Low Carbon Steel Research Articles

EIS study of Mimosa tenuiflora nanocontainers in a defective epoxy resin for the protection of low-carbon steel in a saline media

EIS study of Mimosa tenuiflora nanocontainers in a defective epoxy resin for the protection of low-carbon steel in a saline media

Exploiting the effect of PEO parameters on the surface of AISI 1020 low-carbon steel treated in a TaOH-rich electrolyte

This study used PEO treatment and a TaOH-rich electrolyte to coat AISI 1020 low-carbon steel to enhance its anti-corrosion and wear properties, targeting its usage as a medical device. The effect of time, duty cycle, frequency, and Ta(OH)5 concentration on the chemical and phase composition, topography, wettability, and roughness of the obtained coatings were addressed. The results indicated that the Fe-based oxide coatings had a rough and super-hydrophilic surface. The phase composition of the coatings was formed mainly of Ta2O5, hematite (Fe2O3), and a minor amount of rust (Fe(OH)2), with the chemical analyses also indicating the presence of some absorbed molecules. Once the best PEO parameters were established (200 V, 5 min, 60 %, 1000 Hz, and 40 g/L Ta(OH)5), the previous mechanical, corrosion, and wear tests evidenced the positive effect of the chemical species deposited in the surface when compared to the substrate. In this way, PEO treatment applied on AISI 1020 low-carbon steel in a TaOH-rich electrolyte can be an adequate alternative to produce low-cost materials for medical devices, especially as a potential substitute for stainless steel and titanium-based alloys in surgical instruments.

A Simple Calibration Method to Consider Plastic Deformation Influence on X-ray Elastic Constant Based on Peak Width Variation

The sin²⁡ψ method is the general method for analyzing X-ray diffraction stress measurements. This method relies on the estimation of a parameter known as 12S2hkl, which is generally considered as a material constant. However, various studies have shown that this parameter can be affected by plastic deformation leading to proportional uncertainties in the estimation of stresses. In this paper, in situ X-ray diffraction measurements are performed during a tensile test with unloads on a low-carbon high-strength steel. The calibrated 12S2hkl parameter varies from 3.5×10−6 MPa−1 to 5.5 ×10−6 Mpa−1, depending on the surface condition and on the plastic strain state, leading to a maximum error on the stress level of 40% compared to reference handbook values. The results also show that plastic strain is responsible for 6 to 14% of the variation, depending on the initial surface sample condition. A method is then proposed to correct this variation based on the fit of the 12S2hkl evolution with respect to the peak diffraction width, the latter being an indication of the plasticity state. It is shown that the proposed methodology improves the applied stress increment prediction, although the absolute stress value still depends on pseudo-macrostresses that also vary with plastic strain.

Nondestructive Evaluation of Tensile Stress-loaded GFRPs Using the Magnetic Recording Method.

This paper presents the results of inspecting tensile stress-loaded GFRP (glass fiber-reinforced polymer) samples using the Magnetic Recording Method (MRM). The MRM can be utilized solely to examine ferromagnetic materials. The modification was proposed in order to examine nonmagnetic composites. Ferromagnetic strips made of low-carbon steel DC01 were bonded to the surface using an adhesive composed of epoxy resin with the addition of triethylenetetramine. The modified method's feasibility was tested on six samples made of GFRP. The research procedure consisted of three steps. In the first step, a metal strip is glued at the top surface of each sample, and an array of 100 cylindrical permanent magnets is used to record a sinusoidal magnetic pattern on the strip. The initial residual magnetization is measured in the second step, and the samples are subjected to static stress. In the third step, the residual magnetization is measured one more time. Ultimately, the measurement results from the second and third steps are compared. Generally, the applied stress causes changes in the amplitude and frequency of the sinusoidal magnetization pattern. In the case of GFRP, the frequency changes have not been used for evaluation due to minimal variations. The statistical parameters (mean, median, max, and mode) of the RMS (root mean square) value of the sinusoidal pattern were calculated and analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that the modified method is suitable for providing unequivocal and exact information on the load applied to a nonmagnetic composite material. For the presented results, the applied load can be assessed unambiguously for the samples elongated up to 0.6%.

