Low Consumption Of Dairy Products Research Articles

Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India.

The dietary patterns and quality of diets of women of reproductive age (WRA) significantly affect their health and that of their children. The suboptimal diet among women can lead to issues such as intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, and malnutrition. To examine the dietary patterns and nutrient intake of WRA in the indigenous communities of the Attappady tribal block in Kerala, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 20 randomly selected villages in 2022. The study involved 24 h dietary recall surveys, anthropometric measurements, and estimation of hemoglobin concentration to assess nutrient intake and nutritional status. A total of 446 women aged 15-49 from 423 households participated, with 92 households included in the diet survey. The findings indicated that the diet was primarily based on cereals and root-based starchy staples, with low consumption of dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. The estimated intakes of major nutrients, except for protein, were lower than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Nearly 50% of the WRA were malnourished. About 32% of non-pregnant and non-lactating (NPNL) women and 40% of lactating mothers suffered from chronic energy deficiency (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). Conversely, 13.4% of NPNL women and 15% of lactating mothers were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). A total of 12.5% of adolescent girls aged 15-19 were thin (BAZ < -2 SD), and 10.5% were overweight or obese (BAZ > +1 SD). Since the co-existence of micronutrient deficiencies and undernutrition is rooted in the socio-cultural aspects of indigenous tribes, a culturally sensitive nutrition intervention model would be appropriate for the better health and wellbeing of women in the community.

Calcium- and Sodium-Rich Food Intake among Koreans with and without Metabolic Syndrome: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing. While calcium and sodium are known nutritional factors used for managing MetS, few studies have focused on food-based analyses. This cross-sectional study examined the distribution of calcium- and sodium-rich food intake among Koreans with MetS. This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 130,423 participants from the Health Examinees-Gem cohort study. Foods contributing up to 90% of the calcium and sodium intake were selected from the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and consumption levels were calculated. MetS was defined as satisfying three or more criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The results are presented as odds ratios (OR) with an interquartile range (ORIQR) and 95% confidence interval. Participants with MetS showed a low calcium intake (ORIQR = 0.95 and 0.92 for men and women, respectively), low consumption of dairy products (ORIQR = 0.92 and 0.89), beverages except for coffee or green tea (ORIQR = 0.97 and 0.96), and bread (ORIQR = 0.96 and 0.94). Men with MetS consumed high total sodium (ORIQR = 1.04), and large amounts of Kimchi (ORIQR = 1.03), fermented paste (ORIQR = 1.04), and noodles (ORIQR = 1.07). Women with MetS consumed more Kimchi than those without MetS (ORIQR = 1.04). The odds ratio for the low calcium and high sodium group compared to the high calcium and low sodium group was 1.26. The MetS group consumed less calcium-rich foods and more sodium-rich foods than those without MetS. Patients with MetS might benefit from precise recommendations of high calcium-rich and low sodium-rich foods.

Оцінка режиму та раціону харчування учнів 10-16 років закладів загальної середньої освіти

