Low Concentrations Of Acetone Research Articles

CHARACTERIZATION OF LACCASE ACTIVITY PRODUCED BY Cryptococcus albidus

This study deals with the characterization of laccase enzyme activity produced by Cryptococcus albidus. Industrial wastes like effluent and sludge are complex mixtures of a number of chemicals. These chemicals can interfere with the proper functioning of the enzymes used for bioremediation. Thus, it is important to study the effect of such interfering solvents, detergents, metal chelators, and other chemicals on enzyme activity before industrial applications. Laccase showed maximum activity at pH 2.5 and temperature 20–30°C when ABTS was used as a substrate. The enzyme followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics: Km was 0.8158 mM and Vmax was 1527.74 U/mg. Laccase showed good thermostability with a half-life of 81 min at 25°C, 77 min at 35°C, 64 min at 45°C, 36 min at 55°C, and 21 min at 65°C. There was no effect of sodium dodceyl sulfate (SDS) (0.1–1.0%) and EDTA (0.1–0.5%) on laccase activity. Sodium azide and 2-mercaptoethanol showed complete inhibition of laccase activity at 0.1% concentration. At lower concentrations of acetone and acetonitrile, laccase was able to maintain its activity. However, the activity was completely inhibited at a concentration of 50% or above of acetone, methanol, 1,4-dioxan, and acetonitrile.

Fabrication and Characterization of High Quality Micro Diamonds by Hot Filament CVD

The high quality micro diamonds with the euhedral diamond faces are fabricated by hot filament chemical vapor deposition technique (HFCVD). The high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) single crystal diamonds in size of 1 μm are used as seeds. In order to disperse the diamond seeds uniformly on a silicon wafer, the photoresist solution with diamond seeds are performed on the silicon wafer by a spin coater machine. The high substrate temperature and low acetone concentration are employed for decreasing the nucleation rate and accelerating the growth rate. The morphology and quality of the micro diamonds are observed and analyzed by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. After 4 hours of the deposition, the surface imperfections of the diamond seeds have disappeared completely, and the euhedral diamond faces with (111) and (100) begin to emerge. Subsequently, 8 hours of deposition leads to a final average size of approximately 4 μm. The micro diamonds have very high quality, and the surfaces appear flat and smooth in this stage. The results indicate that it is an effective way to eliminate the defects of the HPHT micro diamonds and develop high quality diamonds with well-defined morphology by HFCVD technique.

WO 3 nanocrystals: Synthesis and application in highly sensitive detection of acetone

WO 3 nanocrystals have been prepared by a sol–gel route and characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results show that WO 3 nanocrystals have a high crystallographic quality and a good dispersivity. The particles’ sizes are in the range of 25–100 nm. The fabricated WO 3 nanocrystal-based sensors have an excellent sensitivity and selectivity to acetone, and display a rapid response and recovery characteristics. The developed sensors exhibit a detection limit down to 0.05 ppm at 300 °C, rendering a promising application in noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes. The response mechanism of the WO 3 nanocrystal sensor to low concentration of acetone has been discussed based on the depletion layer model.

Fatality from Drinking Denatured Alcohol and Hypothermia

A 19-year-old non-diabetic female suffering from irritable bowel syndrome was found unconscious outdoors in the month of October. She was severely hypothermic and rushed to hospital for life-saving treatment. Evidence emerged that the victim had attempted suicide by drinking denatured alcohol (T-Red). According to the manufacturer of this product, it contains > 85% (v/v) ethanol, ~5% (v/v) acetone, 1-2% (v/v) ethyl acetate, and ∼3% (v/v) methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), but no isopropanol. A venous blood sample taken on admission to hospital contained ethanol (660 mg/100 mL), acetone (25 mg/100 mL), isopropanol (78 mg/100 mL), and MEK, although the latter was not quantified. Despite intensive care, the patient died 21 h after admission and postmortem femoral blood contained ethanol (390 mg/100 mL), acetone (14 mg/100 mL), isopropanol (53 mg/100 mL), and MEK. During oxidative metabolism of ethanol, there is a shift in the redox state of the liver to a more reduced potential as reflected in a raised NADH/NAD(+) ratio, which impacts on other NAD-dependent biochemical reactions, including reduction of acetone to isopropanol. The lower concentrations of ethanol, acetone, and isopropanol in postmortem blood compared with antemortem blood indicate the metabolism of these substances during the 21-h survival period when the patient received emergency hospital treatment.