Camphor tree bark extract as green corrosion inhibitor of LCS in 0.5 M H2SO4 with and without salt effect

AbstractThis work tested the ethanol extract of camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora bark (CTBEE) as a green corrosion inhibitor of low carbon steel (LCS) in 0.5 M H2SO4 with and without the synergistic effect of 4000 ppm NaCl or 800 ppm of KI. The corrosion protection of LCS was significantly increased in the presence of CTBEE‐KI and CBWE‐NaCl blends compared with CTBEE alone, according to data performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical polarization (EP) analyses. The formation of a film by the blends blocks the LCS surface area, preventing corrosive gradients from reaching its surface. Inhibition efficiency (IE%) of 81% and 89% were obtained in the presence of 800 ppm CTBEE‐4000 ppm NaCl and CTBEE‐800 ppm KI, respectively, compared with IE of 65% in the presence of 800 ppm CTBEE only. A maximum IE% of 89% and 97% were reached after 72 h of immersion in the presence of CTBEE‐NaCl and CTBEE‐KI, respectively. Potentiodynamic experiments indicate that the blends act as mixed‐type inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency of CTBEE, CTBEE‐KI, and CTBEE‐NaCl remained effectively high during the testing period of immersion time, which proved the excellent stability of CTBEE in the corrosive acidic media.

Review of MIG and TIG welding current variation of low-carbon steel materials based on tensile strength

SS400 and ASTM A36 a low-carbon steel materials that are used in the industry in the connection process to create materials according to the design. The aim of this research is to review the mechanical properties that occur in low-carbon steel materials in the MIG and TIG welding process with current variations and provide advice on low-carbon steel in welding. The materials used are ASTM A 36 and SS 304 steel. MIG welding uses a plate with a thickness of 6mm and uses AWS A5.18 ER 705-6 electrode diameter of 1.2mm. TIG welding uses a cylinder with a diameter of 6mm. The method of this review reported the tensile strength of low-carbon steel ASTM A36 with current variations of 150, 155, and 160A for MIG. Current variations of SS304 low-carbon steel are 80, 100, and 120A for TIG. The result of tensile strength with the MIG process produces the highest average current of 150 A of 354.92MPa. The results of tensile strength TIG process for 100A of 1007.31 MPa. The suggestion of this review is in MIG welding a greater current is required to obtain a high tensile strength value than the current required for TIG welding on low-carbon steel ASTM A 36 with a carbon content of 0.29% C and on SS304 with a carbon content of 0.042% - 0.07% C. Welding for stainless steel material can be used on TIG welding to get maximum tensile strength values. For ASTM A36 steel materials, MIG welding can be an option.

Microstructure and mechanical properties analyses of Ti(C, N)–Fe/low-carbon steel composite material

In this paper, mixed powders containing Ti(C, N), Fe, Mo, and Cr were combined with a low carbon steel (LCS) plate by heating to 1723 K in an argon-protected furnace and holding for 30 min to form a metallurgical bonding layer at the interface. By SEM and EPMA, it was observed that there were neither pores nor other defects at the interface. In Ti(C, N)–Fe/LCS (TFS), the Ti(C, N)–Fe (TF) side consists mainly of Ti(C, N), and the main particle morphology was round; however, there were some cyclic and semicyclic Ti(C, N) particles produced by dissolution, and the reprecipitation of fine particles along the austenite grain boundaries was observed during the sintering process. Moreover, Mo was polarized at the interface between Ti(C, N) particles and the steel matrix, forming a Mo-containing interfacial compound layer and improving the wettability of the interface between Ti(C, N) and the matrix. At the interfacial bonding surface of the TF and LCS, the direction and speed characteristics of the growth of the grains were different, leading to the present square and triangular diagrams of Ti(C, N). The diffusion distances of Cr and Ni in the LCS were approximately 35∼45 μm and 40–50 μm, respectively. The shear strength of the composite interface measured by a universal testing machine and a homemade mold was 245 MPa, which was better than the brazing strength. Compared with TF, the tensile strength of TFS was 50.2 % higher, and the bending strength was 63.5 % higher.

