness in older migrants by exploring the role of cultural differences through the lens of the social environment (as measured in social capital, discrimination, and ageism) and social situation (as measured in relational mobility, childness, and marital status). Based on Hofstede's Individualism Index, older migrants involved in the BBC Loneliness Experiment (N = 2164) were classified into three groups: cultural migrants (i.e., from a collectivist to individualist culture) (N = 239), migrants with a similar culture (i.e., within an individualist culture) (N = 841), and ageing non-migrants (N = 1084). The two main objectives were (1) to compare the levels of loneliness among these three groups, and (2) to unravel how different influencing factors, such as the social environment, social situation, coping strategies, and personal characteristics, are related to loneliness. Bivariate analyses were performed to determine the differences in the loneliness, social environment, social situation, and personal characteristic variables between the groups, with adjusted p-values according to the Bonferroni correction to limit the potential for type I errors (α = 0.005). Multiple linear regressions were performed to unravel the relationships between loneliness and the different influencing factors, namely the social environment, social situation, coping strategies, and personal characteristics. The bivariate analyses show no significant difference in loneliness across the three groups. The multiple linear regressions demonstrate that the social environment (i.e., social capital, discrimination, and ageism) is significantly associated with loneliness. Social capital acts as a protective factor for cultural migrants (β = -0.27, p < 0.005, 95% CI [-0.48, -0.05]), similar-culture migrants (β = -0.13, p < 0.005, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.03]), and non-migrants (β = -0.21, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.12]). Discrimination and ageism are both risk factors for loneliness across the three groups. Social situation, as measured in married/cohabitation status and relational mobility, shows a significant association with loneliness in the non-migrants and similar-culture migrants but not the cultural migrants. In terms of individual resources for coping strategies, engagement in active coping is protective for all three groups. Non-coping, the unawareness of any coping strategies, is a risk factor, while passive coping shows no significant association. The results show that the structural factor of the social environment in which older migrants' find themselves, rather than their culture of origin, is more important for older migrants' feelings of loneliness in later life. A favorable social environment with high social capital and low levels of discrimination and ageism protects against loneliness in the ageing population across cultures. Practical implications for loneliness interventions for older migrants are put forward.

Discrimination and depressive symptoms in sexual minority Latinx youth: Moderation by religious importance and attendance.

Relative to heterosexual peers, sexual minority youth experience significant mental health disparities. This is partly due to prejudicial encounters (e.g., discrimination, victimization) because of their sexual minority status, and potential intersecting and compounding prejudicial experiences related to their ethnic minority status. However, even though religiosity has been identified as a protective factor in the general literature and may be especially relevant for youth in Latinx families, few studies have examined whether religiosity serves as a buffer of the relations between discrimination-related stress and mental health in sexual minority Latinx youth. Thus, the aims were to examine (a) whether ethnic and sexuality discrimination have additive or multiplicative effects on depressive symptoms, and (b) whether own or family religiosity (defined by religious importance and attendance) moderates the relations between discrimination and depressive symptoms. Sample included 377 youth (Mage = 20.29, SD = 2.61, age range 14-24). Results did not support an interaction between ethnic and sexuality discrimination, nor between own religiosity and ethnic discrimination, in predicting depressive symptoms. There were significant interactions between family religiosity and discrimination (ethnic and sexuality), in which family religiosity was negatively associated with depressive symptoms only at average and low levels of discrimination. There was a significant interaction between own religiosity and sexuality discrimination, in which own religiosity was negatively associated with depressive symptoms only at the low level of sexuality discrimination. Findings highlight the importance of examining the intersection of religion, sexuality, and Latinx minority status in relation to mental health outcome. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Financing the cultural and creative industries through crowdfunding: the role of national cultural dimensions and policies