The purpose of the study was to assess the regimen and diet of students aged 10-16 years of general secondary education institutions. Materials and methods. A survey was conducted with a specially designed questionnaire «Questionnaire for assessing the nutritional status of schoolchildren». The study was conducted among 453 teenagers aged 10-16 years of two institutions of general secondary education in the city of Sumy, Ukraine in 2021. The teenagers' parents gave informed consent to the study. The obtained data were subject to mathematical and statistical processing using the «STATISTICA 6.0» application. Results and discussion. The main basis for strengthening the health of young students is the creation of a health-saving educational environment. It should influence the formation of food choices in children and adolescents. A reasonable choice of food products is fixed in the food habit. Eating habits shape the health of the adult population in the future. As a result of the analysis of the results of the study, a satisfactory diet was established in 74.71% of students with a frequency of meals 3-5 times a day. “Snacks” with easily digestible carbohydrate dishes (48.12%) and “junk food” (8.36%) violate the diet. The students’ diet is unbalanced due to low consumption of dairy products and increased consumption of sugar (64.60%), as well as eating fast food (24.13%). The obtained results provide grounds for a detailed consideration of the diet of food products mainly consumed by schoolchildren: 70.8% daily consume meat and fish dishes; 50.34% consume potato dishes 2-3 times a day; 39.54% eat pasta and spaghetti 2-3 times a week; 39.31% 2-3 times a week consume cereals in the form of buckwheat, rice, millet; 36.71% consume hard or soft cottage cheese; 56.55% drink milk, however, not every day; 82.99% consume fruit or juice every day. The sources of students' knowledge about the rules of healthy eating (schools – 25.95%, parents – 24.55%) and obstacles to the observance of the rules of healthy eating (laziness – 20.54%, lack of free time – 13.39%) were identified. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the studies conducted with the data of modern studies of the regimen, diet, awareness and sources of knowledge about healthy nutrition among students of general educational institutions indicates the need to continue searching for ways to improve the effectiveness of nutrition education programs in the context of modern trends. Prospects for further research are to assess the regimen and diet of students aged 10-16 years depending on their nutritional status and to develop measures to optimize health-saving technologies in the direction of teaching balanced nutrition in educational institutions

Avaliação da frequência alimentar, perfil nutricional e antropométrico de adolescentes

To evaluate food frequency and verify the association with nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected, as well as a three-day food record to identify food frequency, whether or not breakfast was served and the average consumption of dairy products and ultra-processed foods. Sixty-three adolescents aged 14 to 16 years, mostly females (61.9%), participated in the study. In none of the associations it was possible to identify significant differences, however it was observed: consumption of ≥4 meals a day present in 60.3% of the adolescents, being linked to overweight; low consumption of dairy products in both genders and high consumption of ultra-processed foods among younger people. The breakfast variable did not establish an association with the nutritional status of the sample. There was no relation found between food frequency and the nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents. However, further studies should be encouraged.

Maternal dietary diversity during lactation and associated factors in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India.

Dietary adequacy and diversity during the lactation period are necessary to ensure good health and nutrition among women and children. Behavioral interventions pertaining to health and nutrition counselling during pregnancy and lactation are critical for awareness about dietary diversity. The issue assumes salience for marginalized communities because of the Covid-19 pandemic and associated economic and societal disruptions. This paper assesses the dietary patterns among 400 lactating mothers in the tribal-dominated district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India in 2020. The study is based on primary data regarding consumption of 10 food groups among women across 10 food groups based on 24-hour recall period. The primary outcome variable was binary information regarding Minimum Dietary Diversity defined as consumption from at least 5 food groups. Econometric analysis based on multilevel models and item-response theory is applied to identify food groups that were most difficult to be received by mothers during the early and late lactation period. We find that the daily diet of lactating mothers in Palghar primarily consists of grains, white roots, tubers, and pulses. In contrast, the intake of dairy, eggs, and non-vegetarian food items is much lower. Only Half of the lactating women (56.5 percent; 95% CI: 37.4; 73.8) have a minimum diversified diet (MDD). The prevalence of lactating women with MDD was higher among households with higher income (73.1 percent; 95% CI: 45.2; 89.9) than those in lower income group (50.7 percent; 95% CI: 42.3; 58.9). Lactating Women (in early phase) who received health and nutrition counseling services are more likely (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 0.90; 6.26) to consume a diversified diet. Food groups such as fruits, meat, poultry, fish, nuts, and seeds were among the rare food items in daily diet. The dietary pattern lacking in fruits, nuts, and heme (iron) sources indicates more significant risks of micronutrient deficiencies. The findings call for improving dietary diversity among lactating mothers, particularly from the marginalized communities, and are driven by low consumption of dairy products or various fruits and vegetables. Among the different food items, the consumption of micronutrient-rich seeds and nuts is most difficult to be accessed by lactating mothers. Also, diet-centric counseling and informing lactating mothers of its benefits are necessary to increase dietary diversity for improving maternal and child nutrition.