Synthesis of a resorcinol-based derivative as a corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel in 0.5 mol L-1 HCl medium: chemical, electrochemical, and theoretical aspects.

This work illustrated the synthesis of a new simple resorcinol derivative, 4,6-dimethoxyisophthalohydrazide (DMIH) and confirmed its structure using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The inhibiting performance of the DMIH compound in resisting the pitting action of a 0.5 mol L-1 HCl solution on low-carbon steel (LCS) was assessed. The newly synthesized compound had a simple structure and was dissolved in acidic media. The efficiency of the inhibitor was examined using chemical and electrochemical methods. The DMIH compound significantly decreased the rate of dissolution of LCS in HCl solution by adsorption. The adsorption was based on the Langmuir model. The DMIH compound is adsorbed on LCS via both chemisorption and physisorption. The DMIH compound is a mixed-type inhibitor. An inhibition efficiency (IE) of 83.8% was obtained using 300 ppm of the DMIH compound at 298 K. The IE decreased to 72% as the temperature increased to 328 K. When the concentration of DMIH increased from 50 to 300 ppm, the charge transfer resistance (R ct) increased from 134.7 to 404.8 ohm cm2, and the capacitance of the adsorbed layer decreased from 38 × 10-6 to 11 × 10-6 F cm-2. The high IE of the synthesized inhibitor was validated by the quantum characteristics. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations revealed that the DMIH compound adsorbed to the LCS quite well. The presence of a protective film on the LCS specimen was verified by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results. DMIH has significant potential to function as a corrosion inhibitor, as indicated by the comparative study between its performance and that of previously reported compounds. Although the structure of the DMIH compound is simpler than that of other inhibitors, it has been proven to be more effective.

Underwater Friction Welding of Low Carbon Steel

In this study, an attempt was made to obtain a welded joint from the underwater friction welding (UFW) process. The workpiece material used in this experiment was AISI 1018 low carbon steel. The experiment was carried out on a friction welding machine which was designed and manufactured for this purpose. The UFW process was carried out by varying the spindle rotation used to rotate one of the workpieces. The friction force was kept constant. The quality of the welded joints resulting from UFW was determined by measuring the misalignment that occurs in the weld joint, the macro and micro structures formed, as well as the mechanical properties of the welded joint. For comparison, friction welding in air (FW) was also carried out. The results obtained indicate that low spindle rotation results in high misalignment of the welded joint between the two workpieces. During the UFW process, rapid cooling occurs so that the microstructure of the weld metal, TMAZ and HAZ is dominated by a fine pearlite phase so that the hardness and strength of the weld joint are higher than those produced by FW process in air.

Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior in Low Carbon Steel and Their Simulated HAZ and Fatigue Life Assessment of Non-load Carrying Welded Fillet Joint

Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior in Low Carbon Steel and Their Simulated HAZ and Fatigue Life Assessment of Non-load Carrying Welded Fillet Joint

Цифровые измерения неметаллических включений в стали

The experience of many-year research has shown that optimizing the steel chemical composition and microstructural characteristics, as well as reducing its contamination with non-metallic inclusions (NMI), it is possible to significantly increase the corrosion resistance of oilfield pipeline steels and increase the time of their trouble-free operation. The influence of complex NMIs on the steel corrosion resistance is determined by both the chemical composition of NMIs and their quantitative ratios. Therefore, obtaining metal products of the required quality is possible only when using the “control by structure” principle. In the work, based on the analysis of brightness fields of images (on a sample scale) in 256 shades of gray, the authors proposed digital, metrologically supported procedures for measuring the NMI heterogeneity of low-carbon oilfield steels: eliminating the heterogeneity of field illumination, justifying the criteria for binarization and noise filtering. For low-carbon steels of various types of melting, the authors identified the key role of dispersed non-metallic inclusions ranging in size from 5–10 μm2 to 2 nm2 in the formation of the corrosion resistance of steels. This may explain why, in some cases, there is no interrelation between the corrosion rate and the fracture resistance of steels, the formation of which is determined by larger particles. When representing the NMI as a set of random points on the plane, the distribution of distances between the nearest ones is estimated based on Voronoi polyhedra statistics. The study shows that an increase in the kurtosis coefficient of distributions of polyhedra areas is accompanied by an increase in the corrosion rate of the steels under study. This indicates the negative impact of heterogeneity in the arrangement of dispersed NMIs on the corrosion resistance of steels.

