Low Carbohydrate Content Research Articles

Evaluating the Quality of Raw Chocolate as an Alternative to Commercial Products

The aim of this presented study was the sensory evaluation, the analysis of the nutritional composition, and the analysis of the content of health-promoting ingredients, i.e., the total phenolic compounds and the total flavonoids, in raw chocolate (made exclusively from unroasted cocoa beans, cane sugar, and cocoa butter) in comparison to classic commercial chocolates available in the consumer market. The research showed that raw chocolate, compared to commercial chocolates, contained less carbohydrates (39.6% in raw chocolate and 42.7% and 53.7% in commercial chocolate, respectively), was characterized by a higher content of total phenolic compounds (22.08 mg GAE/g in raw chocolate and 9.25 and 7.87 mg GAE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), had a a higher content of total flavonoids (8.75 mg ECE/g in raw chocolate and 4.43 mg/g and 3.83 mg ECE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), and also had a higher total antioxidant activity (172.16 μM TE/g in raw chocolate and 132.60 and 63.76 μM TE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively). In the sensory assessment, raw chocolate received lower ranks than commercial chocolates, especially in the case of the most important discriminant in the entire evaluation, i.e., taste, which was unquestionably related to the lower content of carbohydrates. However, currently, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of sugar, which, when excessively present in the diet, is the cause of many diseases. However, in the sensory evaluation for the criteria “external appearance—shape” and “external appearance—surface condition,” the raw chocolate received the highest marks.

STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIET THERAPY IN THE CORRECTION OF METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

Taking into account the importance of correction of metabolic parameters in PCOS, diet therapy is offered. Diet therapy is appropriate as the first stage of treatment in patients with PCOS and IR, but the optimal diet has not been determined at the moment [8].
 Purpose: to conduct an analysis of studies on the effectiveness of various types of diet therapy.
 Materials and methods. 12 articles from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed.
 Research results and their discussion. A review and analysis of a cohort study on the effects of a ketogenic diet (KD), in which 14 overweight women with a diagnosis of PCOS participated [1].The main argument for the use of KD in PCOS and IR is physiological ketosis [4], which occurs as a result of a low carbohydrate content in the diet, which in turn reduces the level of circulating insulin, and therefore the receptor for insulin-like growth factor type 1. As a result, production of androgens in both ovaries and adrenal glands is inhibited.The results of a 12-week study suggest that a ketogenic diet is appropriate for correcting metabolic disorders and obesity in PCOS and IR.The Mediterranean diet (MED) has proven to be one of the most effective diets in the treatment of metabolic and reproductive problems in women with PCOS and IR [5].The results of the research showed that both approaches to diet therapy are productive in normalizing metabolic processes. It is worth noting that the group of patients who used the MED/LC diet combination showed excellent results in the normalization of the menstrual cycle (86.7% recovered a regular menstrual cycle).Соnclusions. The advantages of KD are a good result in reducing weight and anthropometric indicators in a short period of time. The most promising in the context of PCOS and IR treatment with further introduction into the patients' lifestyle is the Mediterranean diet.

Development of fermented wheat flour using indigenous yeast lactic starter consortium

This study aimed to develop fermented wheat flour (FWF) using native yeast lactic starter consortium isolated from dahi, a popular Indian fermented dairy product. Yeast and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were isolated from samples of local household dahi to assess their milk fermentation potential. Molecular methods were used to identify the LAB isolates, while yeast isolates were identified using a carbohydrate fermentation profile. Dahi samples were prepared with LAB isolate Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, and yeast isolate Candida spherica, and their combination showed superior sensory scores. The FWF was prepared using LAB, yeast and their combination, and sensory evaluation of FWF-based soup was performed. The FWF prepared had lower moisture (6%), carbohydrate (71.14%) and calorific value (345.4 kcal) content compared to commercially available wheat flour/atta. Microbiological analysis showed the absence of coliforms, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating hygienic preparation and inhibition of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The low moisture content and acidic pH (4.4) of the FWF contributed to its storage stability. In conclusion, fermented wheat flour produced using native LAB from dahi is a costeffective, storage-stable functional food with live beneficial microorganisms, suitable for promoting gut health.

