Fully exploring and expanding the performance of building materials has become an important direction for the sustainable development of building materials. In this study, low-density silica aerogel (LSA) with a density of 74.3 kg/m³ and conventional silica aerogel (CSA) with a density of 141.6 kg/m³ were used as partial aggregates to prepare a reduced thermal conductivity ductility cement-based composite material (RTCDCC). Based on this, the effects of LSA and CSA at different contents on the compressive strength, four-point bending performance, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and density of RTCDCC were compared and studied. The results showed that when the aerogel content was the same, the influence of LSA on the mechanical and physical properties of the mixture was more significant compared to CSA. Furthermore, the mixture exhibits good ductility when the content of aerogel was less than 30 %. Additionally, the impact of different density aerogels on the internal pore distribution of the mixture was investigated through low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests, providing further insights into the reasons for the variations in performance between LSA and CSA mixtures. Notably, the RTCDCC prepared in this study not only has good compressive strength but also maintains a lower thermal conductivity, and an average comprehensive performance index (Icp) of 0.63, which promotes the application of aerogel in the realm of multi-function building materials.