Food habits in overweight and obese adolescent girls with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a qualitative study in Iran

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age. It seems that over the recent years, PCOS has augmented in adolescent girls due to unhealthy food habits and obesity. So, the present study was conducted to explore the food habits in overweight and obese adolescent girls with PCOS.MethodsIn the present qualitative study, 33 participants were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field notes. These data were analyzed through the use of conventional qualitative content analysis.ResultsThree main categories were extracted: First, the high consumption of unhealthy food had three sub-categories: “high consumption of fatty and salty foods”, “high consumption of unhealthy snacks”, and “high consumption of sugar-rich foods”. Second, low consumption of healthy food had three sub-categories: “low consumption of dairy products”, “low consumption of fiber-rich foods”, and “low consumption of meat, beans, fish and seafood” Third, inappropriate behavioral habits had three sub-categories: “lack of concentration and consumption of large meals”, “inappropriate dietary and physical activity patterns”, and “skipping the meals and going on arbitrary diets”.ConclusionThis research through presenting an image of food habits in overweight and obese adolescent girls with PCOS is able to help for designing the necessary interventions to change the food habits, control the symptoms and complications of PCOS, and finally, improve the reproductive health of these girls.

0411 Association Between Healthy Dietary Patterns and Self-Reported Sleep Disturbances in Older Men

Abstract Introduction Ageing is often accompanied by an increased prevalence of sleep problems. Healthy lifestyle choices, including diet, are especially important to mitigate such impairments. To date, little is known about how dietary patterns may link to measures of sleep quality in older subjects. Therefore, we investigated in a Swedish older male population, whether adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) or the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI; based on recommendations from the World Health Organization) is linked to a decrease in sleep disturbances. Methods We studied 970 men (age: 71 ± 1yr) from the ULSAM dataset. Sleep initiation or maintenance problems were evaluated by self-reporting questionnaires. Dietary intake was recorded with a pre-coded seven-day food diary. To calculate the adherence scores, intake of dietary components was assessed. Traditional MD components included fat quality, vegetables, fruits, cereals, fish, meat, dairy, and alcohol. The HDI components included saturated-, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, sucrose, fiber, fruits and vegetables, cholesterol, and fish. Reasonable dietary reporting was calculated to identify possible under- or over-reporters. Results When adjusted for potential confounders, no associations between dietary scores and sleep parameters were found. In contrast, low consumption of dairy products —one of the dietary features of the MD —was associated with better subjective sleep initiation. This association was, however, not found in men with adequate reports of daily energy intake (~54% of the cohort). Conclusion Our findings do not suggest that older men can mitigate perceived sleep problems by adhering to the MD or HDI. Whether low consumption of dairy products can facilitate sleep initiation must be confirmed in future studies by utilizing objective measures of sleep, such as polysomnography. Finally, when investigating associations between dietary patterns and sleep, particular attention should be paid to the potential confounder of inadequate reporting of energy intake. Support This research was funded by Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14OC0009349), Swedish Brain Foundation, Swedish Research Council (2015-03100), Åke Wiberg Foundation (M17-0088), Fredrik and Ingrid Thuring Foundation (2017-00313) and the Swedish Medical Research Society.

High body fat percentage and low consumption of dairy products were associated with vitamin D inadequacy among older women in Malaysia.

