Low Lipid Content Research Articles

Novel methylated flavoalkaloids from Echa 1 green tea inhibit fat accumulation and enhance stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans

Methylation is a common structural modification of catechins in tea, which can improve the bioavailability of catechins. Flavoalkaloids are catechin derivatives with a nitrogen containing five-membered ring at the C-6 or C-8 position. Here we isolated three new methylated flavoalkaloids from Echa 1 green tea (Camellia sinensis cv. Echa 1) and synthesized another four new methylated flavoalkaloids. The structures of the new ester-type methylated catechins (etmc)-pyrrolidinone A-G (1–7) were elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optical rotation, infrared, UV–vis, experimental and calculated circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and high-resolution mass. Among them, 6 and 7 showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and significantly lowered lipid content of Caenorhabditis elegans with 73.50 and 67.39% inhibition rate, respectively. Meanwhile, 6 and 7 also exhibited strong antioxidant activity in vitro and stress resistance to heat, oxidative stress, and UV irradiation in nematodes.

Veal and beef meat quality of crossbred calves from dairy herds using sexed semen and semen from double-muscled sires

The use of sexed semen to produce replacement heifers in dairy farms allows many cows to be inseminated with bulls of beef breeds with the aim of improving meat production. The major dairy and beef breeds are undergoing rapid genetic improvement as a result of more efficient selection methods, necessitating evaluation of the quality of meat produced by beef × dairy crosses obtained using current genetics. As part of a larger project, we carried out quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the veal and beef produced from crossbred calves produced by dairy farms that use sexed semen to obtain purebred replacement heifers. A total of 231 bull-calves were reared in the dairy farms or in specialised fattening farms, slaughtered, and sampled for meat quality analysis. These comprised: 104 crossbred calves, mainly from Belgian Blue sires and Holstein dams, which were intensively fattened for veal production; 84 beef × dairy crossbred calves, destined for beef production on the dairy farm of origin (12 calves) or in a specialised intensive fattening centre (72 calves); 26 purebred Charolais and 17 beef crosses from suckler cows, included for comparison, which were fattened in the same fattening centre and fed the same diet as the beef × dairy crosses. Veal and beef meat differed in all quality traits; the beef produced by dairy farmers was better than the beef produced by specialised fatteners in terms of cooking losses and tenderness, even though these animals were much older and weighed less at slaughter. There were minor differences in the quality traits of veal between the various beef × dairy breed combinations. In the case of intensive beef production, minor differences were observed between Belgian Blue-sired crosses from Brown Swiss cows (lipid content and shear force of meat) and Belgian Blue-sired crosses from crossbred cows (haem iron, lightness, yellowness, and hue) in comparison with crosses from Holstein cows. The beef of young bulls from suckler cows (Charolais and crosses) had a lower pH, dry matter and lipid contents, slightly higher cholesterol and haem iron contents, and higher cooking losses than meat from beef × dairy crosses. Taking into account the results from the entire project, we conclude that the combined use of sexed semen for pure-breeding and conventional beef semen for terminal crossbreeding improves meat production from dairy herds, both quantitatively and qualitatively. HIGHLIGHTS The meat from beef × dairy crossbred calves was found to have valuable qualitative characteristics. With regard to veal production, the meat quality characteristics of crossbred calves did not differ appreciably between breed combinations. With regard to intensive beef production, the meat from beef × dairy young bulls had greater quality than that from suckler cows. Crosses fattened by dairy farmers grew slower than those by specialised fatteners, but their beef was better in terms of cooking losses and tenderness.

Changes in the content of pollen total lipid and TAG in Arabidopsis thaliana DGAT1 mutant as11.