Structure and properties of boride layers on low-carbon steel after plasma alloying with boron carbide

Wear is known to limit the life of tools and machines. To achieve high wear resistance, the hard phases must be individually adapted to the tribological system and especially to the interaction with abrasive objects. Comparison of the hardness of carbides, nitrides and borides of the same stoichiometry shows that borides usually have the highest hardness. Plasma doping with boron is an effective way to obtain boride layers with high wear resistance. In the work, a study of the microstructure, determination of the chemical composition in local places, measurement of microhardness and testing for adhesion to the substrate of the doped layer after processing were carried out. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the technology of plasma alloying with boron makes it possible to obtain a boride layer with high hardness and good adhesion to the substrate. According to the results of the study, the layer consists of several characteristic zones: hypereutectic, eutectic and heat-affected zones. The highest microhardness value of the alloyed layer is 1174 HV. It is noted that the hardening depth is 1.5 mm and is 5—6 times higher compared to the diffusion borated layer.

Effects of various fillers on the thermal shock and fouling resistance characteristics of zirconia-based composite coatings for high-temperature applications

Composite coating technology has been extensively developed to meet industrial demands for coatings with specifications that exceed the capabilities of conventional coating technologies and that can function in extreme environments and high temperatures. The composite coating in this study is focused on materials that have hydrophobicity. To achieve this hydrophobicity, the coating must have at least one restrictive property: antifouling. In this research, antifouling coating materials based on certain zirconia ceramic composites (ZrO2) and fillers, such as boron nitride, MoS2, and graphite, are chosen. The substrate used is a low-carbon steel, which is used in high-temperature power plants. The slurry spray coating method is chosen, which is a simple and low-cost method. Thermal shock and fouling resistance tests are conducted, and the samples are further observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results show that the higher the hBN filler content in the zirconia composite coating is, the better the thermal shock and antifouling resistance levels. This phenomenon is indicated by the lower delamination of the coating after the thermal shock treatment and the lower fouling of sodium sulfate deposits on the surface of the coating after the antifouling treatment than before. The same result is shown by the zirconia composite coating with hybrid filler (hBN-MoS2-Graphite).

Structural Integrity Assessment and Fatigue Evaluation of Feed Water Nozzle of 700MWe PHWR Steam Generator

Steam Generator (SG) is a prime component in Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). The Steam Generator consists of an inverted vertical U-tube bundle in shell for primary flow (Heavy water). The shell side is designed for recirculation. Steam Generator is a Safety Class-1 component and designed & fabricated as per the requirements of ASME Section III, Subsection-NB.Secondary side of the steam generator consists of a shell, Feed Water Nozzle (FWN), Steam Outlet Nozzle, moisture separator, drier, tubes and shroud. The principal material of construction for secondary side pressure boundary is of low alloy carbon steel. Secondary side of steam generator is subjected various loadings (Dead weight, pressure, pipe reactions & thermal) during normal plant condition as well as transient conditions including severe transient like crash cool down where in the thermal gradients are much higher. To take care of these thermal transient loadings a special thermal sleeve type of design has been incorporated in the FWN.As mentioned above, FWN is subjected to thermal transients throughout its life and susceptible to high thermal gradient which makes it important to evaluate for structural integrity and fatigue failure. This paper covers the approach & results for structural integrity assessment (stress evaluation) and fatigue evaluation (cumulative fatigue damage factor) of Feed Water Nozzle of 700MWe PHWR SG for various Service levels A, B, D & Design. These service conditions comprise of thermal & pressure transients during operating and accidental conditions. Detailed integrity check performed for all conditions by stress categorization at critical locations and qualify primary & secondary stresses against ASME Section III allowable.

