Low BOD Research Articles

Assessment of the Seasonal Variations of Lakes Water Quality in Bangladesh

The study was conducted to assess the seasonal variations of water quality in Hatirjheel Lake and Dhanmondi Lake during the period from August, 2019 to January, 2020. The water samples were collected monthly during the monsoon and postmonsoon seasons from five sampling stations of both lakes. Comparative analysis revealed that mean pH was near the standard level in both lakes where DO concentration was much lower in Hatirjheel Lake than Dhanmondi Lake which could be due to the direct dumping of nearby residential and commercial waste, and domestic sewages from the city drainage system as well. The BOD concentration in Hairjheel Lake water exceeded the standard in both seasons and there was no significant change over seasons. In contrast, the Dhanmondi Lake water showed relatively lower BOD concentrations in both seasons where mean concentration slightly exceeded the standard in some stations. The EC and TDS contents showed positive relations but exceeded the standard limit throughout seasons in both lakes. The nutrient contents (NO3 -, NO2 - and NH4 +) of Hatirjheel Lake water highly exceeded the standard during the study that tends the lake water prone to eutrophication. The study revealed that the physicochemical parameters and nutrient status of Dhanmondi Lake water were within the standard limit except EC indicating a rich habitat for aquatic organisms and sounds for recreational activities than Hatirjheel Lake which should be monitored throughout the year to maintain the productivity of lake water systems.

Feasibility study of utilization of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a source for microalgae nutrients

As palm oil productivity increases, the waste produced will increase. Every palm oil industry produces liquid waste known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME contains very high BOD and COD so that it can inhibit microalgae growth. Therefore, comprehensive research is needed to find pre-treatment steps to reduce the COD and BOD content in POME before it is used as a medium for the growth and development of microalgae. The experimental mixture procedure carried out POME and microalgae according to the specified ratio. Research shows that Pond IV POME waste can be used as wild microalgae to grow, thereby reducing the BOD and COD levels of POME waste. Variable modifiers were applied to the volume of POME to the ratio of microalgae volume and the amount of nutrients provided. Microalgae growth with a ratio of 1:4 resulted in a decrease in BOD and COD to 61.66 ppm and 173.33 ppm from 110.6 ppm and 496.67 ppm. On the effect of providing C nutrition (120 ppm), resulted in lower BOD and COD at 65.33 ppm and 186.67 ppm, while the effect of providing N (40 ppm) nutrition resulted in lower BOD and reached 55.41 ppm and 158.33 ppm.

Environmentally-Friendly Bio-Coagulants: A Cost-Effective Solution for Groundwater Pollution Treatment

Groundwater in aquifers is one of the most significant renewable natural resources. It provides drinking water to more than 90% of the rural population. The majority of domestic and industrial garbage is disposed off in open dumping yards. As a result, groundwater becomes contaminated and of poor quality. Many therapy strategies are being used in various regions of the world to address this issue. We investigated the groundwater properties in a section of an industrial city in southern India and treated the contaminated groundwater using natural bio-coagulants in this study. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit peel), Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd seed), Musa paradisiaca (Banana blossom leaf), and Cynodon dactylon were employed as eco-friendly bio-coagulants (Scutch grass). These coagulants are good at removing turbidity while also keeping the pH of the water stable. Furthermore, these natural coagulants lower BOD, COD, and salt levels. Groundwater can be utilised for home purposes after treatment. Because it is a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach, a vast population can afford it.