In mature pollen grains, lipids are primarily stored in the form of lipid droplets that provide energy and act as a carbon source for normal pollen development and germination. Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major form of stored plant lipids. Diacylglycerol transferase, which is encoded by DGAT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, is an important enzyme regulating triacylglycerol synthesis. Within the seeds of the DGAT1 mutant as11, the content of TAG is significantly decreased and the fatty acid composition also differs from the wild type. Transcriptome data of mature anthers showed that the genes involved in the TAG synthesis pathway were downregulated in as11. Analysis of gene expression patterns via transcriptome data also revealed that the expression of PDAT1, which functions in a manner complementary to the DGAT1 gene, was significantly decreased in as11, whereas the amylopectin synthase genes SS1 and SS2 were upregulated in mutant as11. We also detected lower total lipid, TAG and fatty acid contents in mature as11 pollen, with palmitic acid (C16:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3) being the major fatty acids in mature pollen. The cytological results showed that the lipid droplet content was reduced in mature as11 pollen. In the binuclear pollen grain II stage, WT pollen contained lipid droplets that were primarily accumulated around the generative nucleus, whereas the pollen in the mutant as11 was rich in starch grains that were primarily distributed around the vegetative nucleus. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that during pollen development in as11, the amount of endoplasmic reticulum in tapetal cells and pollen grains decreased, whereas the Golgi body content increased, which directly or indirectly led to a decrease in the levels of lipidosomes and an increase in the starch content in as11. Changes in the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the mutant as11 differ from those in the wild type during pollen development.

Cold tolerance strategy and cryoprotectants of Megabruchidius dorsalis in different temperature and time stresses.

The honey locusts (genus Gleditsia) are a genus of high-value trees in Asia. Seed beetle, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fåhraeus) (Col.: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), is a Gleditsia oligophagous pest that causes severe yield reduction. To understand the cold tolerance of M. dorsalis adults, this study investigated its cold tolerance strategy and the influence of low temperatures on its physiology and biochemistry. The low-temperature treatments were divided into three groups: long-term temperature acclimation (Group 1; 15°C, or 20°C, or 25°C, or 28°C [control check, CK] for 10days), short-term low-temperature exposure (Group 2; 0°C or 4°C for 2h), and long-term low-temperature induction (Group 3; 0°C or 4°C for 1, 3, or 5d). The supercooling point (SCP; temperature at which spontaneous nucleation and ice lattice growth begin), freezing point (FP; temperature at which insect fluids freeze), low lethal temperature (LLT; temperature at which all individuals are killed), water, lipid, glycerol, and total sugars contents were measured under different temperature stresses. The results showed that M. dorsalis adults were a freeze-avoidant species. The SCP and LLT at 28°C were -10.62°C and -19.48°C, respectively. The SCP and FP of long-term temperature acclimation (15°C, or 20°C, or 25°C) were significantly lower than that of the control group (28°C). The water content of the long-term low temperature induction (0°C) group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The lipid and glycerol content in the acclimated group at 20°C and 25°C were significantly higher than in the control group. M. dorsalis adults may maintain their biofluids in a supercooled state via cryoprotectant accumulation and cryoprotective dehydration to prevent ice nucleation. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on overwintering and potential distribution and related prediction of M. dorsalis adults.

Effects of feast-famine nutrient regimes on wastewater algal biofuel communities.

Microalgae accumulate lipids in response to nutrient deprivation, and these lipids are a biodiesel fuel stock. Algal cultivation with secondary wastewater effluent is one proposed platform for biofuel production, which provides nutrients to algae while further polishing wastewater effluent. Algal bioreactors were tested using a feast-famine feeding regiment in simulated secondary wastewater effluent to evaluate the effects on lipid content and algal community structure. Algal polycultures were inoculated into reactors fed with synthetic secondary wastewater effluent at pH 7.5 and 9 and operated under a feast-famine nutrient (N, P, and BOD) supply regime in sequencing batch reactors. Fatty acid methyl ester contents of the reactors were assessed, which showed a decrease in lipid content after the feast-famine cycling (from 12.2% initially to 5.2% after four cycles at pH 9). This decrease in lipid content was not correlated with an increase in carbohydrate storage within biomass, nor an increase in bacterial biomass abundance relative to algal biomass in the reactors. The eukaryotic microbial communities from reactors operated at pH 9 diverged from reactors operated at pH 7.5 during cycling, with the pH 9 reactors becoming dominated by a single Operational Taxonomic Unit aligning to the Scenedesmus genus. These results suggest that high pH and feast-famine nutrient cycling may select for a less diverse algal community with a lower lipid content within a secondary wastewater polishing scheme.