EATING DISORDER IN CHILDREN

Background:Evidence-based treatment and service design should reflect the perspectives of parents with eating disorders among their children on useful parts of care, but there is a lack of data to do so.This research aimed in assessing the effects of eating disorders that are prevailing among children in a detailed perspective. Methods:This research work involved following a cross-sectional approach of study and therefore included collecting first-hand data. This was accomplished through the conduction of the survey and data that are considered through the conduction of the survey are quantitative in nature. This would help in enhanced perception of the eating disorders that are prevailing in children. The method that would be employed for considering the size of the sample is stratified random sampling. The survey involved conducting a survey of children who falls within the age range of 10-17years of age. Results: The study included 572 children. Most of parents are concerned about the change in the eating disorder among their children (n= 420, 73.4%). Most of parents believe that eating habits can affect the rising in eating disorders (n= 486, 85%). Furthermore, parents think that reducing oily and junk food may help in minimizing eating disorders among their children (n= 456, 79.7%). Their most frequent answer was loss of appetite (n= 241, 42.1%). Figure 1 shows the distribution of parents answers. In addition, parents responded that it is minimal painful to lead a life with an excessively heavyweight (n= 228, 39.9%). They answered low-carbohydrate content food with no sugar (n= 253, 44.2%) while green vegetables came in the second place (n= 209, 36.5%) followed by fruits (n= 110, 19.2%). Conclusion:The studys findings revealed that the most common symptom reported by youngsters with eating disorders was a decrease in appetite. Parents said it hurt just somewhat to have to care for an overweight child all the time. The ideal option, according to parents, is meals with minimal carbohydrate content and no added sugar. According to parent reports, a healthy diet is the most effective weapon against childhood eating problems.

Perilla frutescens as potential antimicrobial modifier to against forage oat silage spoilage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum a214 or citric acid, on forage oat silage quality, bacterial and fungal microbiological profile during ensiling and aerobic exposure. With the exception of Perilla frutescens, all additives could improve silage quality of forage oat based on lower ammonia-nitrogen content and higher residual of water soluble carbohydrates during anaerobic fermentation compared to control silage, especially in Perilla frutescens combined with citric acid (CAPF). Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria in all silages, while CAPF group increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus lindneri and Lactobacillus brevis compared to control silage. The application of Perilla frutescens suppressed the relative abundance of yeasts such as Pichia fermentans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in response to aerobic exposure, especially in CAPF treatment, leading to high acetic acids and lower dry matter loss, as well as good aerobic stability. Therefore, Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with citric acid, has potential to improve aerobic stability of forage oat silage by shifting bacterial and fungal community composition, and can be used as new additive to prepare high-quality silage for animal production.

Experimental study on alkali catalytic gasification of oily sludge in supercritical water with a continuous reactor

Realizing the harmless resource utilization of oily sludge is urgent for petroleum industry and of great significance for environmental management. The treatment of oily sludge was investigated using supercritical water gasification (SCWG) with a continuous fluidized bed reactor. The effect of operating parameters on gasification efficiency and gas yield without catalyst was tested, and then the influences of catalyst type (K2CO3 and Na2CO3) and concentrations (1–8 wt%) were systematically studied. The results indicated that a medium mass flow ratio and low feedstock concentration were beneficial for gas production. Alkali catalyst improved carbon gasification efficiency (CE) prominently, and Na2CO3 showed better performance due to its better stability. A maximum CE of 95.87% was achieved when 5 wt% Na2CO3 was added at 650 °C, 23 MPa with 5 wt% oily sludge concentration. Besides, according to XRD patterns of solid residues, Na2CO3 was more stable than K2CO3 during SCWG. SEM-EDX results also revealed that more K was migrated into solid residues than Na. The analysis of pore structure demonstrated that alkali catalyst promoted the evolution of pore structure, resulting in higher specific surface areas and total pore volumes. Na2CO3 has a more substantial destructive effect on solid matrix, causing the matrix structure to collapse and inhibiting pore structure development. The FTIR spectra of solid products exhibited a lower content of carbohydrates and aromatic structures than the initial oily sludge. NH4–N results demonstrated that SCWG was a potential green treatment process for oily sludge. This work can not only give an insight into the reaction mechanism of alkali catalytic gasification of oily sludge, but also help to guide the optimal design of reactor and the regulation of operating parameters.

