Lower COV Research Articles

Performance characteristics of scintigraphic colon transit measurement in health and irritable bowel syndrome and relationship to bowel functions

The inter- and intra-subject variations of scintigraphy, which are used to identify colonic transit disturbances in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are unclear. The relationship between colonic transit and bowel functions is incompletely understood. To assess inter- and intra-subject variations of scintigraphic colonic transit measurements in 86 IBS patients and 17 healthy subjects and to quantify the relationship between colonic transit and bowel symptoms in 147 IBS patients and 46 healthy subjects. Data from participants with multiple colonic transit measurements were analysed. Primary end points were colonic filling at 6 h (CF6h) and geometric center (GC) at 24 and 48 h for colonic transit. Bowel functions were assessed by daily stool diaries. Inter- and intra-subject variations were greater for small intestinal than colonic transit. Overall, inter- and intra-subject variations were relatively narrow for colonic transit (both GC24h and GC48h, with lower COV at 48 h); there was little intra-subject variation in health and IBS-constipation over a period of <or=3 weeks and over 2.0 years (median, range 0.1, 11.0 years). Significant intra-individual differences in GC24h were observed only in IBS-D patients. Colonic transit was significantly associated with stool form (accounting for 19-27% of the variance), frequency (19%), and ease of stool passage (12%). Despite inter-subject variation in scintigraphic colonic transit results, the intra-subject measurements are reproducible over time in healthy volunteers and patients with IBS; significant changes in colonic transit at 24 h were observed only in IBS-D. Colonic transit is associated with stool form, frequency and ease of passage.

Potensi air tanah di cekungan air tanah Sambas, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol3no4.20083The grouping of the groundwater potential of Sambas area using the quantity and quality matrix of those groundwater can be divided into three classes. First, high groundwater potential area distributed in the Jawai, Teluk Keramat, Sejangkung, and Sakura Sub-regencies. Second, the moderate groundwater potential area covers the Sambas and Tebas Sub-regencies. Third, the low groundwater potential area cov- ers the Sanggauledo and Seluas Sub-regencies.

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Three-Component Tablet Formulation Containing Acetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone, and Aceclofenac

The present work describes a simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method that has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone, and aceclofenac in tablet dosage form. The estimation was carried out on an Luna C18 (5 µm × 25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d.) column using a mixture of buffer, methanol, and acetonitrile in the ratio 215:130:155 with final pH of 6.5 as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Ultraviolet (UV) detection was performed at 275 nm. Total run time was 10 min; these three drugs (acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone, and aceclofenac) were eluted at the retention times of 2.055, 5.096, and 7.605 min respectively. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity as per ICH norms.. From the validation study it was found that the method is specific, rapid, accurate, precise, and reproducible. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 5–50 µg/ml for acetaminophen and chlorzoxazone, and 5–30 µg/ml for aceclofenac. All the validation study was found statistically significant because all the statistical parameters were within the acceptance range (i.e., COV % < 2.0 and S.D. < 1.0 for both accuracy and precision). The limit of detection (LOD) values were 16.2, 14.6, and 4.8 ng/ml, and LOQ values were 49.0, 46.5, and 14.5 ng/ml for acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone, and aceclofenac respectively. High recovery and low COV % revealed the reliability of the method for quantitative study of three drugs in Micronac-MR tablets. The method is a rapid and cost-effective quality-control tool for routine quantitative analysis of acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone, and aceclofenac in tablet dosage form.

Project Sabre: A Close-Spaced Direct Injection 3-Cylinder Engine with Synergistic Technologies to Achieve Low CO2 Output

The paper describes the design and development of 'Sabre', a 3-cylinder engine encompassing a combination of technologies to realise low CO2 in a practical automotive application while retaining driving pleasure (vehicle acceleration performance). This project is a partnership with Continental Automotive, in which Lotus Engineering is responsible for the base engine and combustion system. The decision process that led to a close-spaced direct injection combustion system that does not target high BMEP as the chief route to low fuel consumption is described. Instead of pursuing an approach in which specific power is maximized in order to reduce throttling losses at part load, mild downsizing coupled with throttling loss reduction and turbulence manipulation enabled by a switching valve train is employed. This approach, together with the use of an integrated exhaust manifold, enables cylinder head packaging benefits together with improved driveability and reduced high-load fuel consumption as a result of a lower boost requirement. The interaction of spray and air motion in the resulting homogeneous combustion system is briefly discussed. The rationale behind the choice of a 3-cylinder layout is also discussed which, in addition to reducing friction and engine mass, also contributes towards knock control by removing blowdown pulse interaction between the cylinders. Friction reduction methods are discussed which centre around the use of laser-deposition bores and roller bearings on the balance shaft. The balance shaft helps to address the NVH issues expected from the layout, together with the very low CoV of IMEP afforded by the combustion process. The technology under-pinning the integrated exhaust manifold is also discussed. This simultaneously improves thermal management and reduces mass and bill-of-material (BOM) costs in this integrated engine concept.