Abstract B102: Multigenerational socioeconomic status and breast tissue composition in mothers and their adolescent daughters: Findings from a multiethnic cohort in New York City

Abstract Social environment may influence breast tissue composition and breast cancer risk through shaping risk factors operating in early life, adolescence, and adulthood. Socioeconomic status (SES) has been positively associated with breast cancer risk, and mammography studies in women in middle to late adulthood suggest the association might be mediated by the positive relationship between higher SES and higher breast density. Yet, the impact of SES on breast tissue composition earlier in the lifecourse has not been examined, thus limiting the ability to elucidate lifecourse social influences and pathways in the development of breast cancer. In this study, we examined if SES is associated with breast tissue composition in a New York City cohort of 216 Black and Hispanic adolescent girls (aged 11-20 years) and their mothers (aged 29-55 years). We used optical spectroscopy to measure breast tissue chromophores including water content, lipid content, and collagen content, as well as a combined optical index measure. Previous studies have shown that these measures positively (water, collagen, optical index) or negatively (lipid) correlate with mammographic breast density. Questionnaires captured SES indicators at different timepoints across generations: grandparents’ highest level of education; mother’s highest level of education at daughter’s birth; mother’s highest level of education at breast measurement; household income at daughter’s birth; and public assistance at daughter’s birth. We evaluated associations using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age at breast measurement, percent body fat at breast measurement, race/ethnicity, and mother’s birth country. We tested for additive effect modification by age at breast measurement. In daughters, higher mother’s education at birth was associated with lower lipid content (≥ bachelor’s degree vs. < high school degree, β: -6.96, 95% CI: -13.64, -0.27), and higher grandmother’s education was associated with higher water content (≥ some college vs. < elementary school, β: 3.77, 95% CI: 0.58, 6.97). In mothers, higher household income was associated with lower lipid content ($20,000-80,000 vs. < $10,000, β: -4.26, 95% CI: -7.93, -0.59) and higher optical index (β: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.58), while not being on public assistance was associated with higher collagen content (β: 2.54, 95% CI: 0.74, 4.34). Mothers with some college education vs. high school degree or lower at daughter’s birth had higher water content (β: 3.81, 95% CI: 1.07, 6.54), but no association was found comparing mothers with bachelor’s degree or higher vs. high school degree or lower. Associations were not modified by age at breast measurement. This study provides novel data linking intergenerational and early life SES to breast tissue composition in adolescent girls independent of body fat and provides evidence consistent with previous mammography studies of a positive relationship between SES and breast density in adult women. Further studies are needed to explore the downstream factors mediating these relationships. Citation Format: Rebecca D. Kehm, Parisa Tehranifar, E. Jane Walter, Melissa L. White, Sabine Oskar, Julie B. Herbstman, Frederica Perera, Lothar Lilge, Rachel L. Miller, Mary Beth Terry. Multigenerational socioeconomic status and breast tissue composition in mothers and their adolescent daughters: Findings from a multiethnic cohort in New York City [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B102.

Seasonal dynamics of the total lipid content in the body of the anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) in 2017-2020

The analysis of lipid content in the body of the anchovyEngraulis encrasicolusat all stages of its life cycle has been conducted for 2017–2020. This article presents the comparison of the obtained data with the reference range of lipid content, calculated using the results of long-term investigations. It has been found that the differences in the content of constructive and energy-bearing substances in the anchovy body are age-related: the lipid content in fingerlings is lower than in the older individuals. Following the investigation of inter-seasonal variations of lipid content in the anchovy body, it has been established that the lowest lipid content is typical for April–May, and the highest values are observed in October. Analysis of inter-annual dynamics of lipid content in the anchovy body at the end of feeding season has shown that, within recent 10 years, there exists a trend for its gradual decrease, which results from the increasing pressure of adverse environmental factors exerted on the anchovy population.

Pollen-feeding behavior of diverse insects on Geranium delavayi, a flower with large, accessible pollen grains.

