Low Credibility Research Articles

Abortion access barriers shared in “r/abortion” after Roe: a qualitative analysis of Reddit community post-Dobbs decision leak in 2022

With drastic changes to abortion policy, the months following the Dobbs leak and subsequent decision in 2022 were a uniquely uncertain and difficult time for abortion access in the US. To understand experiences of challenges to abortion access during that time, we used a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic coding approach to analyse descriptions of barriers and their impacts shared in an abortion subreddit (r/abortion). A simple random sample of 10% of posts was obtained from those shared from 02 May 2022 through 23 December 2022; comments were purposively sampled during the coding process. In this sample of submissions (n = 523 posts, 88 comments), people described structural barriers identified in past research, including state abortion bans and gestational limits, high costs, limited appointment availability, and long travel required. Posters also commonly described known social barriers, including limited social support and abortion stigma. Several impactful barriers not well-described in past research emerged inductively, including wait time for receiving mail-ordered abortion medication, low credibility of online ordering platforms, and concerns about legal risks of accessing abortion or related medical care. The most common consequences of experiencing barriers were adverse mental health outcomes, delayed access to care, and being compelled to self-manage their abortion because of access barriers. This analysis provides timely insights into the experiences and impacts of abortion access barriers in a group of people with a range of engagement with clinical abortion care, lived experiences, and points in their abortion processes, with public health implications for mental health and abortion access.

Understanding and Influencing Responsibility Attribution when Experiencing Technical Issues in Video Conferencing

During video conferencing, technical issues such as network impairments can unexpectedly hinder remote collaboration for distributed teams. However, it remains unclear how such issues affect the impression formation process between unacquainted interlocutors in situations like job interviews or kick-off meetings. Having first encounters online without prior in-person interaction has become prevalent nowadays. Therefore, examining the impact of technical issues on remote unacquainted interlocutors and exploring design solutions to reduce the negative impact of technical issues on the impression is essential in informing the design of future communication systems. With three controlled experiments simulating an online job interview, we discovered that technical issues made people give low credibility ratings to remote job applicants (Study 1). We further examined two intervention approaches to reduce the negative impact of technical issues in video conferencing, including a virtual agent represented in a human-like avatar to actively take responsibility for the technical issues (Study 2), and forewarning messages to inform people about the technical issues in video conferencing (Study 3). Results demonstrated that introducing an agent that represents a communication system to take responsibility for technical issues actively could reduce the responsibility people assign to remote job applicants, but without increasing their positive credibility rating for remote job applicants. Furthermore, showing forewarning messages, which explicitly made people aware the cause of technical issues was unidentifiable and its potential negative impacts on impression formation, enabled people to rate the credibility of the remote counterpart without being influenced by technical issues. We discussed how interventions can be designed to mitigate negative attribution outcomes when encountering uncontrollable technical issues in computer-mediated communication.

Reconstruction methods in vulvar cancer: a narrative review

Background : Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer that accounts for 1% of all cancers in women and about 3-8% of all gynecological cancers in the world. Although resection of the lesion is the first choice for treatment, reconstructive methods of the vulva have been increasingly used recently. Flaps are most commonly used for this purpose. However, it is important to remember that the reconstruction must be adjusted to the patient's needs, taking into account the geometry of the wound, as well as potential secondary complications.Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to present the different methods of plastic surgery for vulvar cancer, which included V-Y, VRAM, ALT, DIEP and lotus flaps. The following article focuses on describing the above methods, presenting their advantages and disadvantages, in which cases they can be used, and potential complications.Material and methods: The literature review was conducted in the PubMed database. The inclusion criteria used in the review included compliance with topic, publication date after 2015 and English language. Articles of low credibility, duplicated, not in English language and with abstracts unrelated to the topic were excluded. Results: Of the articles found, 32 studies were eventually to be reviewed. The research shows that the choice of reconstruction method can be difficult, while there is no single correct approach in vulvar cancer cases.Conclusions: In summary, the interdisciplinary collaboration between the gynecologist oncologist, the surgeon and the radiotherapist, plays a key role in the treatment process.

Mock Juror Perceptions of Eyewitness Reports Given by Children with Intellectual Disabilities.