Exploration of algal biorefinery frameworks: Optimization, quantification of environmental impacts and economics

The integrated algal biorefinery (IABR) was considered as a feasible alternative to fossil fuels. After the processes of algae cultivation and pretreatment, the algae biomass with different carbohydrate/lipid contents is split into the carbohydrate process for producing fuel/chemicals and the oil process for producing fuel/energy. Four frameworks of IABR are presented: (i) Scenario 1 (SC1) is designed to produce lactic acid/biodiesel, (ii) Scenario 2 (SC2) is an extension of SC1 by increasing the production of biooil, (iii) Scenario 3 (SC3) is an extension of SC2 by adding the combined heat and power (CHP) process, and (iv) Scenario 4 (SC4) is an extension of SC3 by increasing the production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE). Through sensitivity analysis of environmental impacts and economics to assess the influences of parameters of four scenarios, it shows that (i) SC1 ensures the lower total eCO2 emission than other scenarios, (ii) SC3 with the low carbohydrate content and the low percentage of carbohydrate process could suppress eCO2 emission, (iii) SC3 with the high lipid content and the low percentage of carbohydrate process has the higher total profit than SC2 due to the extra green electricity from CHP for sale. To address an IABR with high economic potential and low environmental impact, the process optimization of SC4 under prescribed algae carbohydrate/lipid contents shows that (i) the total profit of SC4 is higher than SC3 by 81.8 % and (ii) the eCO2 emission of SC4 is lower than SC3 by 51.9 %.

Evaluating the fermentation characteristics, bacterial community, and predicted functional profiles of native grass ensiled with different additives.

Bioaugmentation of native grass ensiling with Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus buchneri or Pediococcus pentosaceus on the ensiling performance and bacterial community was investigated after 30 days of the fermentation process. The native grass was inoculated with distilled water, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Pediococcus pentosaceus as the CON treatment, T1 treatment, T2 treatment, and T3 treatment, respectively. The addition of lactic acid bacteria was added at a total of 1 × 106 colony-forming unit/g of fresh weight. As expected, the markedly (p < 0.05) lower water-soluble carbohydrate content was tested in the T2 and T3 treatments compared to the CON and T1 treatments. Compared to the CON and T1 treatment, significantly (p < 0.05) higher crude protein content, and lower acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents were found in the T2 and T3 treatments. Compared to the CON treatment, the pH significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculated silage, and the lowest pH was measured in the T3 treatment. Similarly, significantly higher lactic acid and acetic acid contents were also found in the T3 treatment compared to those in other treatments. After 30 days of ensiling, the Shannon and Chao1 indexes in silages decreased compared to that in the fresh materials (FMs). The principal coordinate analysis indicated that both FM and silage were distinctly separated in each treatment with no interactions on the confidence ellipse (R = 0.8933, p = 0.001). At the phylum level, the dominant phylum was shifted from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes after the fermentation process. Interestingly, Weissella dominated the fermentation in the CON treatment and Lactobacillus dominated the fermentation in all inoculated LAB silages at the genus level. Results of functional prediction analyses showed that the metabolism of amino acid, cofactors, and vitamins, and membrane transport was reduced, while the metabolism of nucleotide and majority carbohydrates was increased after ensiling. The complex LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Pediococcus pentosaceus) exhibited the potential possibility to decrease pH and enhance the relative abundance of LAB in response to obtaining high-quality silage by the synergistic effects. These results suggested that the complex LAB could improve the ensiling performance of native grass silage, and lay a theoretical basis for inoculant application in native grass.

Разработка рецептур каш и крупяных продуктов для диетического профилактического питания

Providing senior citizens with specialized gerontological products is one of the most important tasks of the contemporary food industry. The research objective was to develop targeted functional foods for elderly population based on the peculiarities of their metabolism.&#x0D; The new products included raw materials with a low glycemic index and a high protein content but a low fat and carbohydrate content, e.g., lentil, pea, and barley flour. Kelp powder served as a source of iodine. The content of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates was studied by infrared spectroscopy using a Spectastar 2500 analyzer. Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements were measured by classical and modern analysis methods.&#x0D; The research also included a sensory evaluation of the new cereals and cereal products. As for the basic nutrients, the protein content was 20.96–24.33 g/100 g, fat – 3.36–3.49 g/100 g, carbohydrates – 45.07–47.10 g/100 g, energy – 327–333 kcal/100 g. One portion (150 g) satisfied the recommended daily intake of proteins by 18.0%, fats – by 2.9%, carbohydrates – by 9.1%, dietary fiber – by 30.5%, and energy – by 9.13%.&#x0D; The new products had a good nutritional value and were rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and micro- and macro-elements, e.g., iodine. The new cereals and cereal products can also be used in diets for senior patients with comorbid pathology.