Why have pollen grains evolved to be exceptionally large in some species? Pollen-feeding hypothesis suggests that if the proportion of pollen amounts for feeding is reduced in a flower, the low allocation to pollen number would allow pollen grains to be larger. To examine whether species with large pollen grains experience low pollen consumption, the behavior of insects feeding on nectar and pollen was observed and pollen transfer efficiency was estimated for four visitor types in Geranium delavayi. To see whether bees actively collected pollen, the numbers of grains in pollen baskets and on the body were compared. Both nutritional value (total protein and lipid) and chemical defense (phenolic metabolites) in pollen against pollen feeders were measured. Bumblebees and honeybees foraged for nectar, rarely groomed pollen into corbiculae, and had >5× higher pollen transfer efficiency than smaller solitary bees and flies, which were pollen eaters that removed more pollen but deposited less. Pollen grains were characterized by low protein and high lipid content with a low protein-lipid ratio, an unfavorable combination for bumblebees. Three secondary metabolites were significantly higher in pollen grains (7.77 mg/g) than in petals (1.08 mg/g) or in nectar (0.44 mg/g), suggesting stronger chemical defense in pollen. Our results indicated that large bees took nectar but little of the nutritionally poor and highly toxic pollen. These data support one prediction of the pollen-feeding hypothesis, that species with few and large pollen grains would also have low pollen-consumption rates.

Valorização do resíduo casca da fruta lichia para a produção sustentável de um ingrediente de valor agregado

Abstract Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an exotic fruit from Asia, recently introduced in Europe. With the increase in the world production of this fruit, many by-products are wasted during industrial processing, including their peels and seeds. Considering the utilization of fruit peels as edible material as a new functional ingredient, this work aimed to assess the nutritional and phytochemical characterization, as well as the antioxidant activity of two lychee peel extracts (alcoholic and hydroalcoholic). Also, it was evaluated the scavenging capacity against reactive species (O2•-, H2O2, NO•) of the two extracts. The peels, at a nutritional level, showed high levels of carbohydrates and total energy (76.8 ± 1.0 g/100 g and 331.4 kcal/100 g, respectively) and low protein and lipid content. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in alcoholic extraction (1578 mg GAE/g and 55.1 mg CE/g, respectively). The antioxidant activity evaluated in vitro by DPPH and FRAP assays was also higher in the ethanolic extract, verifying a positive correlation with the extractive yield of the bioactive compounds. In general, the ethanolic extracts of lychee peels showed higher antioxidant capacity and the maximum scavenging activity against reactive oxygen (O2-•) and nitrogen species (NO•). The hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity observed in ethanolic extract (64 µg/mL) was like the values obtained in the positive controls (quercetin and ascorbic acid, 62 µg/mL, and 46 µg/mL, respectively). These preliminary results suggest this undervalued ingredient is a promising source of bioactive compounds with high biological potential for the development of new products as functional ingredient, always focusing on sustainability.

Evaluation of genotype-environment interactions for non-polar lipids and fatty acids in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds

Genotype-environment (G × E) interactions for non-polar lipids and fatty acids were studied in 28 chickpea accessions. The total nonpolar lipid content was determined by Soxhlet procedure; fatty acid profiles were investigated by gas chromatography. There were strong negative correlations between oleic and linoleic acids and between oleic and linolenic acids. The correlation between linoleic and linolenic acids was positive and either strong or moderate. Correlations between the other acids were differently directed and of various strengths. Line Luh 99/11 turned out to be an outlier in relation to the other genotypes due to an unusually high content of stearic acid. Cultivar CDC Jade was an outlier because of too low content of stearic acid and too high content of linoleic acid. Accession UD0502195 was an outlier due to a higher content of palmitic acid. Accessions UD0500022 and UD0502195 were outliers due to the low content of total nonpolar lipids. The variability in the total nonpolar lipid content was not affected by the environment, but the environment contributions to the variability of oleic and linoleic acids were very high. There were only statistically significant differences in the oleic and linoleic acid amounts between the cultivation years. There was a positive correlation between the oleic acid content and the average air temperature during the “anthesis – maturity” period and a negative correlation between the linoleic acid content and the average temperature during this period. There was also a negative correlation between the oleic acid content and precipitation during the “anthesis – maturity” period and a positive correlation between the linoleic acid content and precipitation during this period. The palmitic acid content was the most responsive to environmental changes in cultivar CDC Vanguard and the most resistant in cultivar Krasnokutskiy 123. The stearic acid content was the most sensitive to environmental changes in cultivar ILC 3279 and the most irresponsive in accession UKR001:0502116. As to oleic and linoleic acids, line L 273-18 had the bi (plasticity) and S2di (stability) values coupled with the corresponding mean contents, meaning that this genotype may be adapted to decreased temperature. The ecovalence values (Wi2) for the total nonpolar lipids, palmitic, stearic and linolenic acids indicated that these characteristics were little responsive to environmental fluctuations. As to oleic and linoleic acids, Wi2 values were much higher in many accessions, confirming the variability of these parameters depending on growing conditions. Having the highest Wi2 values, accession Garbanzo 2 is expected to show high degrees of the G × E interactions for oleic and linoleic acids. S2di was positively correlated with Wi2.