Previous research suggests that an eyewitness credibility bias can arise when mock jurors are informed of a child's disability diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to examine mock jurors' lie-detection accuracy and credibility perceptions when assessing eyewitness testimonies provided by children diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Adult mock jurors (N = 217; half informed of the child's disability status) read four transcriptions from interviews with children (ages 10 to 15) diagnosed with an intellectual disability before evaluating the credibility and truthfulness of each eyewitness report. The mock jurors' lie-detection accuracy of the eyewitness reports produced by children with an intellectual disability (55.76%) was found to be similar to prior lie-detection research involving typically developing populations. Furthermore, there were no differences in the lie-detection accuracy and credibility ratings between mock-jurors who were informed of the child's disability when compared to those who were not informed. Although mock jurors perceived the children's testimony to have low credibility, they seemed reluctant to consider many of these testimonies to be false. The current findings also suggest that the disclosure of a disability may not independently cause worsened perceptions of child eyewitnesses.

Credibility of the evidence on green space and human health: an overview of meta-analyses using evidence grading approaches

Green space is an important part of the human living environment, with many epidemiological studies estimating its impact on human health. However, no study has quantitatively assessed the credibility of the existing evidence, impeding their translations into policy decisions and hindering researchers from identifying new research gaps. This overview aims to evaluate and rank such evidence credibility. Following the PRISMA guideline, we systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for systematic reviews with meta-analyses concerning green spaces and health outcomes published up to January 15, 2024. We categorized the credibility of meta-analytical evidence from interventional studies into four levels (i.e., high, moderate, low, and very low) using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework, based on five domains including risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. Further, we recalculated all the meta-analyses from observational studies and classified evidence into five levels (i.e., convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, and non-significant) by considering stringent thresholds for P-values, sample size, robustness, heterogeneity, and testing for biases. In total, 154 meta-analysed associations (interventional=44, observational=110) between green spaces and health outcomes were graded. Among meta-analyses from interventional studies, zero, four (wellbeing, systolic blood pressure, negative affect, and positive affect), 20, and 20 associations between green spaces and health outcomes were graded as high, moderate, low, and very low credibility evidence, respectively. Among meta-analyses from observational studies, one (cardiovascular disease mortality), four (prevalence/incidence of diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, and small for gestational age infant, and all-cause mortality), 12, 22, and 71 associations were categorized as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, and non-significant evidence, respectively. The current evidence largely confirms beneficial associations between green spaces and human health. However, only a small subset of these associations can be deemed to have a high or convincing credibility. Hence, future better designed primary studies and meta-analyses are still needed to provide higher quality evidence for informing health promotion strategies. The National Natural Science Foundation of China of China; the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program; the Guangdong Medical Science and Technology Research Fund; the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong SAR; and Sino-German mobility program.

Lower or higher oxygenation targets in the intensive care unit: an individual patient data meta-analysis

PurposeOptimal oxygenation targets for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in the intensive care unit (ICU) are not clearly defined due to substantial variability in design of previous trials. This study aimed to perform a pre-specified individual patient data meta-analysis of the Handling Oxygenation Targets in the ICU (HOT-ICU) and the Handling Oxygenation Targets in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (HOT-COVID) trials to compare targeting a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) of 8–12 kPa in adult ICU patients, assessing both benefits and harms.MethodsWe assessed 90-day all-cause mortality and days alive without life support in 90 days using a generalised mixed model. Heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) was evaluated in 14 subgroups, and results graded using the Instrument to assess the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses (ICEMAN).ResultsAt 90 days, mortality was 40.4% (724/1792) in the 8 kPa group and 40.9% (733/1793) in the 12 kPa group (risk ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–1.07; P = 0.80). No difference was observed in number of days alive without life support. Subgroup analyses indicated more days alive without life support in COVID-19 patients targeting 8 kPa (P = 0.04) (moderate credibility), and lower mortality (P = 0.03) and more days alive without life support (P = 0.02) in cancer-patients targeting 12 kPa (low credibility).ConclusionThis study reported no overall differences comparing a PaO2 target of 8–12 kPa on mortality or days alive without life support in 90 days. Subgroup analyses suggested HTE in patients with COVID-19 (moderate credibility) and cancer (low credibility).

Therapeutic Quality Affects Physical Fitness Benefits of Home Exercise Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.