Effect of sulfur limitation strategies on glucose-based carbohydrate production from Chlorella sorokiniana

Sulfur (S) limitation is an effective strategy for improving carbohydrate accumulation in microalgae for biofuel production. This study illustrates three S-limitation methods in detail, namely, S-free, S-deprivation and S-starvation, while providing an investigation into their effects on the growth, biomass and glucose-based carbohydrate accumulation of Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX1230. The S-free method significantly increased the carbohydrate content in C. sorokiniana biomass up to 60.5%, with a productivity of 0.24 g L−1d−1. The S-starvation method balanced the carbohydrate content and biomass yield, resulting in the highest carbohydrate yield of 0.34 g L−1. Meanwhile, the S-deprivation method had no advantages in terms of carbohydrate yield and productivity, highlighted by the relatively lower carbohydrate content in the biomass. Carbohydrates were hydrolysed to glucose using dilute sulfuric acid, and the efficiency was positively correlated with the combined severity of the treatment. The results suggest the potential of S-limitation methods in the production of glucose from microalgae; however, the associated efficiency is dependent on the specific treatment method used.

Methods to Increase Microalgae Carbohydrates for Bioethanol Production

Compared to traditional lignocellulose biomass, microalgae contain little or no lignin. Traditionally, bioethanol production from microalgae undergoes three major steps: (i) pretreatment; (ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis into simple sugars; and (iii) sugar conversion into bioethanol by fermentation. Microalgae convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into algal biomass. Diatoms, green algae, bluegreen algae, and golden algae are four main classes of microalgae, whereas the two main species of algae are filamentous and phytoplankton algae. Microalgae convert solar energy efficiently, producing an enormous number of various metabolites. Many studies have been conducted to convert microalgae into various biofuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biogas. However, compared to biodiesel, bioethanol production from algae throughfermentation consumes less energy with its simplified process. Considering these advantages, a number of potential applications for microalgae have been proposed and developed. Despite the promising of bioethanol from microalgae, it still has a number of obstacles, such as the low fermentable carbohydrate content of microalgae. This article intends to discuss the methods to increase microalgae carbohydrates thoroughly. To solve this problem, several nutritional starvations/limitations, like nitrogen and phosphorous starvation, are currently being considered in this paper.

Tannin tolerance lactic acid bacteria screening and their effects on fermentation quality of stylo and soybean silages.

Some excellent legume forages are difficult to ensile naturally due to their high buffering capacity and low water-soluble carbohydrate content. This may cause serious problems like proteolysis. In the present study, strains of lactic acid bacteria with high acid productivity and high tannin tolerance were screened from different silages and combined with tannic acid (TA) as an addition to ensiling. The screened strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), with four of these strains then selected for their high tannin tolerance. Stylosanthes guianensis and whole-plant soybean (WPS) were ensiled with 1 and 2% (fresh matter basis) TA, four LP strains alone (6 log10 colony forming units per gram of fresh matter), or TA combined with LP strains. Fermentation parameters and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics were analyzed after 30 days of fermentation. The results showed that TA + LP can be used to reduce pH values (P < 0.01), non-protein nitrogen (P < 0.01), and ammonia-nitrogen (P < 0.01). The in vitro crude protein digestibility of WPS silage was also decreased with the addition of TA + LP (P < 0.01). These results indicate that the addition of TA combined with tannin tolerance LP strains may improve the fermentation quality of legume silage, especially for reducing proteolysis.

아열대 기후 변화에 따른 인디언시금치 생면의 최적제조에 관한 연구

The aim of this study is to add Indian spinach, a subtropical vegetable, in making pasta in order to enhance its quality and sensual properties. The pH of the pasta increased as the amount of Indian spinach increased, and slightly decreased as the amount of bread flour increased, according to measurements of pH and chromaticity in the chemical properties of pasta. The ratio of Indian spinach pasta was 50.42 grams of Indian spinach to 249.99 grams of bread flour in predicting the ideal numerical point that satisfies the preference maximum. The predicted response value for this mixing ratio, which is 7 as a max, was 4.53 for sweetness, 6.07 for color, and 3.12 for bitterness. In comparison to the control group, fresh pasta had a higher level of Indian spinach's antioxidant activity. Indian spinach pasta had higher moisture and ash levels and lower levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates and calories than the control group, indicating low fat, low carbohydrate, and low calorie content, according to the general ingredient analysis of the pasta. The purpose of this research is to reevaluate Indian spinach, which is cultivated in Korea but eaten in salads only for now. This study may help create fresh, functional pasta and raise raise public awareness of domestic subtropical vegetable food culture and health, as well as help increase income for Indian spinach growers.