Nutritional Composition, Sensory Quality and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Sausage Fortified With Edible Meat Waste

This study assessed the proximate composition, sensory quality and consumer acceptability of beef sausage fortified with edible meat waste. Lean beef and edible meat waste (EMW) samples were obtained from commercial abattoir and combined in ratio 50:50 and 70:30 and designated as T1 and T2 respectively, while CT contained 90% lean meat and 10% fat. The fresh T1, T2 and CT sausages were thermal processed using microwave and oven-grilling cooking methods. The results showed significant difference in moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of raw and cooked sausages across treatments. Raw sausage fortified with EMW had higher protein and lower lipid contents compared to control treatment (90/10, CT). Cooking of the sausage significantly decreased moisture and increase lipid, protein and lipid content, with microwaved sausage having higher values. The results of sensory quality showed that beef sausage fortified with EMW were all acceptable to consumers, irrespective of the cooking methods used. The distribution of consumers who liked the appearance, colour, texture and flavour of the sausage meat containing EMW were higher than those who dislike the products. Therefore, this study shows that EMW could be successfully used in meat industry to improve quality of sausage during production.

Compared with Milk Protein, a Wheat and Pea Protein Blend Reduces High-Fat, High-Sucrose Induced Metabolic Dysregulations while Similarly Supporting Tissue Protein Anabolism in Rats

BackgroundPlant proteins (PPs) have been associated with better cardiovascular health than animal proteins (APs) in epidemiological studies. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain mostly unknown. ObjectivesUsing a combination of cutting-edge isotopic methods, we aimed to better characterize the differences in protein and energy metabolisms induced by dietary protein sources (PP compared with AP) in a prudent or western dietary context. MethodsMale Wistar rats (n = 44, 8 wk old) were fed for 4.5 mo with isoproteic diets differing in their protein isolate sources, either AP (100% milk) or PP (50%:50% pea: wheat) and being normal (NFS) or high (HFS) in sucrose (6% or 15% kcal) and saturated fat (7% or 20% kcal), respectively. We measured body weight and composition, hepatic enzyme activities and lipid content, and plasma metabolites. In the intestine, liver, adipose tissues, and skeletal muscles, we concomitantly assessed the extent of amino acid (AA) trafficking using a 15N natural abundance method, the rates of macronutrient routing to dispensable AA using a 13C natural abundance method, and the metabolic fluxes of protein synthesis (PS) and de novo lipogenesis using a 2H labeling method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Mixed models. ResultsAt the whole-body level, PP limited HFS-induced insulin resistance (–27% in HOMA-IR between HFS groups, P < 0.05). In the liver, PP induced lower lipid content (–17%, P < 0.01) and de novo lipogenesis (–24%, P < 0.05). In the different tissues studied, PP induced higher AA transamination accompanied by higher routings of dietary carbohydrates and lipids toward dispensable AA synthesis by glycolysis and β-oxidation, resulting in similar tissue PS and protein mass. ConclusionsIn growing rats, compared with AP, a balanced blend of PP similarly supports protein anabolism while better limiting whole-body and tissue metabolic dysregulations through mechanisms related to their less optimal AA profile for direct channeling to PS.

