Low Data Rate Research Articles

Secrecy Rate Maximization in THz-Aided Heterogeneous Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

Densely deployed femtocells in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) improve the quality-of-service (QoS) and quality-of-experience (QoE) for both next-generation networks and end users, respectively. However, users near the femtocell edge, i.e., femto edge users (FEUs), which are far away from the Femto base station (FBS) may receive a low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Moreover, due to the distributed and dynamic nature of HetNets, femtocells may not resist various eavesdropping attacks from different attackers. Thus, it is essential to ensure the wireless channel's secrecy through which FEUs communicate with FBS since they may face eavesdropping attacks and may have low SINR and achievable data rates. Aiming to enhance the secrecy rate of femtocells, in this article, we formulate a joint optimization problem of beamforming vectors, artificial noise (AN), and power control for terahertz (THz)-enabled femtocells. Addressing this non-convex optimization problem is challenging due to the system's complexity and dynamic nature of FEUs. Thus, we translate the optimization problem into a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problem using the Markov decision process (MDP). Then, to solve the MDP with continuous action space, two deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based schemes, i.e., <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient-based Secrecy Maximization (DDPG-SM)</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Asynchronous-Advantage-Actor-Critic based Secrecy Maximization (A3C-SM)</i> are proposed to maximize the secrecy rate of femtocells. The secrecy rate performance of the proposed schemes is compared and analyzed with Advantage-Actor-Critic (A2C) and state-of-the-art Perfect Secrecy Rate Maximization (PSRM) schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A3C-SM</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DDPG-SM</i> schemes achieve 37.73% and 22.64% better average secrecy rate in comparison to the PSRM scheme. Also, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A3C-SM</i> scheme outperforms all other <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DDPG-SM</i> , A2C, and PSRM schemes in terms of average secrecy rate, received SINR, and energy-efficiency of femtocells.

Zigbee based Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Energy Meter

Wireless sensor networks are expanding across a wide range of application scenarios. The most widely used transmitter is "ZigBee," which is used in wireless sensor networks. Based on the IEEE standard known as IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee is an enabling low-cost technology that offers minimal energy consumption and a low data rate. It is used for remote control, medical aid, home automation, industry control, and other wireless sensor applications, in addition to wireless sensor networks and personal area network applications. This paper aims to develop a wireless sensor network and a protocol for smart energy meter applications. Our proposed system comprises a digital energy meter, a ZigBee coordinator, and a management application. A terminal alert and a cover alarm can be automatically sent to the management software by the wireless meter reading system once it has read the unit. Mistakes from Errors in leakage metering reading to manual meter reading can be avoided. This proposed system will improve efficiency by reducing labor intensity to liberate labor and force. The system setup can accommodate a large number of energy meters with sufficient hop network depth to detect a new energy meter automatically. The technology can be widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications because of its low cost, low power consumption, extended battery life, and mesh networking's ability to extend high reliability to a broader range. To connect a variety of low-power devices wirelessly, ZigBee will satisfy the rising demand. For the future generation of industrial technologies, ZigBee will be deployed.

Internet of Things and long-range antenna's; challenges, solutions and comparison in next generation systems

Since last few years and in the present era of digitization everyone wants to become an IT incumbent. Intuitively saying, we are depending on technology which plays a vital role in our day to day life (Like Intelligent Communication and Internet of Things (IoT). Amid other technologies, in microstrip antenna Long Range-wide area network is one of the low power technologies which also provide a wider coverage area. So, it receives a huge attention from researchers working in the field of IoT applications. LoRa technology provides low data rate communication over a wider scale area. In the past few years, there is an increment in the research activities related to the antenna system design and its optimization in long range. With the increment in the wireless devices applications, the technology and antenna associated with these devices need to upgrade continuously for the efficient communication. In the antenna technologies for the Long Range-wide area network, the patch and printed antennas are the best options as it provides good features such as planar structure, light in weight and cheap with good antenna performance characteristics. The ease of their integration with the electronic system has opened a lot of new scope in the field of wide-area networks in IoT applications. In this article we have provided a summary of some of the latest research work published from 2016 to 2020 to explore more opportunities and challenges. First, a brief description of the technology is explained, and then the article discussed by categorizing the article into sections as : IOT, IoT Application with LoRa, Sensitization System, Implementation of these to design a Smart Cities and Real-Time Challenges and available Solutions.