The trend towards digitalisation and technological innovation has reshaped the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) by changing the existing funding models and structures. The aim of this article is to explore the impact of cultural dimensions and policies on the adoption of reward-based crowdfunding as a new form of finance for firms in the CCIs in 12 different European countries during the 2015–2019 period. Our results show that national cultural dimensions and policies significantly affect the demand for cultural and creative crowdfunding. Specifically, the adoption of crowdfunding is broader in individualistic countries and in societies characterised by higher uncertainty avoidance, indulgence, short-term orientation, and lower levels of discrimination between genders. Furthermore, we find that the liberal welfare state model, characterised by limited government interference, market orientation, privatisation and a focus on self-responsibility, and the Southern European welfare model, based on a weak and inefficient state, increase the adoption of crowdfunding in the CCIs. The presence of a central ministry with cultural competence also increases the adoption of crowdfunding in the CCIs. Our findings show a U-shaped relationship between European grants and the demand for crowdfunding, mainly driven by a high or low European involvement within these sectors. We also identify a moderation effect of EU grants on the relationship between cultural dimensions and crowdfunding adoption, suggesting that the magnitude of this relationship depends on the amount of EU grants awarded in a specific country. As a robustness check, we run a set of Poisson regressions with correlated random effects (CREs), confirming our main results.

Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms among Black people in Canada: A significant role for everyday racial discrimination and racial microaggressions

ObjectiveAnxiety disorders are highly prevalent worldwide but vary significantly by country and ethnoracial background. Minimal published data exist on the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety among Black people in Canada and none using validated measures. Therefore, this study sought to establish the frequency of clinically significant anxiety symptoms among a sample of Black people living in Canada as well as examine the association with two forms of racism (racial discrimination and racial microaggressions). MethodsData collected from the Black Community Mental Health project in Canada was analyzed. Participants provided (N= 845) sociodemographic information and completed measures assessing anxiety symptomology (GAD-7), everyday racial discrimination, racial microaggressions, and resilience. Prevalence of anxiety symptomatology was determined across sociodemographic variables as well as categories of everyday racial discrimination and racial microaggressions. Two regression models were conducted to examine the relationship between anxiety symptoms and the two forms of racism controlling for sociodemographic factors. ResultsOverall, nearly a third of participants endorsed clinically significant levels of anxiety symptoms, with higher rates observed among men, unemployed people, those with higher education, people who are separated, and those with no reported family history of mental health problems. Logistic regression models demonstrated that, except for those reporting the greatest frequency of racial discrimination, there is a general linear trend such that those experiencing higher levels of racial discrimination or racial microaggressions are increasingly more likely to present with anxiety symptoms when compared to those reporting low levels of discrimination or microaggressions. Psychological resilience afforded nominal protection but only against exposure to racial microaggressions. ConclusionsRates of clinically significant anxiety are higher among Black people in Canada than reported previously. Both racial discrimination and racial microaggressions predicted higher rates of anxiety symptoms. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings from the US that report similar findings.

'Love comes first, and it is ahead of any different political partisanism': How political polarizations compare to other forms of discrimination in Buenos Aires (Argentina).

Affective polarization and stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia and toward immigrants in Argentina are not new despite its importance and dissemination. However, no research has been conducted taking into consideration political partisanship and attitudes toward these groups. Political polarization and attitudes toward socialization across party lines are studied in conjunction with attitudes toward immigrants and toward individuals with schizophrenia. Individuals from Buenos Aires (n = 712) were surveyed for their political partisanship and their attitudes toward Peruvian and Bolivian immigrants, people with schizophrenia and partisans from the opposing political party. A modified version of the Bogardus scale was used. Social distance was from highest to lowest toward people with schizophrenia, political opponents, and immigrants. Individuals with schizophrenia were strongly discriminated against by most participants: 86% would definitely or probably not want them to take care of their children, 83% would not want them to be their healthcare provider, and 81% would not want to marry them. Immigrants were comparatively not discriminated against: 10% would not want them to take care of their children, 8% would not want to receive health care from them, and 28% would not want to marry them. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner partisans showed the lowest level of discrimination toward these two groups, compared to Mauricio Macri partisans and to independent voters. However, the former group had greater discriminatory attitudes toward Mauricio Macri partisans than the latter. As compared to other discriminatory attitudes, discrimination toward persons with schizophrenia is widespread and pervasive. Lower levels of discrimination toward people with schizophrenia and toward immigrants would not predict attitudes toward the opposing political partisans.