Sea Slug Mucus Production Is Supported by Photosynthesis of Stolen Chloroplasts.

Simple SummaryKleptoplasty is the capacity of a non-photosynthetic organism to acquire and maintain structurally intact chloroplasts from its algal food source(s), thereafter termed kleptoplasts. In animals, the capacity for long-term (several weeks to months) maintenance of photosynthetic active kleptoplasts is a unique characteristic in a handful of sea slugs, mostly within the genus Elysia. In this study, we investigated the role of kleptoplast photosynthesis on mucus production by the tropical sea slug Elysia crispata. Mucus secretion is paramount for mollusks, playing a role in locomotion, feeding, reproduction and protection. Limiting photosynthesis by rearing animals under reduced light led to lower mucus production and lower carbohydrate concentrations in the secreted mucus. This study indicates that production of mucus by kleptoplast-bearing sea slugs is supported by photosynthesis, confirming the biological relevance of kleptoplasty to the fitness of these peculiar mollusks.A handful of sea slugs of the order Sacoglossa are able to steal chloroplasts—kleptoplasts—from their algal food sources and maintain them functionally for periods ranging from several weeks to a few months. In this study, we investigated the role of kleptoplast photosynthesis on mucus production by the tropical sea slug Elysia crispata. Animals reared for 5 weeks in quasi dark (5 μmol photons m−2 s−1) showed similar growth to those under regular light (60–90 μmol photons m−2 s−1), showing that kleptoplast photosynthesis was not relevant for growth when sea slugs were fed ad libitum. However, when subjected to short-term desiccation stress, animals reared under regular light produced significantly more mucus. Furthermore, the carbohydrate content of secreted mucus was significantly lower in slugs limited in the photosynthetic activity of their kleptoplasts by quasi-dark conditions. This study indicates that photosynthesis supports the synthesis of protective mucus in kleptoplast-bearing sea slugs.

Ketogenic Diet: A Promising Neuroprotective Composition for Managing Alzheimer's Diseases and its Pathological Mechanisms.

Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to influence the specific energy metabolism and restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis that can help in hindering the progression of many metabolic diseases, including diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. A ketogenic diet consists of high fat and low carbohydrate contents, which makes the body glucose deprived and rely on alternative sources (ketone bodies) for energy. It has been initially designed and supplemented for the treatment of epilepsy, and, later, its influence on many energyderiving biochemical pathways made it a highly sorted food supplement for many metabolic diseases and even for bodybuilding and calorie restriction in healthy individuals. Among the reported therapeutic action over a range of diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease, gained the attention of many researchers and clinicians because of the higher benefits of the ketogenic diet on this disease. Complex pathology and multiple influencing factors of Alzheimer's disease make exploration of its therapeutic strategies a demanding task. It was a common phenomenon that energy deprivation in neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, progress rapidly. The ability of ketone bodies to stabilize the mitochondrial energy metabolism makes it a suitable intervening agent. In this review, we will discuss various research progress made with regards to ketone bodies/ketogenic diet for the management of Alzheimer's disease and elaborate in detail about the mechanisms that are influenced during their therapeutic action.

Effect of Amomum villosum essential oil as an additive on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and bacterial community of paper mulberry silage.

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L., PM) is being used as a new type of animal protein feed to address the feed crisis. To investigate the effect of additives on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and bacterial community of PM silage (at room temperature, 25°), paper mulberry was fermented with formic acid (FA), Amomum villosum essential oil (AVEO) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant treatments. The results showed that fresh PM had a low water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content and large amounts of unclassified bacteria. Compared with the CK and LAB treatments, the FA and AVEO treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the pH and increased the lactic acid content of PM silage after 60 days of ensiling. In the AVEO-treated silages the abundance of Lactococcus in the early stage of ensiling increased by 14.09%, the abundances of Levilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus in the late stage of ensiling increased by 58.34 and 91.12%, respectively, and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas decreased by 94.71%, resulting in improved PM silage quality. These results confirmed that AVEO could potentially be developed as a new additive for improving the fermentation quality of silage.