Stress-Induced Pseudocyst Formation - A Newly Identified Mechanism of Protection against Organic Solvents in Acanthamoebae of the T4 Genotype

Differentiation into highly resistant double-walled cysts is a major mechanism allowing amphizoic acanthamoebae to survive under long-lasting, unfavourable environmental conditions. We found that relatively low concentrations of methanol, acetone or DMSO stimulate promptAcanthamoebadifferentiation into a rounded cyst-like stage with a single envelope. To address whether this rapid response differs from the encystment, time-dependent changes in cell surface characteristics and cyst-specific gene expression were monitored in encystating cells and cells differentiating under methanol treatment using microscopic, lectin-binding, PCR and resistance studies. In contrast to the encystment: (1) a single-layered amorphous mannose/glucose coat was the only envelope assembled on the surface of the solvent-treated cells, (2) the cyst-specific protein (CSP21) was not expressed, (3) the coat did not protect cells against acidic pH and (4) in solvent-free encystment medium, the coated cells did not assemble the double-layered wall, thus indicating that these cells were not immature cysts. These findings lead us to specify a terminal stage of rapidAcanthamoebadifferentiation elicited by acute organic solvent stress as "pseudocyst", and to suggest that encystation and pseudocyst formation are distinct stress responses. Moreover, the possibility exists that pseudocysts might form in response to certain contact lens solutions thus increasing resistance of acanthamoebae to disinfecting agents.

Microsensors in Dynamic Backgrounds: Toward Real-Time Breath Monitoring

We evaluated a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microsensor array with temperature-controlled chemi-resistive elements for use as a noninvasive clinical diagnostic tool to detect the presence or absence of trace amounts of disease biomarkers in simulated breath samples. The microsensor environment was periodically altered between air (78% N2, 21% O2 by volume, 20% relative humidity) and simulated breath (77% N2, 16% O2, 4% CO2 by volume, 80% relative humidity) samples creating a dynamic background. Acetone, a disease marker for diabetes, was spiked into select simulated breath samples at relevant concentrations ( 0.5 ?mol/mol to 8 ?mol/mol) to pose a diagnostic problem for the sensor array. Using standard statistical dimensionality reduction and classification algorithms, we compared the ability of a variety of sensing materials to detect and recognize the disease marker. Our analyses indicate that the porous, doped nanoparticle materials (Sb:SnO2 microshell films and Nb :TiO2 nanoparticle films) are best for the recognition problem (acetone present versus absent), but that WO3 and SnO2 films are better at the quantification task (high versus low concentrations of acetone).

Bioactivity of Ulva lactuca L. acetone extract on germination and growth of lettuce and tomato plants

Ethanol, butanol and acetone extracts of Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyta) at concentrations 10, 30, 100 and 300 ppm for each were applied to determine their biological activity under laboratory conditions using etiolated wheat's coleoptile growth bioassay. Acetone extract was the most active one and was selected to investigate the allelopathic potential on lettuce and tomato's seed germination and seedling growth. Nine free phenolic compounds were detected in the Ulva acetone extract by using HPLC analysis. Vanillin and p- coumaric acid was recorded as the abundant compounds while ferulic acid and salicylic acid existed in less amounts. Compared with the control, the germination of lettuce and tomato were stimulated by 5.8 and 21.5%, respectively, when treated with low concentration of acetone (30 ppm). In contrast, high concentration (300 ppm) retarded the germination and recorded high inhibition effect on lettuce (44.6%). Acetone extract, at 30 ppm, stimulated the radicle and plumule growth of lettuce by 10.6 and 27%, respectively, and tomato by 22.5 and 35%, respectively. Meanwhile, at 300 ppm, radicle and plumule growth of lettuce was greatly inhibited by 40.6 and 30%, respectively, whereas tomato was slightly inhibited. Moreover, roots appeared more sensitive to allelopathic effect than shoots.