Sequential combination of NaClO chain breakage/CuxO catalytic oxidation processes for high efficiency treatment of ultra-high concentration PVA wastewater

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a kind of refractory organic polymer with high COD and low BOD. Efficient treatment of PVA wastewater has always been a challenging subject especially for ultra-high concentration (UHC). In this paper, based on our previous work, a sequential combination process method including NaClO chain breakage followed by CuxO activated carbon catalytic oxidation was developed to efficient treat UHC PVA wastewater. The sequential combination system was optimized by monitoring the treatment performance with different key parameters (such as oxidant dosage, Cu loading and catalyst dosage, two-stage reaction time, pH value, etc.). And the COD of PVA wastewater declined from the initial 206,240.00 mg/L to 557.78 mg/L (removal rate 99.73 %), the PVA concentration decreased from the initial 171,325.00 mg/L to 19.94 mg/L (removal rate 99.99 %) under the optimal conditions. Through the discussion of the combined processes, it was found that both chain breakage and catalytic oxidation were necessary and indispensable to achieve efficient degradation of PVA wastewater. Additionally, the free radical scavenging experiments show that the combined oxidation process was mainly controlled by the catalytic oxidation process, and followed the free radical reaction mechanism with·OH as the main oxidant. Based on this, it is recommended that subsequent researchers focus on the combined process for the treat of refractory organic wastewater.

Physiochemical Treatment of Wastewater Utilizing Polyaluminum Chloride for Khartoum North Wastewater Effluent

This paper focuses on the possibility of applying physiochemical treatment for industrial wastewater combined with domestic wastewater that are currently treated by the conventional activated sludge process in Khartoum North Treatment plant at Haj Yousif (Wad Dafeah). A lab-scale experiment was carried out utilizing Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) as a coagulant for determining the optimum dose to reduce the turbidity of the wastewater sample to the lowest level. The results of the lab-scale model showed that a dose of 0.8 ml/l of the PAC achieved significant removal of turbidity (from turbidity >1000 NTU of raw sewage to turbidity level of 18 NTU of the treated effluent). This dose of 0.8ml/l obtained from the lab-scale experiment was applied in a pilot plant of capacity 30 m3/d erected at the site of the treatment plant (Wad Dafeah). The process units utilized in the pilot plant were of minimum or negligible electrical power consumption. They include an inverted hydro cyclone for flash mixing of the coagulant, pipes arrangement to achieve hydraulic gentle mixing as flocculation process, vertical sedimentation tank to enhance efficient settling of particles and tertiary treatment using a rapid sand filter. Raw sewage of BOD5 = 5000 mg/l was introduced into the pilot plant and excellent quality of treated effluent was obtained. Removal efficiencies of both BOD5 and SS were high (97 % & 98% respectively).Treated effluent had BOD5 = 23 mg/l & SS = 22 mg/l. The high dose of PAC utilized for the treatment (0.8 ml/l= 1040 mg/l) can be reduced significantly if raw wastewater of lower BOD content such as domestic wastewater is treated. In a parallel study with the domestic sewage of BOD5 =350 mg/l, the PAC dose required was 0.1 ml/l (130 mg/l). Recycling of residual PAC in the sludge is recommended to decrease the cost of treatment. The approach & methodology followed in this study can be further adopted using other coagulant material such as ferric salts or other similar local product which can achieve high efficiency in reducing the load of organic substances in the wastewater with minimum cost.Keywords: Physiochemical; Poly aluminum chloride; inverted hydro cyclone

BIOPROSES PENGURAIAN LIMBAH CAIR BUANGAN INDUSTRI PANGAN DAN NON-PANGAN BERBASIS BIOSURFAKTAN

Biosurfactants are microbial metabolites that may be utilized to replace synthetic chemical surfactant in overcoming the problem of industrial wastewater pollution. Indications of the presence of biosurfactant activity may be determined through measurement of emulsification and enzymatic activity of the tested microorganisms on their growth media, which is indicated by decreasing the BOD and COD of the tested growth media containing wastewater material as an inducer added to the microbial growth medium. This research was conducted to examine several potential microbial isolates that produce biosurfactants on growth media containing mixed waste water. The results showed that some of the microbial cultures tested showed the potential to produce biosurfactants as indicated by the emulsification and enzymatic activity of the tested microbial culture. Trial on mixed industrial wastewater showed that the tested biosurfactants were able to reduce the levels of BOD (440-1300 mg/l) and COD (1240-1760 mg/l) of the wastewater samples up to low BOD levels (82 mg/l) and COD (116 mg/l), respectively, thus that it meets the requirements of the established wastewater quality standards according to the Indonesian Standard regarding with the respective BOD (50-100 mg/l, 06-6989.9-2004 SNI) and COD (100-250 mg /l, 06-6989.2-2004 SNI).Key words : biosurfactant, emulsification, microbial enzyme, wastewater, BOD, COD.