BackgroundSerum vitamin D insufficiency is a public health issue, especially among older women. Sun exposure is fundamental in the production of vitamin D, but older women have less optimal sun exposure. Therefore, factors such as body composition and diet become more essential in sustaining sufficient serum levels of vitamin D. The objective of the current study is to determine factors contributing towards serum vitamin D insufficiency among 214 older women.MethodsThe respondents had their body weight, height, waist circumference and body fat percentage measured, as well as interviewed for their socio-demographic characteristics, sun exposure and dietary intake. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the respondents to measure their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration.ResultsThere were 82.7% (95% CI: 77.6%, 87.8%) of the respondents that had serum vitamin D insufficiency (< 50 nmol/L) with an average of 37.4 ± 14.3nmol/L. In stepwise multiple linear regression, high percentage of body fat (ß = -0.211, p <0.01) and low consumption of milk and dairy products (ß = 0.135, p <0.05) were the main contributors towards insufficient serum vitamin D levels, but not socio-demographic characteristics, other anthropometric indices, sun exposure and diet quality.ConclusionOlder women with high body fat percentage and low dairy product consumption were more likely to have serum vitamin D insufficiency. Older women should ensure their body fat percentage is within a healthy range and consume more milk and dairy products in preventing serum vitamin D insufficiency.

Gluten-free diet in French adults without coeliac disease: sociodemographic characteristics, motives and dietary profile.

The number of people avoiding gluten is growing in many Western countries. However, little information is available on their sociodemographic and dietary profiles. We aimed to describe sociodemographic, behavioural and dietary profiles of participants avoiding gluten in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Participants of the NutriNet-Santé cohort - excluding coeliac patients - who completed a questionnaire about food exclusions, with complete data on sociodemographic characteristics and dietary intake were included (n 20 456). Food group consumptions and nutrient intakes according to self-reported avoidance of gluten were estimated using ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex and daily energy intake. Based on principal component analysis, three dietary patterns (DP) were identified. Association between DP and avoidance of gluten was investigated using multivariate logistic regression. All data were weighted on the French census. A total of 10·31 (95 % CI 9·90, 10·73) % of the participants declared avoiding gluten, of which 1·65 % totally. They were more likely to be women, older persons, non-smokers, to have a lower educational level and declared more food intolerances. They had higher consumption of fruit, vegetables and lower consumption of dairy products, salty/sweet and fatty foods and alcohol. After adjustments on confounders, a healthy dietary pattern was positively associated with total gluten avoidance (ORQuintile5vsQuintile1 = 14·44, 95 % CI 8·62, 24·19). Our study highlighted that, in this population, individuals who avoid gluten from their diet tend to have a diet more favourable to health. These results can serve as a basis for future studies investigating the potential consequences of a gluten-free diet in non-coeliac population.

Diet, Lung Function, and Asthma Exacerbations in Puerto Rican Children.

Changes in dietary patterns may partly explain the epidemic of asthma in industrialized countries. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and lung function and asthma exacerbations in Puerto Rican children. This is a case-control study of 678 Puerto Rican children (ages 6-14 years) in San Juan (Puerto Rico). All participants completed a respiratory health questionnaire and a 75-item food frequency questionnaire. Food items were aggregated into 7 groups: fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, dairy, fats, and sweets. Logistic regression was used to evaluate consumption frequency of each group and asthma. Based on the results, a dietary score was created [range from -2 (unhealthy diet: high consumption of dairy and sweets, low consumption of vegetables and grains) to 2 (healthy diet: high consumption of vegetables and grains and low consumption of dairy and sweet)]. Multivariable linear or logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between dietary score and lung function or asthma exacerbations. After adjustment for covariates, a healthier diet (each 1-point increment in dietary score) was associated with significantly higher %predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and %predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) in control subjects. Dietary pattern alone was not associated with asthma exacerbations, but children with an unhealthy diet and vitamin D insufficiency (plasma 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL) had higher odds of ≥1 severe asthma exacerbation [odds ratio (OR) = 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-7.5] or ≥1 hospitalization due to asthma (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.6-9.8, OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.5-7.5) than children who ate a healthy diet and were vitamin D sufficient. A healthy diet, with frequent consumption of vegetables and grains and low consumption of dairy products and sweets, was associated with higher lung function (as measured by FEV1 and FVC). Vitamin D insufficiency, together with an unhealthy diet, may have detrimental effects on asthma exacerbations in children.