Simulation of absorption sites of acetone at ice: (0001) surface, bulk ice and small-angle grain boundaries

Local structures and energies were calculated for the interaction of acetone molecules with ice Ih at the (0001) surface, in the bulk and at small-angle grain boundaries. Force-field methods were used; for the surface additionally ab initio calculations were done. An ordered crystal-structure model of ice Ih in space groupP1121 (Z = 8) was used. The small-angle grain boundary was set up as a series of line defects with Burgers vectors of [2/3 1/3 1/2] (in the hexagonal lattice of ice Ih). All calculations were carried out with one or two acetone molecules in a sufficiently large simulation box containing up to 4608 water molecules, representing the low concentration of acetone in the atmosphere. The adsorption on the surface is energetically preferred. The acetone molecule is bound to the surface by two hydrogen bonds. This result is in contrast to earlier works with high acetone concentrations where only one hydrogen bond is formed. With two hydrogen bonds the adsorption enthalpy is calculated as −41.5 kJ mol−1, which is in agreement with experimental results. The interaction at small-angle grain boundaries is energetically less favourable than at the surface but much more favourable than in the bulk ice. In bulk ice and at small-angle grain boundaries the acetone molecule is bound by two hydrogen bonds like at the surface. The incorporation of acetone in bulk ice distorts the crystal structure significantly, whereas an incorporation at a small-angle grain boundary leads only to a minor distortion.

Sulphuric acid and Pt treatment of the photocatalytically active titanium dioxide

The study focuses on preparation, surface sites characterization and catalytic activity testing of pure (TiO 2), sulfated (TiO 2-S), loaded with 1 wt% Pt (TiO 2-Pt) and platinized/sulfated (TiO 2-Pt-S) high surface area anatase TiO 2 (100% anatase, 340 m 2/g). Sulfation was performed in 4 M H 2SO 4 solution and was not followed by a high temperature calcination. TEM images reveal the formation of a 3 Å amorphous layer over TiO 2 and TiO 2-Pt surface after their sulfation. Infrared spectrum of TiO 2-S contains additional absorption bands at 1235, 1333 and 1378 cm −1 that are assigned to S O stretch and distorted adsorbed SO 4 2 − vibrations. Low temperature CO adsorption and organic species adsorption from heptane solutions was performed for characterization of surface sites. TiO 2-S showed 3–5 cm −1 shift of adsorbed CO absorption band compared to initial TiO 2. The quantity of adsorbed CO increased by a factor of 1.5 for TiO 2-S indicating the increase of the quantity of surface Lewis sites. Sulfation also resulted in disappearance of OH groups having absorption band at 3690 cm −1 that was attributed to substitution by monodentate and bidentate sulfates. Four bases and two acids with different p K were used as probes in solution titration revealing that the quantity of different acid sites in TiO 2-S increases 1.07–2.17 times. Unexpectedly the quantity of acid and base sites in TiO 2-Pt-S decreases relatively to other catalysts studied. Catalytic activity of the samples in acetone deep photooxidation was measured as a function of acetone vapor concentration in a flow-circulating reactor. All dependences are well described by the one site Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The maximum oxidation rate was similar for all samples and was observed at acetone concentration above 1500 ppm. However, in the range of low acetone concentration the activity of TiO 2-Pt-S was about triple of pure TiO 2 activity. The high activity of sulfated/platinized and sulfated TiO 2 is due to the much increased acetone adsorption constant.