HEMŞİRELERİN İŞ YAŞAMINDA AYRIMCILIĞA İLİŞKİN ALGILARININ BELİRLENMESİ

Bu araştırmanın amacı, hemşirelerin çalışma ortamında ve hasta bakım uygulamalarında ayrımcılığa ilişkin algılarını belirlemektir. Tanımlayıcı tipte planlanan araştırmanın verileri İstanbul ili Avrupa bölgesinde yer alan bir özel ve bir kamu üniversite hastanesinde çalışan, ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 291 hemşireden elde edilmiştir. Veriler, araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan 5’li likert tipte 39 ifadenin yer aldığı anket formu ile toplanmıştır. Kesme noktası 2,00 puan olarak alınmış ve kararsızlık noktasını temsil etmiştir. Bu puanın üzerinde olan ifadelerin yüksek düzeyde ayrımcılık olarak algılandığı, altındaki ifadelerin ise düşük düzeyde ayrımcılık olarak algılandığı yorumu yapılmıştır. Hasta bakımında ayrımcılık olarak algılanan en yüksek puan ortalamasına sahip ifadelerde ilk üç sırada, “Hemşirelerin; refakatçisi olmayan hastaların, hemşirelerin iş yükünü arttırdığını düşünmesi (ort=2,49), VIP olan hastalara daha fazla ilgi gösterilmesi (ort=2,42), yatağa bağımlı olan hastaların bakımını iş yükü artışı olarak görmesi (ort=2,36)” olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışma ortamında ayrımcılık olarak algılanan en yüksek puan ortalamasına sahip ifadelerde ilk üç sırada, “Doktorların hemşirelere göre, çalışan personel üzerinde iş yaptırım gücünün daha fazla olması (ort=2,64), Yöneticilerin çalışanların performansını değerlendirirken objektif davranmaması (ort=2,50) ve Sigara kullanan hemşirelerin, mesai saatleri içerisinde daha fazla dinlenme süresi kullanması (ort=2,45)” olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ayırımcılık algısı ortalama değerlerinin hemşirelerin bazı demografik özelliklerine göre farklılık gösterdiği saptanmıştır.

The Prevalence of Stereotypes Against the LGBTQ Community and the Effect of Education on Those Stereotypes

Stereotyping against the LGBTQ community is a major problem in modern society. Previous research has shown that stereotyping can be reduced through targeted education about the stereotyped group. This study aims to further research the effect of education on stereotypes as well as the prevalence of stereotypes against the LGBTQ community in a public high school in North Carolina. Building on existing work from Canada, this study questions the use of education in changing stereotypes and what is the baseline prevalence of those stereotypes.&#x0D; Based on previous peer-reviewed, published literature, this study will survey both students and teachers to establish a baseline of stereotyping occurring at this location. The researcher will teach a class about stereotypes and the LGBTQ community and measure the level of stereotypes before and after the presentation. Analysis showed that this high school had low levels of discrimination, which is a major sign of low levels of stereotyping. It also showed that education had a low-grade negative impact against stereotyping, effectively increasing stereotyping.