Investigation and analysis of osteoporosis, falls, and fragility fractures in elderly people in the Beijing area: a study on the bone health status of elderly people ≥ 80years old with life self-care.

The purpose of this study is to investigate prevalence of osteoporosis, falls, and fragility fractures in this population, and analyze related factors, in order to provide a basis for standardized prevention and treatment. From August 2015 to August 2016 in Beijing City, a total of 175 elderly individuals, who were ≥ 80years old and had good self-care ability, were included into this study. The questionnaire, risk of falls, grip force, and walking speed were measured, and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and chair-rising test (CRT) were performed. Compared to women, men have higher rates of smoking, drinking, drinking strong tea, longer outdoor activity time, as well as larger muscle strength and pace, and lower consumption of dairy products, fall risk assessment scale (FRA) score, 25OHD, administration rates of calcium and anti-osteoporosis drugs (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with men, women had higher bone turnover markers (P1NP, β-CTx, and OC) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and lower levels of sex hormones (E2, T) (P < 0.01). The overall prevalence of osteoporosis was 24.6%, and this was significantly higher in women than in men (52.5 vs. 9.6%, P < 0.01). Among these subjects, 62.9% had a history of fall after 80years old, and this rate was higher in women than in men (77 vs. 55.3%, P < 0.01). The overall prevalence of fragility fractures was 25.1%, which was higher in women than in men (45.9 vs. 14.0%, P < 0.01). Risk factors included falls after age 80, high FRA score, and reduction in bone density of lumbar vertebrae 1-4, and odds ratio (OR) was 12.195, 1.339, and 0.076, respectively (P < 0.01). Anti-osteoporosis therapy was only performed on a small number of patients with fractures. The prevalences of falls, prior fracture, and low BMD were high among ≥ 80years old and under life self-care in the Beijing area. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to assessment and treatment should be promoted.

Dietary Approaches for Stroke Prevention.

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability. The consequences of stroke are often devastating and irreversible. Many stroke survivors experience mental and physical impairment and require assistance with daily life activities. Prevention of stroke through modifiable risk factors, such as diet, is, therefore, crucial to public health. Diet may influence stroke development through multiple pathways and mechanisms, including effects on blood pressure, blood lipids, thrombosis and coagulation, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, endothelial function, glucose and insulin homeostasis, gut microbiome, and body weight. This review summarizes available data from prospective studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the associations of dietary patterns, foods, beverages, selected nutrients, and bioactive compounds with stroke risk. The DASH diets (Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) are the most well-studied dietary patterns. The traditional Mediterranean diet is characterized by high amounts of olive oil, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and cereals; moderate amounts of fish and poultry; low consumption of dairy products, red and processed meats, and sweets; and wine in moderation.1 Such diet is high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, phenolics, and unsaturated fatty acids and low in sodium and saturated and trans fatty acids. Results from a meta-analysis of 13 observational studies and 1 RCT showed that a high adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet pattern was associated with a ≈30% reduced risk of stroke (relative risk [RR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58–0.79).2 The meta-analysis included results from the PREDIMED trial (Prevencion con Dieta Mediterranea), which was the first large RCT to examine whether cardiovascular disease events could be reduced by a Mediterranean diet.1 In the PREDIMED trial, 7447 Spanish adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extravirgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts …

Prevalence of lifestyle practices that might affect bone health in relation to vitamin D status among female Saudi adolescents.