The international Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise aNd Training (i-CONTENT) tool is a new instrument developed to evaluate the therapeutic quality of exercise interventions. Home-based exercise has been shown to improve physical fitness in older adults, but its effects may be influenced by therapeutic quality. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the therapeutic quality of home-based exercise interventions for community-dwelling older adults and examine the relationship between therapeutic quality and changes in physical fitness. Six electronic databases and 2 clinical trial registries were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of home-based exercise on physical fitness in community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years). Therapeutic quality was evaluated using the i-CONTENT tool for items of patient selection, type of exercise, safety, type/timing of outcomes, exercise dose, and adherence. International Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise aNd Training items were used to explain heterogeneity in meta-regression analyses. Risk of bias, certainty of evidence and credibility of analyses were assessed. Thirty-six trials (n = 6157 participants) were identified. Most studies (≥66.7%) had high or probably high therapeutic quality for i-CONTENT items, except exercise dose (47.2%) and adherence (16.7%). Interventions improved upper- (N = 20 trials; standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.13-0.64; low certainty of evidence) and lower-body strength (N = 28; SMD = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.08-0.77; very low certainty), and aerobic fitness (N = 8; SMD = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.08-0.77; very low certainty). For exercise dose, low- or probably low-quality studies negatively influenced effects on upper- (estimated β = -.48; P = .049; moderate credibility) and lower-body strength (estimated β = -.77; P = .048; moderate credibility). For adherence, low- or probably low-quality studies negatively influenced effects on aerobic fitness (estimated β = -.97; P = .02; low credibility). Home-based exercise may improve upper- and lower-body strength, as well as aerobic fitness in older adults. However, the effectiveness of interventions is affected by inadequate dosing of exercise programs and adherence issues. Physical therapists should have the best available evidence to support their clinical decision making, especially when designing and monitoring home programs.

Associations between total physical activity levels and academic performance in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Physical activity has been associated with positive health-related outcomes. Physical inactivity, conversely, has been associated with several negative health outcomes. One topic that has been consistently examined is the relationship between physical activity and academic performance in children; however, studies that involve university-level students have not been aggregated to date. It is therefore the aim of this systematic review to examine the relationship between physical activity and academic performance in university-level students. This systematic review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and included any study published until September 2023 that examined associations between physical activity and any measure of academic performance. SPORTDiscus, ERIC, the British Education Index, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched. A random effects meta-analysis was also undertaken, and risk bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. After screening, 36 studies were included, with six studies being included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found a significant association between physical activity (high versus low) and academic performance (high versus low performers) (odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.84-5.02; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 49.62). These results, however, were deemed to be of low credibility. The narrative analysis yielded mixed results, with 50% of studies reporting positive associations and the remaining studies reporting no significant associations. This trend did not differ depending on the subjective or objective measurement of physical activity. Although this review found meta-analytic significant associations between physical activity and academic performance, these results should be treated with caution, as the remaining studies yielded mixed results. Future studies should aim to focus on objective measurements of physical activity where possible to further explore this potential relationship.

The minimal important change is not a universal fixed value across diagnoses when using the FAOS and FAAM in patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery.

This study aimed to calculate region and diagnosis-specific minimal important changes (MICs) of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) in patients requiring foot and ankle surgery and to assess their variability across different foot and ankle diagnoses. The study used routinely collected data from patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery. Patients had been invited to complete the FAOS and FAAM preoperatively and at 3-6 months after surgery, along with two anchor questions encompassing change in pain and daily function. Patients were categorised according to region of pathology and subsequent diagnoses. MICs were calculated using predictive modelling (MICPRED) and receiver operating characteristic curve (MICROC) method and evaluated according to strict credibility criteria. Substantial variability of the MICs between forefoot and ankle/hindfoot region was observed, as well as amongspecific foot and ankle diagnoses, with MICPRED and MICROC values ranging from 7.8 to 25.5 pointsand 9.4 to 27.8, respectively. Despite differences between MICROC and MICPRED estimates, both calculation methods exhibited largely consistent patterns of variation across subgroups, with forefoot conditions systematically showing smaller MICs than ankle/hindfoot conditions. Most MICs demonstrated high credibility; however, the majority of the MICs for the FAOS symptoms subscale and forefoot conditions exhibited insufficient or low credibility. The MICs of the FAOS and FAAM vary across foot and ankle diagnoses in patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery and should not be used as a universal fixed value, but recognised as contextual parameters. This can help clinicians and researchers in more accurate interpretation of the FAOS and FAAM change scores. Level IV.