Mentorluk Becerileri Değerlendirme Aracının (MEBDA) Geliştirilmesi

Araştırmada uygulama öğretmenlerinin mentorluk becerilerini belirlemek amacıyla Mentorluk Becerileri Değerlendirme Aracı (MEBDA) geliştirilmiş ve ölçme aracının psikometrik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, 66 maddeden oluşan araç birinci çalışma grubundaki 202 öğretmen adayına uygulanmış ve yapılan Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) sonuçları doğrultusunda madde-toplam test korelasyonu (ayırt ediciliği) .45 değerinin altında olan 25 madde araçtan çıkarılmıştır. AFA sonucuna göre 41 maddeden oluşan araç ikinci çalışma grubundaki 232 öğretmen adayına uygulanmış ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. AFA sonucunda aracın üç boyutlu bir yapıda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğrenme öğretme süreci, iletişim süreci ve mesleki gelişim süreci olmak üzere üç boyuttan oluşan aracın birinci alt boyutundaki maddelerinin aracın %23’ünü açıkladığı ve diğer iki alt boyutun her birinin ölçme aracındaki maddelerin %18’ini açıkladığı bulunmuştur. DFA sonucunda araç maddelerinin t değerleri 0.01 düzeyinde anlamlı olduğu için analiz dışı bırakılan bir madde olmamıştır. Ayrıca MEBDA’nın CFI ve NNFI değerleri .97 olduğundan modelin iyi uyum gösterdiği söylenebilir.

EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED FUNCTIONAL ABILITY IN AFRICAN IMMIGRANT OLDER ADULTS

Discrimination impacts functional health outcomes of African Americans and other racial/ethnic minorities in the United States; yet this is understudied in African immigrants whose population has risen by 137% since 2000. We examined the relationship between discrimination and physical function with a convenience sample of first-generation African immigrants age 50+ recruited through community-based organizations (N=124). Discrimination was measured with the Everyday Discrimination scale with higher scores indicating more experiences of discrimination (range=0-23). High versus low levels of discrimination were categorized at the mean. Physical function was measured using the PROMIS Physical Function measure with high scores indicating greater functional ability (range=11-50). Raw function scores were converted to standardized T-scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation (SD) of 10. Linear regression was used for analyses. Mean age of the sample was 61.4(SD=7.9) years. About two-thirds (63%) were female, more than half (52.4%) immigrated in search of better opportunities and half of the sample had high levels of discrimination. The mean function score was 44.2(SD=8.3) indicating that this sample had functional ability 6 points less than the population average. After adjusting for demographic and migration factors, the mean physical function score was 2.5 points lower (b=-2.53, 95% CI= -5.04, -0.01) for participants with more experiences compared to those with fewer experiences of discrimination. In conclusion, discrimination was associated with poor physical function in African immigrant older adults after adjusting for covariates. Longitudinal studies of discrimination and physical functioning should be pursued in more diverse, larger samples of African immigrants.

Abstract P027: Perceived Discrimination and Trajectory of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: The Jackson Heart Study

Introduction: Perceiving discriminatory treatment against oneself may induce a stress response, and over time contribute to cardiovascular pathophysiology. The study evaluated the association of self-reported discrimination and changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation predictive of incident cardiovascular disease. Hypothesis: We assessed the following hypotheses: 1) higher levels of perceived discrimination are associated with higher serum hs-CRP at baseline, 2) over 13 years of follow-up, greater mean increases in hs-CRP are observed among those with higher levels of baseline discrimination than those with lower levels of discrimination, and 3) body composition mediates the longitudinal trajectory. Methods: The sample included 5145 African American participants, aged 21-92, in the Jackson Heart Study. Multiple imputation addressed missingness in baseline sociodemographic (e.g, age, sex, education), behavioral (e.g., AHA smoking and physical activity categorizations) and clinical covariates (e.g, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c) as well as in hs-CRP taken at all three study examinations. Everyday, lifetime, and burden from perceived discrimination -attributed to reasons including race, gender, age, or weight- comprised primary predictors in three sets of multivariable linear regression models of baseline (2000-2004) discrimination and ln(hs-CRP). Linear mixed models (LMMs) were fitted to assess mean changes in ln(hs-CRP) between three study examinations (2000-2013).Mediation was quantified by percent changes in estimates adjusted for the adiposity measures BMI, waist circumference, or waist-to-height ratio. Results: In the cross-sectional analyses, those in the highest tertile of lifetime discrimination had adjusted ln(hs-CRP) levels 0.08 ln(mg/dL) lower than those in the lowest tertile (95% CI= -0.16, -0.01). However, the ln(hs-CRP) increases among those reporting more frequent everyday discrimination were 0.07 ln(mg/dL) higher per examination than those reporting no everyday discrimination (95% CI=0.01, 0.12) A similar trend emerged for lifetime discrimination and changes in ln(hs-CRP) (adjusted mean increase per visit: 0.04 ln(mg/dL), CI=0.01, 0.08). BMI, waist circumference, or waist-to-height ratio did not mediate the longitudinal associations between any discrimination measure and hs-CRP. In sensitivity analyses, the magnitude of these estimates did not change before or after multiple imputation. Conclusion: Everyday and lifetime discrimination were associated with significant hs-CRP increases over 13 years of follow-up. These conclusions build upon the existing research that indicates the physiological response to discrimination may lead to systemic inflammation and in turn cardiovascular disease.