Correction of ICESat-2 terrain within urban areas using a water pump deployment criterion with the vertical contour of the terrain

Previous studies have shown that the terrain elevation of the ICESat-2's ATL08 product is of good accuracy, overall, but in urban areas under complex surface conditions, the terrain elevation is vulnerable to the influence of the effect of dense buildings, resulting in deviations and even outliers. However, the previous studies have not effectively corrected these deviations and outliers. To this end, we propose a method for correcting the terrain elevation of the ATL08 product in urban areas, which is an auto-refinement method for the terrain elevation. Based on the data characteristics of this type of terrain elevation data and the distribution characteristics of urban buildings, the proposed method innovatively corrects the deviated part of the terrain elevation by a water pump deployment criterion with the vertical contour of the terrain. To increase its applicability, the proposed method uses a strategy of mixing the terrain elevation data that are from the strong- and weak-beam observations, allowing the deviated terrain in one beam with a higher missing data rate to be corrected with the aid of the other beam with a lower missing data rate. We used airborne LiDAR data from several areas (New York, Amsterdam, and Palmerston North) with different city sizes to validate the corrected results. The results show that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the terrain elevation in urban areas is reduced from ∼4 m to ∼1 m after correction. The correction results also show that the proposed method can correct the deviated terrain elevation, while ensuring that the high-quality terrain elevation can be effectively retained.

Optimal Antenna Locations for Coverage Extension in Sub-Terahertz Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications

Sub-terahertz (sub-THz, 100-300 GHz) communications promise to bring extraordinary rates in future 6G systems. High path loss and blockage effects will limit the coverage of base stations (BS) to a few hundred meters making deployment of such systems along the roads expensive. As a way to decrease the BS density, relaying has been proposed. However, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) propagation is characterized by different sets of communications paths depending on the antenna locations raising the question of their optimal positions. In this paper, by utilizing IEEE 802.15.3d parameters and 300 GHz propagation measurements, we develop a mathematical framework for comparison of multi-hop relaying systems with different antenna locations. We utilize coverage, BS availability, and the data rate over a multi-hop path as metrics of interest. Our results show that the windshield location is characterized by lower data rates and larger coverage while bumper and engine levels are similar in terms of these metrics. For the windshield location, the coverage is extended by 50% with BS availability 0.95. The windshield location is recommended as it is less sensitive to the technology penetration rate and is characterized by larger coverage. The proposed approach shows gains of up to 32% in terms of required BS density for the range of vehicles density (10-40 units/km).

Beamforming Design in Short-Packet Transmission for URLLC in Cell-Free Massive MIMO System

Low latency, high reliability, and high data rate are three performance indicators of Ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) systems, but they are not able to be met simultaneously. Based on the determined latency and reliability requirements, this paper investigates the problem of the weighted sum rate (WSR) in cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system with multiple access points (APs). User-centric access point selection is considered to further reduce the computational complexity for AP used with acceptable performance loss. The transmitting beamforming is designed to mitigate inter-user interference so as to maximize the WSR under the backhaul and transmitting power constraints. Since the proposed problem is non-convex, two algorithms are proposed to solve the problem under the general SINR regime and the high SINR regime, respectively. For the former, we first approximate the objective function with the difference of convex (DC) programming and reformulate the problem into a semi-definite relaxation (SDR) form. Afterward, auxiliary variables are introduced in accordance with the successive convex approximation (SCA) method to further transform the nonconvex problem into a convex one. In the end, the sub-optimal WSR is obtained by iteratively solving a final convex problem. For the latter, the well-known WMMSE method is applied to address the WSR problem. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed algorithm, e.g., the maximum performance gain of the proposed algorithm is about 25% compared to the classical MMSE method. And the user-centric approach achieves 8 times computational complexity reduction with 4% performance loss.