Population Trends of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) Wintering in California

Abstract The Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is a raptor of conservation concern in much of its range. Population trend estimates from Breeding Bird Surveys and migration counts for this species are often contradictory and of low credibility. Therefore, we used Christmas Bird Count data to assess population trends for Ferruginous Hawks that winter in California, USA. Evidence suggests that the birds breeding in southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon may represent a metapopulation that winters almost exclusively in California. Data for the 25-yr period from Count Year 98 (winter 1997–1998) to Count Year 122 (winter 2021–2022) from 22 California Christmas Bird Count circles in the core winter range of Ferruginous Hawks showed a significant positive trend. This positive trend contrasts with the continent-wide negative trends observed for most grassland/open country bird species and is surprising given ongoing declines of this species’ preferred winter habitat in California during this same period. We discuss potential explanations that may account for these differences, including the possibility that the California-wintering Ferruginous Hawks include a large proportion of birds breeding outside of southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon.

Prospects for integration and Obstacles to democracy - EU’s role in the Albanian political crisis

Abstract More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania’s Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country’s low membership credibility.

Prospects For Integration and Obstacles to Democracy. Eu’s Role in The Albanian Political Crises

More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania's Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country's low membership credibility.

Adversarial Algorithm Unrolling Network for Interpretable Mechanical Anomaly Detection.

In mechanical anomaly detection, algorithms with higher accuracy, such as those based on artificial neural networks, are frequently constructed as black boxes, resulting in opaque interpretability in architecture and low credibility in results. This article proposes an adversarial algorithm unrolling network (AAU-Net) for interpretable mechanical anomaly detection. AAU-Net is a generative adversarial network (GAN). Its generator, composed of an encoder and a decoder, is mainly produced by algorithm unrolling of a sparse coding model, which is specially designed for feature encoding and decoding of vibration signals. Thus, AAU-Net has a mechanism-driven and interpretable network architecture. In other words, it is ad hoc interpretable. Moreover, a multiscale feature visualization approach for AAU-Net is introduced to verify that meaningful features are encoded by AAU-Net, helping users to trust the detection results. The feature visualization approach enables the results of AAU-Net to be interpretable, i.e., post hoc interpretable. To verify AAU-Net's capability of feature encoding and anomaly detection, we designed and performed simulations and experiments. The results show that AAU-Net can learn signal features that match the dynamic mechanism of the mechanical system. Considering the excellent feature learning ability, unsurprisingly, AAU-Net achieves the best overall anomaly detection performance compared with other algorithms.

Research on Chinese Financial Industry Application Scenarios based on ChatGPT

The emergence of the artificial intelligence ChatGPT has brought a huge information impact to the traditional industry, promoting the deep integration of ChatGPT and financial institutions, stimulating its innovation vitality, and comprehensively empowering financial services. This technology is the key to promote the digital intelligence transformation of the financial industry. Based on the systematic study of the integration scenario of ChatGPT and innovative application in the financial industry and related limitations, this paper constructively puts forward suggestions and expectations for the future development of the financial industry under the background of artificial intelligence, to make some innovative exploration for the application of ChatGPT in the financial industry. According to the research, ChatGPT-like artificial intelligence's powerful natural language processing, data sorting, and analysis capabilities have great application value for financial institutions covering customer service, operation, marketing, risk control, investment and budget, etc., but there are also problems such as high cost, low credibility and security, and technical limitations. Finally, this paper puts forward effective empowerment suggestions based on three aspects: government policy, institutions and technology development.

Linguistic agency in disaster messaging: differing strategies for threat and efficacy perceptions

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of linguistic assignment of agency on individuals’ perceptions of source credibility; specifically, this study assessed the impact of linguistic assignment of agency when encouraging the public to download a disaster-related mobile app. The experiment was a 2 (human agency and disaster agency) × 3 (low, medium, and high source credibility) between-subjects post-study design. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six messages encouraging them to download the FEMA mobile application. As predicted, high source credibility led to higher perceptions of threat in messages with linguistic agency assigned to disaster. However, when measuring perceptions of efficacy, messages with linguistic agency assigned to humans were more effective. Finally, as predicted by the extended parallel process model, high levels of perception of threat and perception of efficacy predicted a higher likelihood of participants accepting the invitation to download the mobile app.

NotaryVault: Secure Document Authentication on Blockchain

The Notarial Office(NO), working on providing various essential certificates, still relies on manual handling and requires paper materials from other government departments. That brings lots of inconvenience. The Notarial Office rejects non-local paper materials for their lower credibility in the local place and then cannot provide cross-border services. It also easily causes sensitive information leakage as copies of paper materials have been stored. In this case, a blockchain-based system is suitable to address challenges in this scenario because of its advantages (e.g, decentralized, immutability, transparency, auditability). We implemented this system on top of the Hyperledger Fabric. Moreover, we replace manual operations with smart contracts, set extra ledgers to off-load different types of transactions and provide encryption for private information when needed. In the end, we get the expected result. That is, the modification outperformed the unmodified network in experiments.