Prevention of osteoporosis begins in childhood and adolescence, as most bone mass is accumulated during the first 2decades of life, with 90% to 95% of an adult's bone mineral content being achieved by the end of adolescence. Therefore, targeting modifiable behaviors among adolescents has an important effect on attaining adequate peak bone mass and minimizing risks for future fractures. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of behaviors affecting bone health and vitamin D status and to identify factors associated with vitamin D deficiency among female Saudi adolescents. Several modifiable risk factors that influence bone health include low consumption of dairy products, physical inactivity, insufficient sun exposure, smoking, excessive consumption of soft drinks and caffeine, and vitamin D deficiency. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in secondary schools in Jeddah City with 421 randomly selected female adolescents. A predesigned questionnaire was used for data collection, and blood samples were collected to measure levels of vitamin D. A χ2 test and correlation coefficient were used to identify the association between vitamin D and the independent variables. Mean (SD) age was 17.2y (+1.2y). Mean vitamin D level was 46nmol/L (+24.6nmol/L), ranging from 10.8 to 150.8nmol/L. The adolescents reported low consumption of dairy products, low prevalence of sun exposure, and low physical inactivity. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 67.5%, and insufficiency was 21%. There were no significant associations between vitamin D status and sociodemographic characteristics; coffee and tea intake; anthropometric measurements; and calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation. Intake of dairy products was significantly positively correlated with vitamin D levels. This study indicated that female Saudi adolescents are at significant risk for developing osteoporosis on the basis of the prevalence of risky behaviors, including low consumption of dairy products, high consumption of soft drinks, deficiency in physical exercise, low sun exposure, and high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency.

Asociación entre hábitos alimentarios e índice de masa corporal normal en soldados chilenos

Introducción: Se han evaluado los hábitos alimentarios de diversos grupos etarios y oficios, sin embargo, hay poca información de hábitos alimentarios en soldados. El objetivo del presente estudio es asociar hábitos alimentarios con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) normal en soldados chilenos del Regimiento Buín, Chile.Material y Métodos: Se evaluó a 412 soldados, a cada uno se le aplicó una encuesta alimentaria y una evaluación antropométrica para determinar IMC. Se consideró IMC normal cuando éste se encontraba entre 18,5 a 24,9kg/m2, IMC de sobrepeso 25,0-29,9kg/m2, e IMC de obesidad ≥30,0kg/m2, en cumplimiento a las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.Resultados: El 41,2% de los soldados presenta IMC normal, el 43,1% presenta sobrepeso y un 15,7% se encuentra con obesidad. Sólo el 5% cumple las recomendaciones chilenas de lácteos y frutas, en cambio casi un 40% de ellos consume &lt;1 porción diaria de estos alimentos, un 60% consume ≤1 porción de leguminosas a la semana y un 50% consume 2 o más porciones diarias de bebidas azucaradas. Se presenta una asociación positiva de tener un IMC&lt;25 (IMC normal) con el consumo de lácteos (&gt;1vez/día) (OR:0,41; IC95%:0,19-0,88), leguminosas (&gt;1vez/semana) (OR:0,29; IC95%:0,14-0,60).Conclusiones: Se observa un bajo consumo de lácteos, frutas, verduras y leguminosas, y un elevado consumo de bebidas azucaradas. Además, la ingesta de lácteos y leguminosas está asociada a IMC normal.

Frequency of viral infections and environmental factors in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complicated disease which occurs due to relationship between genes and environmental factors that causes tissue damage by autoimmune mechanisms.We investigated and illustrated the hypotheses correlated to the evidence of several putative environmental risk factors for MS onset and progression in this part of Iran. Univariate logistic regression was used to detect the effects of environmental factors on the risk of MS. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. The childhood history of patients with rubella, measles and chickenpox increased the risk of MS significantly. Moreover, low consumption of dairy products, avoidance of seafood consumption, cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke, stress, anxiety disorders, depress and disturbing thoughts, negative and disturbing thoughts, developing a sudden shock upon hearing bad news, having obsessive-compulsive and being depressed increased the risk of MS significantly. The results of the current research partially solved the puzzling question of complex interplay between environmental factors and MS disease in this part of Iran. Incorporating these factors enables more powerful and accurate detection of novel risk factors with diagnostic and prognostic methods.