Performance analysis of channel estimation techniques for IRS assisted MIMO

The need for low latency and high data rates is increasing rapidly since the advent of wireless communication. The current fifth-generation (5G) networks are unable to fulfill the requirements of upcoming technologies. So, researchers are commencing their research beyond 5G. Terahertz (THz) frequency is one candidate to satisfy the large bandwidth requirement and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is incorporated to mitigate signal blockage which is the main problem for communication at high frequencies. Channel estimation is a process of identifying coefficients of the channel matrix. The compressive sensing technique is of great importance as it decreases the number of pilot symbols required for channel estimation. As mmWave and THz signals are naturally sparse applying a compressive sensing technique is reasonable. Unlike other papers, this paper considers the imperfect IRS elements, which is the real case, by varying the value of beta (amplitude perturbations). The channel estimation performance of the conventional least squares (LS), orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) and Oracle is analyzed with respect to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and pilot length (T). Normalized mean square error (NMSE) and spectral efficiency (SE) are used as performance metrics and the OMP algorithm is found to perform better than LS even at a fewer number of pilot symbols.

An Efficient Adaptive Data-Link-Layer Architecture for LoRa Networks

LoRa is one of the most popular low-power wireless network technologies for implementation of the Internet of Things, with the advantage of providing long-range communication, but lower data rates, when compared with technologies such as Zigbee or Bluetooth. LoRa is a single-channel physical layer technology on top of which LoRaWAN implements a more complex multi-channel network with enhanced functionalities, such as adaptive data rate. However, LoRaWAN relies on expensive hardware to support these functionalities. This paper proposes a LoRa data-link-layer architecture based on a multi-layer star network topology that adapts relevant LoRa parameters for each end node dynamically taking into account its link distance and quality in order to balance communication range and energy consumption. The developed solution is comprised of multiple components, including a LoRa parameter calculator to help the user to configure the network parameters, a contention-free MAC protocol to avoid collisions, and an adaptive spreading factor and transmission power mechanism. These components work together to ensure a more efficient use of the chosen ISM band and end node resources, but with low-cost implementation and operation requirements.

LoRa Communication Using TVWS Frequencies: Range and Data Rate

Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a wireless communication technology that offers large coverage, low data rates, and low power consumption, making it a suitable choice for the growing Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communication applications. Long range (LoRa), an LPWAN technology, has recently been used in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band for various low-power wireless applications. The coverage and data rate supported by these devices in the ISM band is well-studied in the literature. In this paper, we study the usage of TV white spaces (TVWS) for LoRa transmissions to address the growing spectrum demand. Additionally, the range and data rate of TVWS-based LoRa, for different transmission parameter values using different path-loss models and for various scenarios such as free space, outdoor and indoor are investigated. A path-loss model for TVWS-based LoRa is also proposed and explored, and the evaluations show that TVWS offers a longer range. This range and data rate study would be useful for efficient network planning and system design for TVWS-based LoRa LPWANs.

Radio Link Model for Node Deployment in Underground Mine Sensor Networks

This paper presents an experimental characterization of the proposed radio link model for an underground mine sensor network. Power efficiency and range are critical factors to consider when designing a wireless sensor network, particularly for low data rate applications where the goal is to have a long-lasting, low-maintenance network. A ‘deploy and forget’ strategy is desirable because it allows the network to operate autonomously without requiring frequent maintenance or intervention from network operators. DASH7 and IEEE 802.15.4f are both excellent choices for low-power, long-range wireless sensor networking applications. The proposed radio link model was developed and evaluated for 433 MHz DASH7 in underground mines, considering the practical electromagnetic properties of mine walls and the propagation medium, which helps in calculating accurate signal characteristics. Radio wave propagation is a critical factor that needs to be considered when designing a wireless sensor network for complex mine structures. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet error rate (PER) are two key parameters that are used to measure wave propagation and assess the quality of the radio link between sensor nodes. The radio link design has been optimized for complex mine structures by utilizing these parameters in a model, leading to improved performance and reliability. The measurements were carried out in the world’s second largest salt mine at Khewra, Pakistan, with representative irregular mine structures. The RSSI and PER were measured at different node positions and with variable separation between the nodes. The proposed model allows for the easy placement of nodes on either the rooftop or near the side walls of the mine corridors, with an average variation of 6% in RSSI and 1.9% in PER. The proposed model was validated using off-the-shelf wizzi sensor nodes received from Wizzi Lab, France, and was programmed to measure RSSI and PER while operating under the 433 MHz DASH7 protocol. An agreement between modeled and measured parameters has been noted, making the proposed model a decent method for efficient node deployment in underground mine sensor networks.