Modeling the possibility of occurrence of overactive bladder in women of different ages, depending on anthropo-somatotypological indicators or hormonal background with the help of discriminant analysis

One of the most important problems of modern urogynecology is the improvement of the treatment-diagnostic algorithm and prevention of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). The purpose of the work is to construct and analyze discriminant models of the possibility of OAB occurrence in pregnant women of different age groups depending on the characteristics of anthropo-somatotypological indicators or hormonal background. 75 pregnant women with clinical signs of OAB syndrome and 60 healthy pregnant women had hormonal screening in the 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy and at 16 weeks postpartum using radioimmunoassay and immune enzyme methods (estradiol, progesterone, thyroid stimulating hormone and testosterone levels were determined). The anthropometry was carried out according to the method of V. V. Bunak, the components of the somatotype were determined according to the method of J. Carter and B. Heath, as well as the components of the body composition according to the method of J. Matiegka and the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN). By age, all pregnant women were divided into 3 subgroups: І - from 17 to 25 years, ІІ - from 26 to 35 years, ІІІ - from 36 to 41 years. A discriminant analysis of the possibility of OAB occurrence, depending on the anthropo-somatotypological or hormonal indices in women of different age groups, was conducted using the licensing program “Statistica 5.5”. When taken into account anthropo-somatotypological indices in women aged from 17 to 25 years, the model is correct in 86.7% of cases; in women aged from 26 to 35 years - in 90.9% of cases; in women between the ages of 36 and 41 years - in 89.3% of cases. Between healthy and OAB patients, women aged from 17 to 25 years discriminating variables are the width of the distal epiphysis of the shoulder (which has the greatest contribution to discrimination), conjugata externa, the muscle component of the body weight by AIN and the forearm's girth in the upper third; women from 26 to 35 years - dist. Іntеrtrochantericа, the width of the distal epiphyses of the forearm (the greatest contribution to discrimination), hip circumference, conjugata externa, mesomorphic component of the somatotype according to by Heath-Carter, fat mass component of the body by Matiegka, the forearm's girth in the upper third and the shoulder girth; women of age from 36 to 41 years - the width of the distal epiphysis of the leg (which has the greatest contribution to discrimination) and the length of the body. In general, the aggregate of all variables has a low level of discrimination between healthy and sick with OAB women between the ages of 17 and 25 (Wilkes Lambda statistics = 0.531; F = 5.521; p &lt;0.01) and 36-41 years (Wilkes Lambda statistics = 0.445; F = 15.62; p &lt;0.001), while among women between the ages of 26 and 35 - the average level of discrimination (Wilkes Lambda statistics = 0.386; F = 13.52; p &lt;0.001). When taken into account characteristics of the hormonal background in women of all ages, the model is correct in 100% of cases. Between healthy and OAB patients, of 17-25 years age, discriminant variables are estradiol levels at 16 weeks of postpartum (with the largest contribution to discrimination) and prolactin levels in the first trimester of pregnancy; women aged from 26 to 35 years - estradiol levels at 16 weeks of postpartum (the most contributing to discrimination), testosterone in the third trimester of pregnancy, estradiol in the third trimester of pregnancy, prolactin in the third trimester of pregnancy, estradiol in the first trimester of pregnancy, and testosterone levels in the first trimester of pregnancy; women aged from 36 to 41 years - estradiol in the third trimester of pregnancy (has the largest contribution to discrimination) and estradiol in the 16 weeks of postpartum period. In general, the totality of all variables has a low level of discrimination between healthy and sick at OAB women between the ages of 17 and 25 (Wilkes Lambda statistics = 0.619; F = 131.4; p &lt;0.001) and ages 26-35 (Wilks Lambda statistics = 0.493; F = 224.9; p &lt;0.001), while among women between the ages of 36 and 41 - the average level of discrimination (Wilkes Lambda statistics = 0.371; F = 207.4; p &lt;0.001). Thus, with the aid of discriminant analysis, reliable models of the possibility of OAB occurrence, based on anthropo-somatotypological or hormonal indices in women of different age groups, are constructed. In all age groups, the greatest contribution to discrimination between healthy and sick with OAB pregnant women, in most cases, make parameters of the width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones or the level of estradiol.