Abstract MP61: Dairy Products Such as Milk are Associated with a Lower Risk of Hypertension in Singapore Chinese

Introductions: Dairy products are rich sources of calcium. Epidemiologic evidence from Western populations suggests that intake of dairy products and calcium may reduce risk of hypertension. However, there are few reports from Asian populations which generally have lower consumption of dairy products and calcium than their Western counterparts. Hypothesis: The association between intake of calcium and dairy products and risk of developing hypertension was evaluated in a prospective cohort study. Methods: This study was based on the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,257 Chinese men and women aged 45-74 years at enrolment in 1993-1998 living in Singapore. The analysis included 37,124 participants who had no history of cancer, physician-diagnosed hypertension, and cardiovascular disease at recruitment. Diet at baseline was assessed using a validated 165-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The incident hypertension was defined as physician-diagnosed hypertension that the study subject reported during two follow-up interviews during 1999-2004 and 2006-2010, respectively. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident hypertension associated with intake of calcium and dairy products with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: During 354,226 person-years of follow-up, we identified 13,148 new cases of hypertension. Milk accounted for about 80% of all dairy products consumed in this population. Among all study subjects, 67% (n=24,832) hardly drank milk, 9% (n=3,236) drank at least monthly, 9% (n=3,394) drank at least weekly, and 15% (n=5,662) drank daily. Non-dairy calcium intake contributed up to 76% of total calcium intake. Compared to non-drinkers, those who drank milk daily had a statistically significant 7% lower risk of hypertension (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89-0.98, P -trend=0.005) after controlling for other potential lifestyle and diet risk factors and supplement usage. The intake of all dairy food was inversely associated with risk of hypertension in a dose-dependent manner: the HR (95% CI) for the second, third, and fourth quartile was 0.96 (0.92-1.02), 0.98 (0.93-1.03) and 0.93 (0.88-0.98), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile ( P -trend=0.005). While total calcium intake was inversely associated with hypertension risk (HR comparing extreme quartiles 0.93; 95% CI 0.88-0.98; P -trend=0.002) there was a null association between non-dairy calcium intake and hypertension risk (HR comparing extreme quartiles 1.00; 95% CI 0.92-1.08; P -trend=0.89). Conclusions: Consumption of milk and other dairy products may offer beneficial effect on reducing risk of hypertension in Chinese population. This beneficial effect might be independent of calcium in the dairy food.

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Introduction: Indigenous communities present higher risk of food insecurity and malnutrition, lower availability of resources and growing dependence on cheaper food but with high degree of processing. Objective: To identify the nutritional state and food aspects in indigenous women from three communities of Presidente Hayes Department, Paraguayan Chaco. Methodology: Cross-sectional observational study with analytical component including 81 women who were 15 to 44 years old from the Maka and Toba Qom ethnic groups. After giving their informed consent, the nutritional assessment and the interview to collect socio-demographic and food data were carried out. Results: The indigenous women presented an overweight frequency of 30.8 % and obesity of 21.0%, while malnutrition was observed in 1.2%. No significant differences were found between ethnic groups in relation to overweight and obesity (p>0.05). High ingestion of fruits, sugar and honey was observed and 87% and 88% of the indigenous women from both ethnic groups referred that they did not consume dairy products and derivatives and 65% and 69% referred that they did not consume vegetables. Conclusions: High percentages of obesity and overweight were observed. Low consumption of dairy products, its by products and vegetables and a high consumption of sugar were observed, related probably to changes in food aspects and the habits of these groups, influenced by the proximity to urban areas and the access to low prices food with high energetic content.