Formulation of a Biologically-leavened Composite Cracker with Functional Properties

ABSTRACT Rice-based crackers with functional properties were formulated according to Taguchi’s L8 design using four variables; flour composite (a0 = rice: wheat flour in 50:50 ratio, a1 = rice: wheat: corn: green gram flour in 50:40:5:5 ratio), dehydrated Moringa oleifera leaves powder (DML) (b0 = 0%, b1 = 1%), dehydrated Spirulina powder (DSP) (c0 = 0%, c1 = 1%), and Syzygium cumini bark decoction (SCBD) (d0 = 0%, d1 = 15%). Of the eight treatment combinations, crackers comprising the treatment of a1b0c0d1 (rice: wheat: corn: green gram flour in 50:40:5:5 ratio, 0% DML, 0% DSP, 15% SCBD) was selected as the most preferred sample with an acceptable sensory profile. Further studies with the crackers from the same treatment combination (a1b0c0d1) demonstrated a significantly high protein and mineral content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity along with a significantly low carbohydrate content compared to crackers prepared with 50:50 ratio of rice and wheat flour (a0b0c0d0).

Human Health Benefits through Daily Consumption of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Tubers

“Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”, is one of the most famous phrases attributed to Hippocrates, the father of medicine. Scientific research on superfoods has increased in the last six years. These foods have nutritional and pharmacological properties, such that they can help to fight against diseases and poor nutritional status. Helianthus tuberosus L., or Jerusalem artichoke, appears to be a superfood that provides benefits to human health at the level of the digestive, gastrointestinal, and dermatological systems, being fit for patients with diabetes mellitus due to its high content of inulin and use in an optimal hypocaloric diet due to its low carbohydrate content. In fact, 5 to 15 g per day is beneficial, with evidence of a prebiotic effect. Unfortunately, its consumption and cultivation are not well known worldwide. For this reason, the present review describes the benefits of H. tuberosus in human health to promote knowledge about its nutritional benefits.

Proximal and fatty acid analysis in Ostrea chilensis, Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus chilensis (Bivalvia: Mollusca) from southern Chile.

Oysters and blue mussels are important hydrobiological resources for aquaculture. In Chile, they are farming on the Chiloé island, where around 18% of the world's mussels are produced, however, their nutritional dynamics are largely unknown. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the proximal biochemical composition and the fatty acid profile in the Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis), the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Chilean mussel (Mytilus chilensis), to perform an intra and interspecific comparison. Shellfish sampled in winter were characterized by a high protein content, followed by medium values for lipid content and a low carbohydrate content compared to similar species in Europe. Also, oysters and mussels were found to be rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), so they can be considered excellent functional food option for a healthy human diet. Their high contribution of n-3 LC-PUFA ranged between 5.2-12.9 μg FA mg-1 dry weight with high n-3/n-6 ratios, which depends on both the species and the on-growing location. Both taxa can be considered a plausible option to promote a healthy diet of marine origin in future generations. Also, these results could benefit the projection and development of aquaculture of these mollusks.

An innovative strategy to enhance the ensiling quality and methane production of excessively wilted wheat straw: Using acetic acid or hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacterial community as additives

Ensiling is an effective storage strategy for agricultural biomass, especially for energy crops (mainly energy grasses and maize). However, the ensiling of excessively wilted crop straw is limited due to material characteristics, such as a high lignocellulosic content and low water-soluble carbohydrate and moisture contents. In this study, acetic acid or hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacterial community (hetero-fermentative LAB) were employed as silage additives to improve the ensiling process of excessively wilted wheat straw (EWS). The results showed that the additives inhibited the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12, whose abundances decreased from 55.8% to 0.03–0.2%, respectively. The growth of Lactobacillus was accelerated, and the abundances increased from 1.3% to 80.1–98.4% during the ensiling process. Lactic acid fermentation was the dominant metabolic pathway in the no additive treatment. The additives increased acetic acid fermentation and preserved the hemicellulose and cellulose contents, increasing the methane yield by 17.7–23.9%. This study shows that ensiling with acetic acid or hetero-fermentative LAB is an effective preservation and storage strategy for efficient methane production from EWS.