Design of CRC circuit for 5G system using VHDL

In this document, we focus on how to design cyclic redundancy check (CRC) circuits with different 5G polynomial divisor using very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) to integrate in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) suitable kit using a suitable design code. The different between designed circuits came from the different of data size according to polynomials requirements conditions since there are huge data size in 5G system that required divide it with suitable method and then implemented the required circuit. CRC code as a polar code and short low density parity check (LDPC) is proposed in 5G new radio (NR) systems, CRC properties to divided data and CRC cod make it particularly very useful for codes with higher data rate and longer lengths, and for codes with low data rates and small length as an error detection method. The CRC encoder circuit (transmitter side) and CRC decoder circuit (receiver side) with different polynomial and data size have been designed using VHDL. Xilinx ISE 14.3 simulator, where the test bench simulation results give the expected simulator results of proposed decoding circuit scheme so to integrated using ZYNQ FPGA kit.

Design of CRC circuit for 5G system using VHDL

In this document, we focus on how to design cyclic redundancy check (CRC) circuits with different 5G polynomial divisor using very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) to integrate in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) suitable kit using a suitable design code. The different between designed circuits came from the different of data size according to polynomials requirements conditions since there are huge data size in 5G system that required divide it with suitable method and then implemented the required circuit. CRC code as a polar code and short low density parity check (LDPC) is proposed in 5G new radio (NR) systems, CRC properties to divided data and CRC cod make it particularly very useful for codes with higher data rate and longer lengths, and for codes with low data rates and small length as an error detection method. The CRC encoder circuit (transmitter side) and CRC decoder circuit (receiver side) with different polynomial and data size have been designed using VHDL. Xilinx ISE 14.3 simulator, where the test bench simulation results give the expected simulator results of proposed decoding circuit scheme so to integrated using ZYNQ FPGA kit.

An Energy Efficient Coherent IR-UWB Receiver With Non-Coherent-Assisted Synchronization

This paper presents a non-coherent assisted synchronization mechanism for low data rate coherent () receivers. A two-step coarse and fine acquisition mechanism is utilized to simplify the coherent synchronization and minimize the total required packet length. This hybrid scheme reduces the total power consumption of the receiver. The reception of a UWB packet begins with an energy efficient non-coherent synchronization portion in () modulation non-coherent acquisition. This reduces the search space for the coherent reception by first finding the best integration window that has the most energy of the received signal. Afterwards, the receiver searches coherently in () modulation within only the pre-selected integration window instead of the whole symbol time. Self-mixing and template-based correlation are utilized for the non-coherent and coherent reception, respectively. Most of the front-end blocks are shared between the coherent and non-coherent modes, including the LNA, mixer, and the baseband circuitry that follows to minimize the total power consumption of the receiver. A differential architecture including a (), a mixer, a fast start-up template generator, an integrator, and a differential comparator are utilized for the receiver front-end. A prototype of the proposed receiver operating from 3.5 to 5 GHz over four bands, each spaced by 500 MHz, is implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology. The proposed receiver architecture achieves a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 68 dBm, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 70.5 dBm, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 70.8 dBm sensitivity at a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-3}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> BER at 50 MHz () in the non-coherent, coherent, and proposed hybrid synchronization modes, respectively. The receiver consumes 6.8 mW and 8.8 mW in the non-coherent and coherent mode, respectively, when continuously ON. Using its novel synchronization mechanism, the receiver can reduce the ON time of the receiver by 68% and 34% in order to coherently synchronize and receive a 100-bit and 1024-bit payload, respectively. As a result, the () of the receiver is reduced by a factor of 2.9 from 1.24 nJ/b to 422 pJ/b for 100-bit payloads, and by a factor of 1.5 from 309 pJ/b to 204 pJ/b for 1024-bit payloads, increasing energy efficiency while maintaining the sensitivity benefits of coherent detection.