Potensi air tanah di cekungan air tanah Sambas, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol3no4.20083The grouping of the groundwater potential of Sambas area using the quantity and quality matrix of those groundwater can be divided into three classes. First, high groundwater potential area distributed in the Jawai, Teluk Keramat, Sejangkung, and Sakura Sub-regencies. Second, the moderate groundwater potential area covers the Sambas and Tebas Sub-regencies. Third, the low groundwater potential area cov- ers the Sanggauledo and Seluas Sub-regencies.

Carbonyl Compounds Vaporize from Oil with Steam during Deep-Frying

Used frying oil recovered from food manufacturing companies in Japan and recycled often shows lower carbonyl (COV) and peroxide values (POV) than oil simply heated at 180 degrees C for 20 h does. In this study the reasons for the low COV of oil used for deep-frying were investigated by employing model experiments and actual commercial frying. The results suggested that in actual frying, the factor most influencing the low COV was vaporization of carbonyl compounds, together with steam generated from water contained in frying foodstuffs. It was also suggested that the low levels of COV were attributable partly to inhibition by protein, amino acids exuded from frying foodstuffs, and starch, and slightly to the effects of natural antioxidants in fresh oil and frying foodstuffs, oil absorption by frying foodstuffs, and dilution of oil in use by fresh oil added between uses. On the other hand, the chemical properties of oil in a fryer and in batter coatings of deep-fried foods made with the former oil were checked. Content of polar compounds (PC) and color score were obviously worse in the oil extracted from batter coatings than in that in the fryer, but there were no differences in COV or content of triacylglycerol (TG) of the two oils.

Metal nanoparticles on polymer surfaces: 4. Preparation and structure of colloidal gold films

The process of the enlargement of gold hydrosol nanoparticles adsorbed on the surfaces of glassy polymers (polystyrene and poly(2-vinylpyridine)) in mixed aqueous solution of chloroauric acid and hydroxy- lamine is studied. It is established that the character of this process depends on the intensity of metal-polymer interaction and the density of nanoparticle packing in an initial monolayer. At a high coverage of a poly(2- vinylpyridine) surface by "seeding" gold particles, their rather uniform growth is observed, whereas, at low cov- erage, the enlargement of adsorbed particles, as well as the nucleation and growth of new particles take place. At the same time, new Au nanoparticles are not formed on the polystyrene surface in the enlargement process, even at low coverages by preliminarily deposited "seeding" hydrosol particles. Adsorbed gold particles can also be enlarged after their preliminary incorporation into the polystyrene surface layer. Such an incorporation (par- tial embedding) is ensured by the annealing of a system at a temperature between "surface" ( ) and "bulk" glass transition temperatures. In this case, the value can be considerably decreased (up to room temperature) by the addition of small amounts of a homologue with a much lower molecular mass in the polystyrene matrix. Lateral conductivity of colloidal Au films formed on a poly(2-vinylpyridine) surface by the enlargement of adsorbed seeding particles is measured. According to these measurements, contacts providing the formation of conductive channels are formed in the process of nanoparticle enlargement. T g T g

95/02104 BMS helps BT to make the right connections

This study has investigated the influence of injection pressure on combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of a compression ignition engine. The engine was fueled with gasoline, thus named as gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine. The single-cylinder diesel engine based on the Hyundai commercial engine was used throughout the experiment. Pure gasoline mixed with 5 percent of biodiesel as lubricity enhancer was injected into the cylinder with varying injection pressure. The injection pressures were set at 600 and 1000 bar while the start of injection and injection duration were altered to control the same equivalent ratio (λ=1). To run at the low speed condition, the engine speed was fixed at 1,200 rpm. In addition, other engine parameters including engine oil, coolant water and intake air temperature, were also controlled in specific range. To understand the combustion characteristics such as heat release rate (HRR), thermal efficiency and burning duration, in-cylinder pressure data collected by means of pressure transducer were analyzed with one-zone thermodynamic model. Also, the exhaust emissions (NOx, THC, and CO were measured as well. The results show that the complete combustion was achieved at the high injection pressure. Combustion stability in terms of lower COV was improved with the increase injection pressure. In addition, the exhaust emission (NOX and THC) were decreased.