Jatobá (Hymenaea sp.) as a wheat substitute in plant-based cookies to improve its nutritional quality

Jatoba (Hymenaea sp.) is a Brazilian savanna fruit with low lipid content, high amounts of dietary fiber, protein and minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc. Despite the lack of studies, due to jatoba nutritional characteristics, it could be used to replace wheat on plant-based cookies, improving their nutritional quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of jatoba flour to replace wheat flour in plant-based cookies regarding chemical composition and physical characteristics. Cookies were prepared with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of jatoba flour replacing wheat flour and, subsequently, physical parameters (cooking factor, diameter, thickness and spread rate) and chemical composition were evaluated. Regarding the cooking factor, there was no significant difference between the samples, the cookies’ diameters were smaller in the samples 25%, 50% and 75% compared to the control sample and 100%.I In the thickness parameter the control sample showed a smaller value compared to the preparations made with jatoba and the spreading rate showed a significant difference from the control sample to the others, however the samples 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% did not differ from each other. Plant-based cookies with jatoba flour were higher in fiber, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc content than the control sample (100% based on wheat flour). Jatobá flour is a good alternative to improve the nutritional quality of plant-based cookies.

Valorisation of marine macroalgae waste using a cascade biorefinery approach: Exploratory study

The present study aims to assess the potential exploitation of marine macroalgae waste using a cascade biorefinery approach. For that, biomass was collected from a northern Portugal beach, two different drying processes were employed (freeze-drying (FD) and sun-drying (SD)) and cascade extractions were conducted to obtain several extracts (fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides) and a final extraction residue that were further characterised. The results show that the drying process affects the most sensitive compounds – e.g., pigments (fucoxanthin only detected in FD samples: raw biomass (1.1 mg.L−1) and polar cascade extract (1.5 mg.L−1)) – due to degradation processes, whereas the polymers, sugars and minerals are not affected. Carbohydrates, the prevailing compounds in marine macroalgae waste, are mainly composed by galactose and glucose. By comparing with the use of raw biomass, cascade extractions have a higher impact in the concentrations of monosaccharides and uronic acids (results from 28 up to 130 mg g−1; about fourfold and threefold higher for FD and SD extracts, respectively) and total minerals (results from 2417 up to 4507 mg.100 g−1; 1.6 and 1.4 higher for FD and SD final residues, respectively). This was not observed for the non-polar extracts due to the different extraction procedures and the low lipid content (maximum of 9.96 mg of fatty acids per gram, in the SD raw biomass). The mineral fraction was mainly composed by calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium. The presence of alginic acid and other sulphated polymers and the low content of red seaweed polymers reflects the fact that the biomass is mainly composed by brown species. Taking into account the objective of exploring the full use of marine macroalgae waste to obtain diverse products with economic and environment advantages, also considering product quality increase and the absence of final residues, the application of the cascade process seems to be the most desirable route. The freeze-drying process should be further explored.

Effects of seawater acidification and solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthetic performances and biochemical compositions of Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730

Ocean acidification (OA) caused by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) resulting from ozone depletion may affect marine organisms, but little is known regarding how unicellular Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730, an excellent species resource containing various biological-active compounds, responds to OA and UVR. Therefore, we conducted a factorial coupling experiment to unravel the combined effects of OA and UVR on the growth, photosynthetic performances, biochemical compositions and enzyme activities of Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730, which were exposed to two levels of CO2 (LC, 400 μatm, current CO2 level; HC, 1000 μatm, future CO2 level) and three levels of UVR (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), PAR plus UVA, PAR plus UVB) treatments in all combinations, respectively. Compared to LC treatment, HC stimulated the relative growth rate (RGR) due to higher optimum and effective quantum yields, photosynthetic efficiency, maximum electron transport rates and photosynthetic pigments contents regardless of UVR. However, the presence of UVA had no significant effect but UVB markedly reduced the RGR. Additionally, higher carbohydrate content and lower protein and lipid contents were observed when Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730 was cultured under HC due to the ample HCO3− applications and active stimulation of metabolic enzymes of carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase, thus resulting in higher TC/TN. OA also triggered the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the increase of ROS coincided approximately with superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, as well as phenols contents. However, UVR induced photochemical inhibition and damaged macromolecules, making algal cells need more energy for self-protection. Generally, these results revealed that OA counteracted UVR-related inhibition on Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730, adding our understanding of the red algae responding to future global climate changes.