Dependences of grain size of low-carbon corrosion-resistant 07Kh16N4B steel on degree of deformation in recrystallization temperature range

The recrystallization temperature of 1050 °C of corrosion-resistant 07Kh16N4B steel is determined. The dependences of the grain size on the degree of deformation up to 70 % at deformation temperatures of 1050, 1100, 1150 °C are constructed. The dependencies have the form of non-monotonic curves and are characterized by the presence of two abrupt increases in grain size. When constructing the dependence, it is taken into account that the maximum level of actual deformation at low degrees of total deformation is not in the center of the deposited sample, but at a certain height along the line between the center and the end face, the position of which is determined by mathematical modeling. The intervals of critical degrees of deformation are determined and recommendations are given on the degrees of compression depending on the deformation temperature.

Influence of Silicon Contents on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processed Low Carbon Steel

Influence of Silicon Contents on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Processed Low Carbon Steel

Joining thin galvanized low carbon steel sheet to AA6056-T4 by resistance spot welding and adhesive weld bounding

Multimaterial assemblies made by resistance spot welding (RSW) process offer a cost-efficient lightweight solution for automotive body-in-white production. However, joining different materials, such as steel (Fe) and aluminum (Al), brings issues due to their different physical properties and low weldability. The present work investigated the evolution of the weld between a thin galvanized low carbon steel sheet and an AA6056-T4 aluminum alloy from macroscopic observations to the evolution of the intermetallic compound layer (IMC) during RSW. Comparisons between homogeneous Al-Al RSW, Fe-Al RSW and Fe-Al adhesive weld bonding for different mechanical solicitations were also realized. Observations showed that the interface for short welding periods is composed of a thin and discontinuous IMC layer. The interface also presents defects that facilitate crack initiation and propagation, leading to an interfacial fracture mode. The different mechanical tests carried out demonstrated that the Al-Al and Fe-Al welds reached a similar maximum tensile load under the shear–tensile test. However, Fe-Al assemblies under cross-tensile test showed poor mechanical properties. The use of an adhesive layer with an Fe-Al spot weld seems to be a potential solution, as it is easily implementable on production lines and improves the mechanical properties of Fe-Al assemblies.

Improvement of mechanical and operational steel characteristics by strengthening the surface

The growing demands in the mining industry require steel products capable of withstanding heavy loads. To achieve enhanced mechanical, service, and operational properties in steel, common methods include adjusting carbon content, optimizing primary element concentrations, and applying expensive microalloying and heat treatments. For metal products operating under high vibration or as contact pairs, surface layer strengthening is essential. This study investigates the relationship between the composition of the saturating medium, the degree of cold plastic deformation, and the effects of saturation regimes on the structure, mechanical, and service properties of low-carbon steel. Samples were analyzed after annealing and cold plastic deformation using metallographic analysis, mechanical and tribological testing, X-ray diffraction, and chemical and X-ray spectral analysis. The results indicate that cold plastic deformation enhances the diffusion mobility of boron and carbon. To produce effective boron-cemented surface layers, a saturating mixture with up to 4.5% boron carbide is recommended. These boron-cemented layers, containing phases such as Fe2B, Fe3(CB), and Fe23(CB)6, exhibit strong adhesion to the matrix and superior mechanical and tribological properties. The boron-bearing phases are partially located along grain boundaries and within grains. This method allows for boron-cemented layers up to 2.0 – 2.3 mm deep, nearly double the depth achieved by traditional cementation methods, offering significant potential for strengthening steel products in the mining industry.

Magnetic forming with heat in a magnetic field

The article focuses on the application of a magnetic field in the forming of low-carbon steel castings. The original solution of the forming device, which was used in the experimental works, is presented. The results of the experimental works confirmed the suitability of its use for the mentioned work.

STUDY OF CLEAVAGE STRESS OF LOW-CARBON STEELS

STUDY OF CLEAVAGE STRESS OF LOW-CARBON STEELS