Performance Analysis of Spatially Multiplexed MIMO System

Abstract: In SISO (single input and single output) system, refers to have only one input and one output. Here only one antenna is used at receiver and transmitter side. SISO are relatively simple to design and implement. They are of low cost and used in wide range of applications. However, SISO systems are poor in performance and deliver low data rate. So we’ll prefer MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) over SISO as it gives better spectral efficiency, improved reliability and good coverage. In MIMO we use multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver side which is known as Spatial Multiplexing(SM) which enhances the data rate. In the paper the performance of spatial combining MIMO system is analysed. Matlab used for simulation.

Investigation of channel state information conditions in VL-NOMA using power allocation technique for 6G network

Abstract This paper investigates the channel state information (CSI) conditions in visible light non-orthogonal multiple access (VL-NOMA) using the power allocation technique (PA) for a sixth-generation (6G) network. One light-emitting diode (LED) is used as a carrier to transmit the signal to three-user-positioned at certain distances. The challenge of allocating power to the system is solved using the PA technique. The PA technique uses to assign signal powers to the three users. The VL-NOMA channel with CSI symbols is synchronized for the performance of signal propagation. We deployed perfect CSI, imperfect CSI, and partial CSI to coordinate the signal enhancement that results in an improved data rate, higher channel capacity, and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The synchronized system model guarantees successful signal enhancement where perfect CSI performs better than partial CSI and imperfect CSI. We have enabled interference plus noise to see how the system behaves. We notice low channel capacity region, low data rate performance, etc. Hence, we analyse the PA to determine the outage probability effect on the signal.

Intelligent Drone Positioning via BIC Optimization for Maximizing LPWAN Coverage and Capacity in Suburban Amazon Environments.

This paper aims to provide a metaheuristic approach to drone array optimization applied to coverage area maximization of wireless communication systems, with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) base stations, in the context of suburban, lightly to densely wooded environments present in cities of the Amazon region. For this purpose, a low-power wireless area network (LPWAN) was analyzed and applied. LPWAN are systems designed to work with low data rates but keep, or even enhance, the extensive area coverage provided by high-powered networks. The type of LPWAN chosen is LoRa, which operates at an unlicensed spectrum of 915 MHz and requires users to connect to gateways in order to relay information to a central server; in this case, each drone in the array has a LoRa module installed to serve as a non-fixated gateway. In order to classify and optimize the best positioning for the UAVs in the array, three concomitant bioinspired computing (BIC) methods were chosen: cuckoo search (CS), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), and genetic algorithm (GA). Positioning optimization results are then simulated and presented via MATLAB for a high-range IoT-LoRa network. An empirically adjusted propagation model with measurements carried out on a university campus was developed to obtain a propagation model in forested environments for LoRa spreading factors (SF) of 8, 9, 10, and 11. Finally, a comparison was drawn between drone positioning simulation results for a theoretical propagation model for UAVs and the model found by the measurements.

A New Index Modulation for LoRa

LoRa (Long Range) is a widely adopted Internet-of-Things (IoT) technique, but its fatal limit is a low data rate. In this letter, we propose a new index modulation for LoRa to increase the data rate, in which multiple quasi-orthogonal chirps modulated under different spreading factors (SFs) are concurrently transmitted, thereby leveraging the SF domain as a means to carry more information. Both coherent and non-coherent detection algorithms for the proposed index modulation are also developed in efficient forms. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme notably outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.