The Structural and Functional Differences between Three Species of Fish Scale Gelatin and Pigskin Gelatin.

In this paper, gelatin was extracted from the scales of Coregonus peled, Carp and Bighead carp by the acid method, and the structure and functional properties of the obtained scale gelatin and food-grade pigskin gelatin (FG) were compared. The results showed that all gelatins exhibited relatively high protein (86.81-93.61%), and low lipid (0.13-0.39%) and ash (0.37-1.99%) contents. FG had the highest gel strength, probably because of its high proline content (11.96%) and high average molecular weight distribution. Low β-antiparallel was beneficial to the stability of emulsion, which led FG to have the best emulsifying property. The high content of hydrophobic amino acids may be one of the reasons for the superior foaming property of Bighead carp scales gelatin (BCG). The gel strength of Carp scales gelatin (CG) and BCG, the ESI of Coregonus peled scales gelatin (CPG) and the foaming property of BCG indicate that fish gelatin has the potential to be used in food industry as a substitute for pig skin gelatin.

Psychophysiological Responses of Humans during Seed-Sowing Activity Using Soil Inoculated with Streptomyces rimosus.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) responses and serum metabolite levels were used to investigate the effects of horticultural activities (seed-sowing) on the psychophysiological aspects of adults based on the presence or absence of the soil microorganism Streptomyces rimosus. In this case, 31 adults were subjected to seed-sowing activities using S. rimosus inoculated (experimental group) and medium (control group) soils. EEG was measured to analyze the resulting psychophysiological response, and blood samples (5 mL) were collected. The relative gamma power (RG), relative high beta (RHB), and SEF 50 and SEF 90 were significantly higher in the right than in the left occipital lobe (p < 0.05). In both occipital lobes, ratios of SMR to theta (RST), mid beta to theta (RMT), and SMR-mid beta to theta (RSMT) were high (p < 0.05). GC-TOF-MS-based serum metabolite analysis detected 33 metabolites. Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed a lower content of amino acids (except aspartic acid), lipids, and C6 sugar monomers after the activity (p < 0.05). Aminomalonic acid was decreased, and aspartic acid was increased (p < 0.05). This study confirmed a positive effect on improving the concentration and attention of adults when seed-sowing activity was performed using S. rimosus-inoculated soil.

Recent advances in anaerobic digestion of lipid-rich waste: Challenges and potential of seaweeds to mitigate the inhibitory effect

• Lipid-rich waste (LRWs) represents a potential feedstock for biogas production. • Microbial structure and activity play a significant role in LRWs digestion and biogas yield. • Foaming, fatty acids accumulation, and nutrients imbalance are the main challenges. • Seaweeds provide a complementary co-substrate and a synergistic action to mitigate the effect. • Co-digestion of LRWs and seaweeds enhance the economic feasibility up to 18.9-times. Considerable attention has been devoted towards anaerobic digestion of lipid-rich waste (LRWs) due to their higher energy content comparing to other waste rich in carbohydrates and proteins. However, there are still many challenges for LRWs anaerobic digestion which are mainly attributed to floatation, foaming, long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) accumulation, and nutrients imbalance resulting in reactor instability and failure. The present review aims to report the recent progress in LRWs production, with a special focus on the main challenges for anaerobic digestion and the recent advances to enhance the digestion process including pretreatment, microbial acclimatization, dosing of trace elements, carrier addition, and co-digestion. Regarding the later, main characteristics and potential of seaweeds to mitigate the toxic effect of LRWs towards enhanced anaerobic digestion through cascading approach was discussed. Considering the low nitrogen content in LRWs and moderate nitrogen content in seaweeds with very low lipid content and negligible lignin, seaweeds could be a potential co-substrate for anaerobic digestion with LRWs. Co-digestion of seaweeds with LRWs results in synergistic action leading to nutrient balance and enhanced anaerobic performance. In addition, developing a cascading approach for high bioenergy recovery from LRWs through co-digestion with seaweeds/residues could further provide optimum conditions for enhanced biogas production and economic feasibility. The economic analysis estimated US$ 15.27 million annual net profit from co-digestion of LRWs and seaweeds, which was 1.0- and 18.9-times higher than that from mono-digestion of LRWs or seaweeds, respectively. The present article suggests a new perspective for efficient anaerobic digestion of LRWs towards enhanced energy recovery through integrated cascading approaches.

