Lower Cake Research Articles

Minimizing fishmeal use in juvenile California yellowtail, Seriola lalandi, diets using non-GM soybeans selectively bred for aquafeeds

A study was undertaken to examine the potential of two non-genetically modified (non-GM) soy products, differentially processed, as fishmeal (FM) replacements. Dietary protein (DP) was replaced at 50, 60 and 70% using the 3011 meal or 40, 50 and 60% with the 3032 meal. Ingredient 3011 was a cooked and solvent-extracted meal from a high protein and low oligosaccharide soy cultivar; whereas, ingredient 3032 was a cold-pressed, low fat cake ground to a meal that originated from a medium protein, low oligosaccharide, low protease inhibitor soy cultivar. Experimental diets were isonitrogenous (45% crude protein, CP), isolipidic (13% lipid), isocaloric (12.6 kJ energy kg− 1 of diet) and were balanced for lysine (3.2%) and methionine + cysteine (2%). Taurine was supplemented at 1.5% in all diets. A commercial control diet (52% CP and 13% lipid) was included for a total of eight test diets. Twenty four round tanks (330 L) were each stocked with 20, 4 g yellowtail (Seriola lalandi). Tanks were supplied with recirculated seawater and each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate tanks. After a 10-week feeding trial, growth, survival, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, condition factor and carcass proximate composition were contrasted among dietary treatments. Results indicate that juvenile yellowtail fed diets in which the 3032 meal provided 50 and 60% of DP grew significantly (P < 0.001) better than those fed all other diets, including the FM-based (menhaden FM) and commercial control diets. Fish fed with the 3011 meal providing 50% of DP and those fed with the 3032 meal providing 40% of DP had similar growth performance which was slightly greater than the fish fed the FM reference diet. Minor intestinal histology differences were found among fish fed the 8 diets. Taken together these data indicates that the improved non-GM soybean meals supported better performance of juvenile yellowtail than fish fed the FM reference diet. No enteritis was detected even at high dietary inclusion levels.

Production and Evaluation of Low Fat Cake Containing Flaxseed and Okra gums as a Fat Replacer

Production and Evaluation of Low Fat Cake Containing Flaxseed and Okra gums as a Fat Replacer

Assessment of fouling behaviour in submerged microfiltration system coupled with flocculation

Microfiltration coupled with flocculation has the potential to remove colloidal and dissolved matter and hence mitigate membrane fouling. This study investigates the effects of flocculation on the performance of submerged membrane microfiltration of kaolin suspension. The addition of the flocculent (ferric chloride: FeCl3) demonstrated better control of colloidal membrane fouling. The experimental results showed that trans-membrane pressure (TMP) development at optimal flocculent concentration was significantly less than it was with an unflocculated feed. In the case of 30L/m2/h, TMP was reduced by 85% with optimum concentration of flocculent. A regression analysis conducted between cake resistance and particle deposition showed a low specific cake resistance with flocculent addition.

Application of vacuum belt press filters for cane mud filtration and performance comparison with rotary filters

Bois-Rouge factory, an 8000 t/d cane Reunionese sugarcane mill, has fully equipped its filtration station with vacuum belt press filters since 2010, the first one being installed in 2009. The present study deals with this 3-year experience and discusses operating conditions, electricity consumption, performance and optimisation. The comparison with the more classical rotary drum vacuum filter station of Le Gol sugar mill highlights advantages of vacuum belt press filters: high filtration efficiency, low filter cake mass and sucrose content, low total solids content in filtrate and low power consumption. However, this technology needs a mud conditioning step and requires a large amount of water to improve mud quality, mixing of flocculant and washing of filter belts. The impact on the energy balance of the sugar mill is significant. At Bois-Rouge mill, studies are underway to reduce the water consumption by recycling low d.s. filtrate and by dry cleaning the filter belts.

Impact of nitrogen loading rates on treatment performance of domestic wastewater and fouling propensity in submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR)

In this study, performance of laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was evaluated in treating high strength domestic wastewater under two nitrogen loading rates (NLR) i.e., 0.15 and 0.30 kg/m(3)/d in condition 1 and 2, respectively, while organic loading rate (OLR) was constant at 3 kg/m(3)/d in both conditions. Removal efficiencies of COD were above 95.0% under both NLR conditions. Average removal efficiencies of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄(+)-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were found to be higher in condition 1 (90.5%, 74.0%, and 38.0%, respectively) as compared to that in Condition 2 (89.3%, 35.0%, and 14.0%, respectively). With increasing NLR, particle size distribution shifted from narrow (67-133 μm) towards broader distribution (3-300 μm) inferring lower cake layer porosity over membrane fibers. Soluble extracellular polymer substance (sEPS) concentration increased at higher NLR due to biopolymers released from broken flocs. Higher cake layer resistance (Rc) contributed towards shorter filtration runs during condition 2.