Infrared spectroscopy of acetone-hexane liquid mixtures

Acetone and hexane mixtures covering the whole solubility range were studied by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. Factor analysis separates the spectra into four principal factor spectra and multiplying factors. Those containing negative factors are abstract, but the spectra are real. A statistical distribution model of the molecules in the solutions rendered the factors real. From these we define the intermediate species that occur in a 1:2 molar ratio of acetone in hexane, present principally in the low acetone concentration regions, and in a 2:1 molar ratio of acetone in hexane, present principally in the higher acetone concentration region. However, except at the concentration range limits where only pure acetone and pure hexane are present, the four species are present over the whole solubility range. The IR spectra of the species indicated very little displacement of the CH stretch bands, HCH deformation bands, and CC stretch bands, although there are some small intensity variations. Most of the modifications are observed on the acetone C=O stretch band. From the gas phase position, a strong bathochromic shift of 19 cm(-1) of the pure liquid is assigned to dipole-dipole interactions. In the 2:1 groupings, the shift that decreases to 15 cm(-1) is due to the diminished dipole-dipole interactions. In the 1:2 groupings, no dipole-dipole interaction can exist, and the bathochromic displacement of 9 cm(-1) is attributed to van der Waals interactions. In the one acetone to two hexanes grouping, no dipole-dipole interaction can exist, and the bathochromic displacement of 9 cm(-1) is attributed to van der Waals interactions. From the statistical distribution of the molecules, we determine that mixtures of hexane and acetone form a random organization with no preferred association or complex.

Photochemical Reaction of VOC Gases on the Visible Light Photocatalyst Surfaces

We report the photochemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOC's), such as acetaldehyde and toluene, over nitrogen doped TiO2(TiO-N) under visible light irradiation, using liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for gases analysis, and diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and ion chromatography (IC) for adsorbed organics. We evaluated the photo degradation rates and intermediates for the above gases. As a result, the degradation rates of acetaldehyde gas on TiO-N were 1.2-3 times greater than those on TiO2, and those of toluene gas on TiO-N were 4-49 times greater than those on TiO2. Low concentrations of acetone and acetic acid were produced during the photo degradation of acetaldehyde by the TiO-N. From toluene, very low concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and benzaldehyde gases were produced. We also revealed the decomposition processes of toluene. Results obtained indicate that toluene, weakly adsorbed on the photocatalyst surface, is initially photooxidized to benzaldehyde which adsorbs onto the TiO-N surface more strongly, leading to the formation of ring-opening products such as carboxylic acids and aldehydes. These intermediate products were gradually photodegraded to CO2 and H2O under visible light irradiation.

Determination of acetone in human breath by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization

Analysis of breath acetone has been used as a diagnostic tool for diabetes. Due to its nature of volatility and activity, it is very difficult to accurately measure the concentration of acetone in human breath by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). To overcome this problem, we developed a new method using GC–MS and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with on-fiber derivatization to determine acetone in human breath. Breath gas from controls and diabetic patients was collected in 3-l Tedlar bags. O-2,3,4,5,6-(Pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) in solution was firstly adsorbed on the SPME fiber of 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane–divinylbenzene (PDMS–DVB), and then the fiber was further headspace exposed in exhaled gas in the Tedlar bag at 40 °C for 4 min. Finally, the formed acetone oxime on the fiber was desorbed and analyzed by GC–MS. Using external standard method, acetone in the human breath was quantitatively analyzed by measurement of its oxime. The method provided a low detection limit of 0.049 ppbv for acetone in breath, relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) value of 3.4%, excellent accuracy. In addition, the method required simple sample preparation and no organic solvent. Acetone in diabetic breath was found to be higher than 1.71 ppmv, while its concentration in normal breath was lower than 0.76 ppmv. The results show that GC–MS and SPME with on-fiber derivatization is a simple, rapid and sensitive and solvent-free method for determination of low concentration acetone in breath and analysis of breath acetone can be used as supplementary tool for diagnosis of diabetes.

Volatile organic solvent-induced signal enhancements in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: a case study of methanol and acetone