Physical, Nutritional, and Bioactive Properties of Mandacaru Cladode Flour (Cereus jamacaru DC.): An Unconventional Food Plant from the Semi-Arid Brazilian Northeast.

In this study, we evaluated the physical, nutritional, and bioactive properties of mandacaru cladode flour (Cereus jamacaru DC.). The granulometric profile revealed particles with non-uniform geometry, flakiness, a rectangular tendency, and a non-homogeneous surface, with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 60 µm. The flour presented low water activity (0.423), a moisture content of 8.24 g/100 g, high ash (2.82 g/100 g), protein (5.18 g/100 g), and total carbohydrate contents (74.48 g/100 g), and low lipid contents (1.88 g/100 g). Mandacaru flour is an excellent source of insoluble dietary fiber (48.08 g/100 g), calcium (76.33%), magnesium (15.21%), and potassium (5.94%). Notably, 1H NMR analysis revealed the presence of N-methyltyramine. Using HPLC chromatography, glucose was identified as the predominant sugar (1.33 g/100 g), followed by four organic acids, especially malic acid (9.41 g/100 g) and citric acid (3.96 g/100 g). Eighteen phenolic compounds were detected, with relevant amounts of kaempferol (99.40 mg/100 g), myricetin (72.30 mg/100 g), and resveratrol (17.84 mg/100 g). The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were 1285.47 mg GAE/100 g and 15.19 mg CE/100 g, respectively. The mean in vitro antioxidant activity values were higher using the FRAP method (249.45 µmol Trolox TEAC/100 g) compared to the ABTS•+ method (0.39 µmol Trolox TEAC/g). Finally, the ascorbic acid had a content of 35.22 mg/100 g. The results demonstrate the value of mandacaru as a little-explored species and an excellent matrix for the development of flours presenting good nutritional value and bioactive constituents with excellent antioxidant potential.

Fish Meal Replacement by Mixed Plant Protein in the Diets for Juvenile Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco: Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status.

Increasing dietary replacement levels of fish meal by alternative plant proteins are of value for aquaculture. Here, a 10-week feeding experiment was undertaken to explore the effects of fish meal replacement by mixed plant protein (at a 2 : 3 ratio of cottonseed meal to rapeseed meal) on growth performance, oxidative and inflammatory responses, and mTOR pathway of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Yellow catfish (2.38 ± 0.1 g, mean ± SEM) were randomly divided into 15 indoors fiberglass tanks, 30 fish each tank, and fed five isonitrogenous (44% crude protein) and isolipidic (9% crude fat) diets with fish meal replaced by mixed plant protein at 0% (the control), 10% (RM10), 20% (RM20), 30% (RM30), and 40% (RM40), respectively. Among five groups, fish fed the control, and RM10 diets tended to have higher growth performance, higher protein content, and lower lipid content in livers. Dietary mixed plant protein substitute increased hepatic free gossypol content and damaged liver histology and reduced the serum total essential amino acids, total nonessential amino acids, and total amino acid contents. Yellow catfish fed the control, and RM10 diets tended to have higher antioxidant capacity. Dietary mixed plant protein replacement tended to promote proinflammatory responses and inhibited mTOR pathway. Based on the second regression analysis of SGR against mixed plant protein substitutes, the optimal replacement level of fish meal by mixed plant protein was 8.7%.