Performance of Static Power Allocation in Indoor Room on VLC-NOMA System Using Modulation PPM

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging and promising technology that exploits the visible light spectrum for data transmission. However, one of the major challenges in VLC is how to efficiently allocate the scarce modulation bandwidth to multiple users while avoiding interference and maintaining signal quality. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel scheme that combines non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with static power allocation (SPA) and pulse position modulation (PPM) in VLC. We conduct simulations in a realistic indoor scenario with a 9x9x3 m room and a single 12-watt LED at the center, using a line of sight (LOS) channel with a field of view (FOV) of 70o. The results show that our scheme achieves superior performance, with user 1 and user 2 obtaining signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) values of 20 dB and 74 dB, respectively. Our scheme can effectively overcome the limitations of VLC, such as low data rate, limited coverage area, and high sensitivity to ambient light noise, and pave the way for future VLC applications.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Network Coded Constrained Application Protocol With Improved Energy Efficiency for IIoT Networks

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) for low-power low-rate data transport in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks is typically running with two modes, namely, confirmable mode and non-confirmable mode, respectively. Confirmable mode relies on retransmission to ensure a guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of packet loss rate at the cost of increased latency and power consumption. Whereas non-confirmable mode consumes less power, it is known to be packet loss prone. To enrich the CoAP transport for IIoT networks, we propose a packet-level Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanism based on systematic coding with adaptive code rate to provide energy-efficient and reliable packet delivery. We mathematically analyze packet loss and cost of energy consumption of the proposed mechanism and compare it with confirmable CoAP transport scheme in the Gilbert-Elliott channel model. We demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can enhance the performance of non-confirmable CoAP to be comparable to confirmable CoAP in terms of packet loss rate, while outperforming it in energy consumption. The analytical and simulation results verify that the proposed mechanism is suitable for IIoT networks especially in high erasure burstiness scenarios.

Notch-band eliminator wideband CSRR loaded monopole fractal antenna for ISM and PCS communications

PurposeThis paper aims to present a low-cost, edge-fed, windmill-shaped, notch-band eliminator, circular monopole antenna which is practically loaded with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) in the middle of the radiating conductor and also uses a partial ground to obtain wide-band performance.Design/methodology/approachTo compensate for the reduced value of gain and reflection coefficient because of the full (complete) ground plane at the bottom of the substrate, the antenna is further loaded with a partial ground and a CSRR. The reduction in the length of ground near the feed line improves the impedance bandwidth, and introduced CSRR results in improved gain with an additional resonance spike. This results in a peak gain 3.895dBi at the designed frequency 2.45 GHz. The extending of three arms in the circular patch not only led to an increase of peak gain by 4.044dBi but also eliminated the notch band and improved the fractional bandwidth 1.65–2.92 GHz.FindingsThe work reports a –10dB bandwidth from 1.63 GHz to 2.91 GHz, which covers traditional coverage applications and new specific uses applications such as narrow LTE bands for future internet of things (NB-IoT) machine-to-machine communications 1.8/1.9/2.1/2.3/2.5/2.6 GHz, industry, automation and business-critical cases (2.1/2.3/2.6 GHz), industrial, society and medical applications such as Wi-MAX (3.5 GHz), Wi-Fi3 (2.45 GHz), GSM (1.9 GHz), public safety band, Bluetooth (2.40–2.485 GHz), Zigbee (2.40–2.48Ghz), industrial scientific medical (ISM) band (2.4–2.5 GHz), WCDMA (1.9, 2.1 GHz), 3 G (2.1 GHz), 4 G LTE (2.1–2.5 GHz) and other personal communication services applications. The estimated RLC electrical equivalent circuit is also presented at the end.Practical implicationsBecause of full coverage of Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi3 and ISM band, the proposed fabricated antenna is suitable for low power, low data rate and wireless/wired short-range IoT-enabled medical applications.Originality/valueThe antenna is fabricated on a piece (66.4 mm × 66.4 mm × 1.6 mm) of low-cost low profile FR-4 epoxy substrate (0.54 λg × 0.54 λg) with a dielectric constant of 4.4, a loss tangent of 0.02 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The antenna reflection coefficient, impedance and VSWR are tested on the Keysight technology (N9917A) vector network analyzer, and the radiation pattern is measured in an anechoic chamber.