Removal of chloride from fly ash produced in hazardous waste incineration by leaching and displacement washing in a vertical filter press

Fly ash is generated in large quantities by waste incineration processes. Chloride is commonly present in the fly ash produced by the incineration of hazardous materials, such as polyvinylchloride plastic. Major difficulties related to the disposal and handling of fly ash include the high concentration of easily leachable chlorides, heavy metals and toxic compounds. In order to avoid adverse environmental effects from the disposal of fly ash, the content of soluble chlorides must be reduced. One of the most effective options for chloride removal is leaching and displacement washing in a filter press. The primary aim of this study was to obtain efficient removal of chloride from fly ash by utilizing a leaching and displacement washing process, carried out in a filter press. The secondary objective was to obtain high filtration capacities and low filter cake moisture contents. The slurry was prepared by mixing fly ash with water at an ash:water ratio of 1:2 and filtered to separate the solids from the liquid. After solid-liquid separation, most of the dissolved residual chloride was removed from the filter cake by washing the cake with fresh water in the second stage of separation. It was possible to remove up to 98% of the total chloride and to obtain sufficient filtration capacities. The residual moisture content of the filter cakes varied from 22 to 35 wt%, which meant that the cakes could be disposed of in landfill, or possibly utilized as a construction material.

Fouling mitigation of a dead-end microfiltration by mixing-enhanced preoxidation for Fe and Mn removal from groundwater

A combination of oxidation and microfiltration (oxidation-MF) is commonly used to remove Fe and Mn from groundwater. The characteristics of Fe and Mn oxides formed by oxidation can be significantly affected by the mixing intensity during oxidation, which subsequently influences the performance of membrane filtration. To optimize oxidation-MF, the critical role of mixing intensity on Fe and Mn oxide formation was investigated. Sufficient oxidant (NaOCl) was added to a prepared ferrous solution with or without Mn ions to oxidize the ions at different mixing intensities, followed by a dead-end MF for 30min at a constant transmembrane pressure of 1kg/cm2. A custom-made module surrounded by a tube membrane was used in microfiltration. The resistance of membrane filtration was calculated by a resistance-in-series model. Cake resistance (Rc) dominated the fouling of the membrane, which depended on the composition of oxides. Oxides formed at high mixing intensity were smaller and more compact, which resulted in reduced Rc and increased permeate flux. The presence of oxidized Mn aggravated membrane fouling. Permeate flux declined rapidly as a result of the cake formed by Fe–Mn oxides with increased hydrophobicity. The irreversible fouling of the dead-end MF was insensitive to mixing intensity during prechlorination, while the irreversible fouling induced by Fe–Mn oxides was more severe than that by Fe oxides as membrane filtration cycle progressed. The results show that membrane flux of a dead-MF can be effectively improved by prechlorination with enhanced mixing due to the formation of a permeable cake layer with low cake compressibility in the membrane filtration.

Filtragem de rejeitos de minério de ferro visando à sua disposição em pilhas

A metodologia tradicional de disposição de rejeitos em forma de polpa requer grandes áreas para disposição e apresenta grande impacto ambiental e, por conseguinte, as empresas têm dificuldade na aquisição de novos licenciamentos. A proximidade de áreas urbanas e a pressão pública têm despertado a necessidade de se buscarem alternativas a essa metodologia. Uma solução viável para essa questão contribuirá com o processo de licenciamento ambiental, garantindo a sobrevivência da mineração no Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Foram realizados ensaios de filtragem em bancada com amostras de rejeitos nas principais tecnologias de filtragem: a vácuo, sob pressão, capilar e hiperbárica. Os resultados mostraram que, com exceção das lamas, é possível filtrar os rejeitos com uma boa taxa de filtragem e umidade adequada para empilhamento. A filtragem das lamas sob pressão resultou em taxa unitária de filtragem relativamente baixa e alta umidade da torta (próximo a 20%). A torta derivada das lamas poderia ser misturada à torta de rejeitos grossos e/ou o estéril da mina para permitir o seu empilhamento, porém requerendo estudos geotécnicos complementares.