Methanol and acetone were used to study effects of organic matrix on signal intensities of elements from 7Li to 238U and oxide yields in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Enhancement or suppression of analyte signals in the presence of methanol or acetone depends on the volatility and concentration of the compound and mass and ionization potential of elements concerned as well as ICP-MS operating conditions. Presence of a low concentration of methanol or acetone enhances the intensities of elements in order of decreasing mass. This is attributed to the spatial shift of the zone of maximum ion density, which, in turn, affects the extraction of ions from the plasma to the sampling cone. The possible effect of liquid methanol or acetone on nebulization and/or transport efficiency was avoided by using carry-over effect experiment. More volatile acetone more readily suppresses signals of all the elements under investigation. A higher concentration of methanol also suppresses intensities of the elements due to resultant cooling of the plasma. The enhancement effect of methanol and acetone appears to be more related to the amount of carbon present in the plasma than the difference between the functional groups of organic solvents. The oxide yield decreases in the presence of methanol, the magnitude of which depends on the nebulizer gas flow rate used. However, the reduced oxide yield is insufficient to account for the signal enhancement. Our results for 75As and 78Se agree with the C +-species–analyte atom charge transfer reaction hypothesis.

Kirkwood–Buff derived force field for mixtures of acetone and water

A united atom nonpolarizable force field for the simulation of mixtures of acetone and water is described. The force field is designed to reproduce the thermodynamics and aggregation behavior of acetone–water mixtures over the full composition range at 300 K and 1 atm using the enhanced simple point charge water model. The Kirkwood–Buff theory of solutions is used to relate molecular distributions obtained from the simulations to the appropriate experimental thermodynamic data. The model provides a very good description of the solution behavior at low (xa<0.2) and high (xa>0.8) acetone concentrations. Intermediate compositions display a small systematic error in the region of highest water self-aggregation, which is removed on using larger system sizes. In either case, the activity of the solution is well reproduced over the full range of compositions.

Atmospheric budget of acetone

The atmospheric budget and distribution of acetone are investigated by using a priori estimates of sources and sinks to constrain a global three‐dimensional atmospheric model simulation and then using atmospheric observations from 14 surface sites and 5 aircraft missions to improve these estimates through an inversion analysis. Observations over the South Pacific imply a large photochemical marine source of acetone, either from the ocean or from marine organic aerosol. Low concentrations of acetone measured at European sites in winter‐spring and in the Arctic in summer suggest a large microbial ocean sink. The summer‐to‐fall decrease of concentrations observed in Europe argues against a large source from plant decay. Continental observations in the tropics and at northern midlatitudes in summer imply a large source from terrestrial vegetation. Observations in the Northern Hemisphere outside summer imply a large source from atmospheric oxidation of anthropogenic isoalkanes (propane, isobutane, isopentane). Model simulation of isoalkanes and comparison to observations yields best global emission estimates of 12 Tg C yr−1 for propane (including only 0.6 Tg C yr−1 from biomass burning), 3.6 Tg C yr−1 for isobutane, and 5.0 Tg C yr−1 for isopentane. Our best estimate of the global acetone source is 95 Tg yr−1. The mean tropospheric lifetime of acetone is estimated to be 15 days. Terrestrial vegetation and oceans are the principal sources of acetone in the tropopause region (0.1–0.7 ppbv) except in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, where oxidation of isoalkanes is more important.

Results from interlaboratory comparisons of aldehyde-2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone analysis.

Within the framework of the SMT "Aldehydes" project (SMT4-CT97-2910) three laboratory comparisons have been organized in which artificial aldehyde hydrazone samples have been distributed among participating laboratories. To these samples potentially interfering compounds have been added to simulate as closely as possible real air or air emission samples.In addition to the "Aldehydes" project partners external EU laboratories have participated. It may, therefore, be assumed that the results of these comparisons reflect the state-of-the-art in the analytical determination of aldehydes in air samples using the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-method. In this paper several aspects of the organization of these comparisons and the overall results obtained are presented. These demonstrate that results obtained using liquid chromatographic techniques are usually comparable between laboratories within +/-2 times the coefficient of variation (approximately 6-15%), indicating the robustness of the methodology. In addition, laboratory (liquid chromatography) mean results can be made to agree with preparation concentrations at the 95% confidence levels after optimization of separation and integration conditions; these are mainly related to the measurement of formaldehyde in the presence of interferents and the measurement of low concentrations of acrolein and acetone. Some problem areas still remain, however--namely the measurement of glutaraldehyde and the measurement of low levels of acetone.