What News Is Shared Where and How: A Multi-Platform Analysis of News Shared During the 2022 U.S. Midterm Elections

News journalism has evolved from traditional print media to social media, with a large proportion of readers consuming their news via digital means. Through an analysis of over 1.3 million posts across three social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit) pertaining to the 2022 U.S. Midterm Elections, this analysis examines the difference in sharing patterns for four types of news sites—Real News, Local News, Low Credibility News, and Pink Slime. Through Platform-Based Analysis, this study observes that users across all platforms share Real and Local News sequentially, and Real News and Low Credibility News sequentially. Through News Type-Based Analysis, this study establishes a Relative Engagement metric, demonstrating a widely varied engagement among the news types. Real News receive the least engagement (defined as the ratio of number of likes a post has vs. the number of followers of the page), while users engage with Pink Slime news the most. Furthermore, this study finds that the sharing of automated local news reporting sites (Pink Slime sites) are divided on political lines. Finally, through a User-Based Analysis, this study finds that automated bot users share a larger proportion of Pink Slime and Low Credibility News, while human users generally share content relating to local communities.

To preprint or not to preprint: A global researcher survey

AbstractOpen science is receiving widespread attention globally, and preprinting offers an important way to implement open science practices in scholarly publishing. To develop a systematic understanding of researchers' adoption of and attitudes toward preprinting, we conducted a survey of authors of research papers published in 2021 and early 2022. Our survey results show that the United States and Europe led the way in the adoption of preprinting. The United States and European respondents reported a higher familiarity with and a stronger commitment to preprinting than their colleagues elsewhere in the world. The adoption of preprinting is much stronger in physics and astronomy as well as mathematics and computer science than in other research areas. Respondents identified free accessibility of preprints and acceleration of research communication as the most important benefits of preprinting. Low reliability and credibility of preprints, sharing results before peer review and premature media coverage are the most significant concerns about preprinting, emphasized in particular by respondents in the life and health sciences. According to respondents, the most crucial strategies to encourage preprinting are integrating preprinting into journal submission workflows and providing recognition for posting preprints.

A novel Knowledge Graph recommendation algorithm based on Graph Convolutional Network

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are widely used in many fields of application, and especially play an essential role in recommendation systems. KGs often need to be complete, missing relationships between users and items, data sparsity, weak associations, and difficulties in knowledge inference, resulting in low credibility of recommendation results. Therefore, we propose a novel Knowledge Graph (KG) recommendation algorithms. Due to the availability of interaction data across numerous events, KGs also exhibit dynamics over time. By taking into account the temporal variable, it is possible to organise well-structured external information to connect users and items, thereby expanding user preferences to a certain extent. The proposed algorithm employs GCNs to encode the heterogeneous graph, which includes user-item interactions and the KG. It addresses the challenge of high-dimensional data by using the inner product of users and items. The algorithm uncovers potential alignment relationships and learns the embedding of user-item and relationships by applying convolutional processing to the graph data's features and performing data fusion, the new algorithm uncovers potential alignment relationships, and learns embedding of user-item and relationships. The experimental results on the Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) and Hits@k demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of the credibility and accuracy of recommendation results.

Generation Z's Health Information Avoidance Behavior: Insights From Focus Group Discussions.

Younger generations actively use social media to access health information. However, research shows that they also avoid obtaining health information online at times when confronted with uncertainty. This study aims to examine the phenomenon of health information avoidance among Generation Z, a representative cohort of active web users in this era. Drawing on the planned risk information avoidance model, we adopted a qualitative approach to explore the factors related to information avoidance within the context of health and risk communication. The researchers recruited 38 participants aged 16 to 25 years for the focus group discussion sessions. In this study, we sought to perform a deductive qualitative analysis of the focus group interview content with open, focused, and theoretical coding. Our findings support several key components of the planned risk information avoidance model while highlighting the underlying influence of cognition on emotions. Specifically, socioculturally, group identity and social norms among peers lead some to avoid health information. Cognitively, mixed levels of risk perception, conflicting values, information overload, and low credibility of information sources elicited their information avoidance behaviors. Affectively, negative emotions such as anxiety, frustration, and the desire to stay positive contributed to avoidance. This study has implications for understanding young users' information avoidance behaviors in both academia and practice.