UTILIZATION OF ORANGE POMACE IN PROCESSING LOW CALORIES CAKE

This research was aimed to utilized from baladi orange pomace (Citrus sinensis) as by-products from juices factories which causes some environmental problems in processing low cup calories cakes. Wheat flour 72% extraction was substituted with powdered orange pomace at different three levels i.e. 5, 10 and 15%. Effect of orange pomace on physical, chemical, textural characteristics and microstructure properties of cup cakes were determined. A gradual decrease in moisture, ether extract, carbohydrates, while fiber and ash contents were increased with the increase in concentration of powdered orange pomace. with substitution of 15 % orange pomace to cake batters and cake formulae was negatively effect on physical characteristics namely , pH, line spread, and volume cm3, texture profile and volume measurements. Results of scanning electron microscope showed that substitution with 15 % orange pomace caused undesirable changes in the structure of starch granules, gluten matrix and the gas cells comparing with the other cup cake formulae. Results of sensory evaluation indicated that cup cake formulae containing 5% and 10% orange pomace have the highest scores for taste ,odour, height , crumb colour and crust colour in compared with cup cake formula with 15 % orange pomace. So, substitution wheat flour 72 % with orange pomace powder up to 10 % in processing low calories cup cake is recommended .

Addition of pin-milled pea flour and air-classified fractions in layer and sponge cakes

Legumes have interesting nutritional properties and many organizations, such as the World Health Organization, encourage their inclusion in the diet; their incorporation into bakery products could be a good method for increasing consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the addition of different percentages of pin-milled pea flour or its air-classified protein and starch fractions to sponge and layer cakes. Specific volume, pH and viscosity were measured in batters and specific volume, shape and texture in cakes. Evaluation through sensory analysis in a consumer test was performed after exclusion of the poorest cakes. Pin-milled pea-flour and starch-fraction cakes had similar specific volumes and firmness to wheat-flour cakes with substitution of up to 50% of the wheat flour in sponge cakes and up to 25% in layer cakes. In contrast, protein produced a lower cake specific volume and increased firmness at lower substitution percentages. Sensory acceptability decreased with increasing substitution percentages, and this was more pronounced in layer cakes. In sponge cakes, evaluations were similar to controls after substitution of 25% of the wheat flour by starch concentrate.

Production and Quality Evaluation of Low Calorie Cake

Production and Quality Evaluation of Low Calorie Cake

Effect of processing parameters on fouling resistances during microfiltration of red plum and watermelon juices: a comparative study

This study evaluated the total (R t ), reversible (R rev ), irreversible (R irr ), and cake (R c ) resistances during microfiltration of watermelon juice (as a juice with colloid particles) and red plum juice (as a juice without colloid particles). Results showed that the total resistance decreased by about 45% when the feed velocity was increased during clarification of red plum juice due to change in cake resistance. Also, increasing the feed temperature from 20 to 30°C decreased the total fouling resistance by about 9% due to decreases in the irreversible and reversible fouling resistances. Also, mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane (which is hydrophilic) had a lower cake resistance compared to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (which is hydrophobic). Examination of the microfiltration of watermelon juice showed that R t decreased by about 54% when the feed temperature was increased from 20 to 50°C, partially due to the reduction of reversible fouling resistance by 78%. Also, increasing transmembrane pressures from 0.5 to 2.5 bars greatly increased total fouling resistance. The feed velocity had a different effect on fouling resistances during microfiltration of watermelon juice compared to red plum juice: in contrast with red plum juice, increasing the feed velocity for watermelon juice increased cake resistance.