Methods for analytic intercategorical intersectionality in quantitative research: Discrimination as a mediator of health inequalities

RationaleIntersectionality as a theoretical framework has gained prominence in qualitative research on social inequity. Intercategorical quantitative applications have focused primarily on describing health or social inequalities across intersectional groups, coded using cross-classified categories or interaction terms. This descriptive intersectionality omits consideration of the mediating processes (e.g., discrimination) through which intersectional positions impact outcome inequalities, which offer opportunities for intervention. ObjectiveWe argue for the importance of a quantitative analytic intersectionality. We identify methodological challenges and potential solutions in structuring studies to allow for both intersectional heterogeneity in outcomes and in the ways that processes such as discrimination may cause these outcomes for those at different intersections. MethodTo incorporate both mediation and exposure-mediator interaction, we use VanderWeele's three-way decomposition methodology, adapt the interpretation for application to analytic intersectionality studies, and present a step-by-step analytic approach. Using online panel data collected from Canada and the United States in 2016 (N = 2542), we illustrate this approach with a statistical analysis of whether and to what extent observed inequalities in psychological distress across intersections of ethnoracial group and sexual or gender minority (SGM) status may be explained by past-year experiences of day-to-day discrimination, assessed using the Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI). Results and conclusionsWe describe actual and adjusted intersectional inequalities in psychological distress and decompose them to identify three component effects for each of 11 intersectional comparison groups (e.g., Indigenous SGM), versus the reference intersectional group that experienced the lowest levels of discrimination (white non-SGM). These reflect the expected inequality in outcome: 1) due to membership in the more discriminated-against group, if its members had experienced the same lower levels of discrimination as the reference intersection; 2) due to unequal levels of discrimination; and 3), due to unequal effects of discrimination. We present considerations for use and interpretation of these methods.

Religious discrimination and religious armed conflict in sub-Saharan Africa: an obvious relationship?

ABSTRACT Relative deprivation theory suggests that discrimination increases the risk of violence. While religious armed conflicts have been increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, effects of religious discrimination have rarely been investigated. Using the new Religion and State dataset and other sources, this contribution investigates this question in a two-level analysis. The analysis yields three main results. First, religious discrimination has been increasing over the last 15 years but in interregional comparison sub-Saharan Africa has a low level of discrimination. Second, at the cross-country level there is a significant correlation between religious discrimination and armed conflict over religious content. Third, looking closer at four pertinent country cases (the Comoros, the Gambia, Mali and Mauritania) reveals that discrimination is probably not a direct driver of religious conflicts. High levels of discrimination are embedded in problematic state-religion relations and existing cleavages become mobilised along religious lines through transnational influences and geography.