Diet, interleukin-17, and childhood asthma in Puerto Ricans

BackgroundDietary patterns might influence the pathogenesis of asthma in Puerto Ricans, the ethnic group most affected by this disease in the United States. ObjectiveTo examine the association among diet, T-helper cell type 17 cytokines, and asthma in Puerto Rican children. MethodsAs part of a case–control study of 678 Puerto Rican children 6 to 14 years old in San Juan, participants completed a 75-item questionnaire on the child's food consumption in the prior week. Foods were aggregated into 7 groups: fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, dairy, fats, and sweets. Logistic regression was used to evaluate consumption frequency of each group, plasma T-helper cell type 17 cytokine levels, and asthma. Based on this analysis, a food score (range −2 [unhealthy diet: high consumption of dairy products and sweets, low consumption of vegetables and grains] to +2 [healthy diet: high consumption of grains and vegetables, low consumption of dairy and sweets]) was created to identify dietary patterns. ResultsHigh consumption of grains was associated with lower odds of asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33–0.82), whereas frequent consumption of dairy products (aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.32–2.84) or sweets (aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.08–2.72) was associated with higher odds of asthma. A healthier diet (each 1-point increment in food score) was associated with lower levels of interleukin-17F (β = −1.48 pg/mL, 95% CI −1.78 to −1.20) and with 36% decreased odds of asthma (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53–0.77). ConclusionA healthy diet, with frequent consumption of vegetables and grains and low consumption of dairy products and sweets, was associated with lower levels of interleulin-17F and decreased odds of childhood asthma in Puerto Ricans.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Low Aerobic Performance Levels in Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Low aerobic performance levels have been considered one of the risk factors for premature mortality, regardless of presence of other health problems. The critical analysis of studies on the prevalence of low aerobic performance and associated factors may contribute to the epidemiological knowledge and analysis / discussion of socio-cultural aspects that influence low aerobic performance. The aim of this systematic review was to identify studies on the prevalence of low aerobic performance levels and possible associations between low aerobic performance and demographic/ biological factors, lifestyle and excess body fat in adolescents (11-19 years). The search was conducted in PubMed and SciELO databases using descriptors "aerobic capacity" or "aerobic fitness", "cardiorespiratory capacity" or "cardiorespiratory fitness", "aerobic power" or "aerobic endurance" or "cardiorespiratory endurance" and "adolescents". After the search and exclusion criteria, 33 articles were selected. Factors that were associated with low aerobic performance levels were female gender, low income, low consumption of dairy products and/or bread/cereals, increased consumption of sweetened beverages, insufficient physical activity level, excessive screen time and excess body fat. The heterogeneity of factors related to low aerobic performance levels demonstrates the complexity of this topic and the need for further studies to obtain definitive conclusions.

Age impact on clinical risk factors does not justify the age related change in referral pattern for osteoporosis assessment—Data from the Aalborg University Hospital Record for Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (AURORA)

BackgroundOsteoporotic fractures with subsequent disability, dependency and premature death are increasingly common with age. Yet, referral for osteoporosis evaluation decreases with age. Why is this, and is it justified? PurposeTo assess if age changes the impact of clinical risk factors for osteoporosis. MethodsClinical risk factors for osteoporosis were informed by a questionnaire and recorded in the AURORA database along with anthropometry and bone mineral density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We included data from the first DXA in all individuals seen at the Osteoporosis Clinic in North Denmark in 2010 through 2012. ResultsRisk factor data were available in >96% and DXA in >98% of the 8131 evaluations. Age 80+ years was the dominant risk factor for fragility fracture (P<0.001) and for osteoporosis by DXA (P<0.001). The occurrence of clinical risk factors differed by age <80 or 80+ years: P<0.001 for family history, present smoker, excess alcohol intake, secondary disease, low sun exposure, fragility fracture; P=0.002 for early menopause; P=0.015 for corticosteroid; P=0.046 for low dairy product consumption. Age increased the impact of female gender (interaction term in logistic regression: P=0.004 for fragility fracture; P=0.040 for BMD). Age had no influence on the importance of any other clinical risk factor for the occurrence of fragility fracture. ConclusionHigh age carried the highest risk for fragility fracture and for osteoporosis by DXA. Clinical risk factors changed with age in those referred for evaluation. This change was not justified by the impact of clinical risk factors.