Influence of the operating conditions in the acetone pulping of wheat straw on the properties of the resulting paper sheets

A central composite factor design was used to examine the influence of independent variables in the acetone pulping of wheat straw (processing temperature, time, and acetone concentration) on the yield of the resulting pulp, and on various physical properties of paper sheets (breaking length, stretch, burst index, tear index and brightness) obtained from it. Equations that related each dependent variable to the different independent variables were obtained, and these reproduced the experimental results for the yield, breaking, stretch, burst index and brightness obtained at temperatures, times, and acetone concentrations over the ranges 140–180°C, 60–120 min and 40–80%, respectively, with errors less than 20%. Obtaining the optimum breaking length, stretch, burst index and tear index for the paper sheets (3456 m, 1.42%, 1.36 kN/g and 3.86 mNm 2/g, respectively) entails using a high temperature; the processing time and acetone concentration only influence stretch, optimization of which requires using a short time and a low concentration. The optimum brightness (30.44%) is achieved with a low temperature, a short time and a medium acetone concentration. In order to minimize losses of solvent during its recovery and recycling while ensuring acceptable levels of the properties of the paper sheets, a high temperature, a low acetone concentration and a short time can be used; the brightness level thus obtained is only 10% lower than the optimum value.

Molecular organisation of the chlorophyll a/c light-harvesting complex of Pleurochloris meiringensis (Xanthophyceae). Pigment binding and secondary structure of the protein

In our previous study by means of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy we have shown that the pigment organisation in the chlorophyll a/c light harvesting complex (Chl a/c LHC) isolated from Pleurochloris meiringensis significantly differs from the architecture of the main Chl a/b light harvesting antenna complexes of higher plants (Büchel and Garab. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B: Biol., 37 (1997) 118–124). In this work we measured the CD spectra in the far-UV, between 190 nm and 240 nm. and investigated the variations of the secondary structure of the protein upon treatments which affect the binding of the long wavelength Chl a. We found that low concentrations ( < 5%) of acetone, which had no noticeable effect on the (−)679 nm CD band, drastically reduced the α-helical content of the protein. In contrast, amounts of digitonin, which completely abolished this intense, non-conservative CD band of Chl a, induced only minor changes in the secondary structure of the protein complex. These data suggest that the binding site of the long-wavelength absorbing Chl a is found in a position deeply buried in the protein, and it is most likely co-ordinated by two helices.

Growth Kinetics of Preexposed and Naive Populations of Tetrahymena pyriformisto 2-Decanone and Acetone

The growth kinetics of preexposed and naive Tetrahymena pyriformisgrown in the presence of one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic nonpolar narcotic (acetone and 2-decanone, respectively) have been evaluated. The response of naive Tetrahymenaexposed to nonpolar narcotics varied from a change in generation time upon exposure to hydrophilic chemical to a change in lag phase with similar generation time compared to control upon exposure to hydrophobic compounds. Tetrahymenagrown in the presence of low concentrations of 2-decanone and then transferred to higher concentrations acclimated to the presence of the toxicant. Acclimation was demonstrated by reduced lag phases compared to naive cells. Results of population growth studies of Tetrahymenagrown in the presence of low concentrations of acetone and then transferred to higher concentrations of acetone exhibit the same pattern, an increased generation time with increasing concentration with no lag time, as naive populations. Additionally, the observed generation times in acetone were cumulative relative to the transfer concentration as well as the acclimation concentration. The most feasible explanation for this phenomenon is the interaction of the toxicants with the plasma membrane.

Gas Phase Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds and Water Vapor on Activated Carbon Cloth

This research examined the use of activated carbon cloths (ACC) to remove low concentrations of acetaldehyde, acetone, benzene, and methyl ethyl ketone from air. This work has applications in producing filtration systems for indoor air environments, industrial gas streams, and spray paint booths. Adsorption isotherms were measured for volatile organic compound adsorbate concentrations in the 10−1000 ppmv range and for water vapor from 0 to 95% relative humidity. The Dubinin−Radushkevich model was used to predict equilibrium adsorption capacities in the 100 ppbv to 10 000 ppmv concentration range. The adsorption of acetone−benzene mixtures on ACC was experimentally measured and then modeled using ideal adsorbed solution theory.