Low Cost Solid State Reaction Research Articles

Nickel-Doped Cobalt Zinc Ferrites Co0.8 – xNixZn0.2Fe2O4 (x = 0.0–0.56) by Solid-State Reaction: Synthesis and Characterization

Cobalt zinc ferrite and Ni-doped cobalt zinc ferrites Co0.8 – xNixZn0.2Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, 0.40, 0.48, 0.56) were prepared through low-cost solid-state reaction. The process and products were characterized by TG/DTA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and VSM. For synthesized ferrites, the values of saturation magnetization, retentivity, coercivity, remanence ratio, and magnetic anisotropy are reported.

Synthesis and Characterization of Co0.8-x Nix Zn0.2 Fe2O4 Ferrites by Williamson–Hall and Size–Strain Plot Methods

Abstract The Co-Zn ferrite (x=0.00) and Nickel doped Co-Zn ferrites (x=0.24) was synthesized by low cost solid state reaction method and characterized by XRD technique. The X-ray diffraction results for the samples showed the formation of single phase cubic spinel. The lattice constant and particle size for Co-Zn ferrite(x=0.00) is found to be 8.3465 Å and 26.72 nm and for Nickel doped (x=0.24) it is 8.3440 Å and 24.21nm. Micro strain (ε), Dislocation density(ρD), Hopping lengths (LA and LB), Bond lengths (A - O and B-O), Ionic radii (rA and rB), Texture coefficients (Thkl) and Standard deviation (σ) are also reported. The particle size is confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Williamson-Hall plot and stress-strain plot also employed to understand the mechanical properties of materials.

Microstructure, ferromagnetic and photoluminescence properties of ITO and Cr doped ITO nanoparticles using solid state reaction

Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) (In0.95Sn0.05)2O3 and Cr doped indium-tin-oxide (In0.90Sn0.05Cr0.05)2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using simple low cost solid state reaction method and characterized by different techniques to study their structural, optical and magnetic properties. Microstructures, surface morphology, crystallite size of the nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). From these methods it was found that the particles were about 45nm. Chemical composition and valence states of the nanoparticles were studied using energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From these techniques it was observed that the elements of indium, tin, chromium and oxygen were present in the system in appropriate ratios and they were in +3, +4, +3 and −2 oxidation states. Raman studies confirmed that the nanoparticle were free from unintentional impurities. Two broad emission peaks were observed at 330nm and 460nm when excited wavelength of 300nm. Magnetic studies were carried out at 300K and 100K using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and found that the ITO nanoparticles were ferromagnetic at 100K and 300K. Where-as the room temperature ferromagnetism completely disappeared in Cr doped ITO nanoparticles at 100K and 300K.

Study of lead free ferroelectrics using overlay technique on thick film microstrip ring resonator

The lead free ferroelectrics, strontium barium niobates, were synthesized via the low cost solid state reaction method and their fritless thick films were fabricated by screen printing technique on alumina substrate. The X band response (complex permittivity at very high frequencies) of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator perturbed with strontium barium niobates (SrxBa1-xNb2O6) in form of bulk and thick film was measured. A new approach for determination of complex permittivity (?? and ???) in the frequency range 8-12GHz, using perturbation of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator (MSRR), was applied for both bulk and thick film of strontium barium niobates (SrxBa1-xNb2O6). The microwave conductivity of the bulk and thick film lie in the range from 1.779 S/cm to 2.874 S/cm and 1.364 S/cm to 2.296 S/cm, respectively. The penetration depth of microwave in strontium barium niobates is also reported.

Synthesis and optical properties of europium doped zinc silicate prepared using low cost solid state reaction method

This paper presents a study on synthesis and optical properties of Zn2SiO4:1 wt% Eu3+ at different heat treatments. The objective of the research is to synthesize Zn2SiO4:1 wt% Eu3+ phosphor by using low cost solid state reaction method with recycled waste bottle glasses as the silicate source. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the prepared Zn2SiO4:1 wt% Eu3+ phosphors have a sharp diffraction peak as the heat treatment temperatures were increased from 600 to 1000 °C. Furthermore, the morphology from the Field emission scanning electron microscope analysis were shown the formation of well crystalline samples with dense packed grains due to the increment of heat treatment temperatures. Fourier transform infrared spectra has confirmed the present elements in Zn2SiO4:1 wt% Eu3+ phosphors while the narrow width of Raman line spectra were observed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 °C indicates good homogeneity and crystallinity of synthesized powders. In addition, the energy band gap of europium doped zinc silicate increased dramatically up to 3.62 eV at temperature of 1000 °C. Photoluminescence measurements has also exhibited the red emission corresponding to the 5D0 → 7F2 (600 nm) when viewed under blue excitation.

Microwave studies by perturbation of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator using superstrate of bismuth strontium manganites

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to determine the complex permittivity of bismuth strontium manganites (Bi1−xSrxMnO3) in the 8‐12 GHz range by using perturbation of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator (MSRR) due to superstrate of both bulk and thick film.Design/methodology/approachThe BSM ceramics were synthesized by simple low cost solid state reaction method and their fritless thick films were fabricated by screen printing technique on alumina substrate. A comparison has been made between the X band response of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator due to perturbation of bulk and thick film Bi1−xSrxMnO3 ceramic.FindingsThe bulk and thick film superstrate decreases the resonance frequency of MSRR. In this technique even minor change in the properties of superstrate material changes the MSRR response. Variation of strontium content also influences microwave conductivity and penetration depth of bulk and thick films.Originality/valueThe microwave complex permittivity decreases with increase in Sr content in bismuth manganite and it is higher for bulk as compared to its thick films. The superstrate on Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator is an efficient tool capable of detecting the composition dependent changes in microwave properties of ceramic bulk and thick films.

Formation of magnetic microstructure of the nanosized NiFe2O4 synthesized via solid-state reaction

Magnetic NiFe2O4 structure formation was studied through structural, compositional and magnetic characterization of obtained reaction products of a simple, high yielding and low-cost solid-state reaction. Initial annealing of the starting oxides mixture at 700?C did not allow us to observe formation of the desired magnetic phase. In contrast, subsequent thermomagnetic measurements up to 800?C indicated the considerable increase of the magnetic moment, which can be reasonably assigned to the changes in phase composition and formation of magnetic NiFe2O4 structure during the heating cycle of measurements. Nanosized NiFe2O4 phase formation has been confirmed by the following XRD and MS phase analyses and its nanocrystalline structure by XRD and SEM/TEM techniques. The obtained hysteresis loop taken after TM measurements suggest the increased volume of magnetically active material and thus additionally support the previous findings.