Emission of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Indoor Solid Fuel Combustion

Indoor solid fuel combustion is a dominant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and the latter are believed to be more toxic than the former. However, there is limited quantitative information on the emissions of OPAHs from solid fuel combustion. In this study, emission factors of OPAHs (EF(OPAH)) for nine commonly used crop residues and five coals burnt in typical residential stoves widely used in rural China were measured under simulated kitchen conditions. The total EF(OPAH) ranged from 2.8 ± 0.2 to 8.1 ± 2.2 mg/kg for tested crop residues and from 0.043 to 71 mg/kg for various coals and 9-fluorenone was the most abundant specie. The EF(OPAH) for indoor crop residue burning were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those from open burning, and they were affected by fuel properties and combustion conditions, like moisture and combustion efficiency. For both crop residues and coals, significantly positive correlations were found between EFs for the individual OPAHs and the parent PAHs. An oxygenation rate, R(o), was defined as the ratio of the EFs between the oxygenated and parent PAH species to describe the formation potential of OPAHs. For the studied OPAH/PAH pairs, mean R(o) values were 0.16-0.89 for crop residues and 0.03-0.25 for coals. R(o) for crop residues burned in the cooking stove were much higher than those for open burning and much lower than those in ambient air, indicating the influence of secondary formation of OPAH and loss of PAHs. In comparison with parent PAHs, OPAHs showed a higher tendency to be associated with particulate matter (PM), especially fine PM, and the dominate size ranges were 0.7-2.1 μm for crop residues and high caking coals and <0.7 μm for the tested low caking briquettes.

Power ultrasound aided batter mixing for sponge cake batter

A high power ultrasound bath system has been used as a processing aid during sponge cake batter mixing in enhancing the mixing process to produce better quality of cake texture. The formulation for loading of 3 sponge cakes was mixed for 9 min at 90 rpm under different combinations of ultrasound power exposure ranging from 1 to 2.5 kW, and for duration ranging from 3 to 9 min. The ultrasound was able to enhance the mixing process by resulting in lower batter density and flow behavior index, higher overrun and viscosity compared to the non-aided mixing. With the 2.5 kW ultrasound assisted mixing for entire batter mixing of 9 min, a better cake quality was produced in terms of lower cake hardness, and higher cake springiness, cohesiveness and resilience. The aided ultrasound power and duration during cake batter mixing showed more significant effects on cake properties than its batter properties.

10.2478/s11814-009-0299-z

The accumulation of deposited layer on membrane surface in cross-flow microfiltration was investigated. This study provides a basis for elucidation of the membrane segments with superior tendency for cake deposition due to fouling. A commercially available GVWP membrane was fouled with a colored (blue indigo suspension in water) feed. The deposition pattern or fouling tendency was obtained using a digital camera, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and image analysis. The effects of feed concentration, transmembrane pressure and cross-flow velocity on cake deposition were investigated. In the early stages of the filtration trials, cake deposition was increased from the commencement portion (feed inlet) towards the furthermost part (concentrate outlet) of the membrane surface. However, at the completion of filtration, no pronounced difference was realized between cake deposition in the median and end parts of the membrane. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the membrane was carried out to predict the fouling behavior in various segments of the membrane at different operating conditions. The results of CFD modeling are in acceptable agreement with the experimental data. Accomplishment of the membrane sections with higher tendency for accumulation of foulants may provide a basis for manipulation of conditions to diminish the buildup of fouling deposition in the proposed segments. This results in lower cake deposition on vital parts to minimize the overall fouling.

The Research on Smart Drill-In Fluid Design

There are continuous high concerns on formation protection technology in international petroleum engineering field. The reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) is the first non-native fluid to contact formation, and which influences directly the ultimate capacity of oil and gas well. The paper discusses the smart RDF design method based on conventional drilling fluid. The designed RDF system is characterized as good formation damage control, as well as the performance easily adjusted for field application. The technology combines ideal packing technology with active calcium carbonate to obtain low permeability filter cake, high return permeability and low initial flowing pressure. The sized calcium carbonates contribute to develop sealing zone for preventing filtrate and solids from invading into formation, and the organophilic passageway in filter cake (the active calcium carbonate) is favorable to open automatically passageway for oil and gas during production. Different modifiers used to ground calciumcarbonate surface modification are evaluated in laboratory. And the laboratory results show modified calcium carbonates are comfortable with conventional drilling fluids additives such as XC(Xanthan ), potassium polyacrylate(K-PAM), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(Na-CMC).

Formation and ageing of L‐glutamic acid spherulites

AbstractPolycrystalline spherulites of L‐glutamic acid have been crystallized by pH‐shift precipitation from stirred aqueous solutions. The time dependent behaviour of the spherulites has been studied during the crystallization process and batch filtration tests have been performed. It has been shown that the FBRM mean chord length of the investigated spherulites decreases in the course of time. The fact that the size reduction progresses faster at higher temperature and the solubility of resuspended polycrystalline particles decreasing with time, implies an ageing mechanism to be responsible for the observed changes in the particle size. It has been shown that the surface area decreases with time, ruling out particle breakage as a possible explanation for the decrease in particle size. XRD and Raman studies of L‐glutamic acid, however, show only marginal differences in the crystalline structure of particles obtained from different time stages. The ageing may occur due to several different mechanisms like phase transformation and Ostwald ripening. L‐glutamic acid spherulites after 3 h exhibit a 3‐fold higher value for the cake resistance as compared to particles after 0.5 h. However, particles obtained after 22 h exhibit an 8‐fold lower cake resistance as compared to the initially obtained spherulites, The increase in the cake resistance is attributed to the appearance of small plate‐like crystals and a change in the interaction between the crystal surface and the solution. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Evaluation of a Pilot-Scale, Plate-and-Frame Filter Press for Dewatering Thickener Underflow Slurries from Bituminous Coal-Cleaning Plants

Laboratory testing was conducted to evaluate the performance of a pilot-scale, plate-and-frame filter press for dewatering bituminous coal slurries. The fully automated filter press is manufactured by T.H. Minerals and is equipped with a hydraulic system, which operates the plate and diaphragm feed pumps. The filter press is capable of achieving an operating pressure of up to 1035 kPa. The unit contains a single set of plates having a filtration area of 0.45 × 0.45 m. Thickener underflow samples were collected from two bituminous coal-cleaning plants located in Pennsylvania. The first sample (Plant 1) was nominal −840 µm and had an ash value of 39.2%. It contained approximately 34% of −25 µm material with an ash value of 64.5%. The second sample (Plant 2) was nominal −150 µm and had an ash value of 17.5%. It contained approximately 65% of −25 µm material with an ash value of 20.9%. Testing was conducted to evaluate the effects of filter time, air-drying time, and air-blow pressure on filtrate flow, filtrate solids content, final cake moisture, and filter press unit capacity. For Plant 1, product moistures ranged from 23.5% to 25.6% with filtrate solids content ranging from 1% to 2% solids by weight. The unit capacities ranged from 45 kg/hr/m2 to 70 kg/hr/m2. For Plant 2, product moistures ranged from 16.1% to 21.6% with filtrate solids less than 0.1% by weight. The unit capacities ranged from 117 kg/hr/m2 to 168 kg/hr/m2. In both cases, low cake moistures were associated with lower unit capacities. The results indicate that the filter press is capable of producing handleable filter cakes without the use of additional flocculants.

A green membrane functionalization method to decrease natural organic matter fouling

Cellulose acetate (CA) ultrafiltration membranes were functionalized using a green chemistry approach. In the functionalization, an enzyme, Porcine pancreatic crude type II lipase (PPL), was used to polycondensate poly ethylene glycol (PEG) to the surface of the CA membranes. Modification was verified using structural and morphological analyses. The unmodified and the modified membranes displayed similar initial flux values, flux decline curves and rejection efficiencies when dextran and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as feed solutions. This was likely due to the high degree of hydrophilicity and similar charge characteristics between the modified and unmodified membranes. However, when natural organic matter (NOM) was filtered through the membranes, it was determined that modification led to lower cake accumulation on the surface of the modified membrane, to lower flux declines during operation, while NOM rejection remained unchanged. Furthermore, after backwashing, the modified membrane regained nearly 97% of its initial flux value within 40 min of filtration, while the unmodified membrane recovered only 85%. This improvement is possibly due to the high flexibility of the PEG chains grafted. Therefore, the use of PPL to polycondensate PEG to a CA membrane was deemed a successful functionalization process to decrease NOM fouling.

Membrane Fouling Control of Hybrid Membrane Bioreactor: Effect of Extracellular Polymeric Substances

A hybrid membrane bioreactor (HMBR) was developed by adding biofilm carriers into a conventional membrane bioreactor (CMBR), and a study was conducted on the characteristics of the activated sludge in the HMBR and CMBR with attention paid to the effect of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on membrane fouling. As a result, lower EPS concentrations were detected from the HMBR than the CMBR, bringing about a substantial improvement in the sludge properties. The larger particle size, more compact particle structure, and better settleability of the sludge in the HMBR resulted in lower cake layer resistance and much slower TMP increase.