A comprehensive study of bioremediation for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

Quality water is used for various daily chores like drainage, drinking, sanitation, agricultural, and other industrial applications, thus being the need of the hour. Water is a dominant raw material in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and chemicals; reliable and superior water sources are needed for many processes, including cooling, refining, and material extraction. The purpose of urban and industrial wastewater treatment is to eliminate contaminants, destroy toxicants, neutralise coarse particles, and destroy bacteria to increase the consistency of the discharged water to maintain the allowable amount of water to be discharged into or for agricultural property. So, the goal of water treatment is to lower BOD, COD, eutrophication, etc., in receiving water sources and stop radioactive compounds from spreading through the food chain. Pharmaceutical wastewater has a wide range of characteristics, including a high amount of organic matter, microbial contamination, a high salt content, and the inability to biodegrade. Following secondary application, residual quantities of suspended solids and dissolved organic matter exist. Therefore, advanced treatment is necessary to increase the efficiency of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent. In the methods described in this study, Advanced Oxidation and Bioremediation—the latter emerges as the most environmentally and commercially viable option. This paper discusses the many types of bioremediations, their applications, and their limits in the treatment of industrial wastewater with the goal of reducing the ecotoxicological impacts of pharmaceutical wastewater.

Assessment of the effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Water Quality of Baldi River Sahastradhara Sulphur Spring, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Due to imposed restrictions during COVID-19 lockdown on air- rail - road traffic and industrial activities,early signs of improvement in water quality of several Indian rivers were noticed in terms of higher dissolvedoxygen and lower biochemical oxygen demand and total Coliforms, on account of least discharge of industrialeffluents and restricted human outdoor movement. In the backdrop of above, this study was aimed toassess the water quality index (WQI) of Baldi River -Sahastradhara Sulphur Spring, Dehradun, India, byfollowing the U.S. National Sanitation Foundation, NSF-WQI model, during lockdown (April to June 2020)and after unlocking process (July – September, 2020). The spatial and seasonal variations in ten waterquality parameters of Baldi River -Sahastradhara Sulphur Spring were investigated by monitoring thewater quality at three locations; Baldi river upstream, Sahastradhara proper and Baldi river downstream. Duringthe entire study period, improved water quality was observed, in terms of high DO ranging from 9.17±0.035to 8.38±0.028 mg/L and comparatively low BOD ranging from 1.68±0.032 to 2.31± 0.031 and low totalcoliform counts ranging from 06±1.09 to 31±2.75 MPN/100 mL. The NSF-WQI water quality status ofBaldi River -Sahastradhara Sulphur Spring was found to be Good all the time and the computed WQI atBaldi river upstream, Sahastradhara proper and downstream were 85.53, 83.48 and 82.30 during lockdownperiod (summer). However, during unlocking process (monsoon), due to continued weekend restrictions,on account of minimum tourists activities the water quality was still computed Good that NSF-WQI werefound to be 83.20, 80.58 and 79.27, at the studied locations respectively.

Hydrothermal Carbonization Process of Digestate from Sewage Sludge: Chemical and Physical Properties of Hydrochar in Terms of Energy Application

Hydrochars (HTCD) derived from digestates, namely D1 and D2 (from two plants) of sewage sludge, were examined with respect to their fuel properties. The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) tests were performed at temperatures of 200 and 220 °C, for 2 and 4 h of residence times, and with 1:10 and 1:8 digestate to water ratios (D/W), causing an increase of ash content (max. 55.8%), and a decrease c.a. 20% of the higher heating value except for a slight increase to 15 kJ/kg at 200 °C and 4 h in hydrochars. Conversely, the combustion profiles of hydrochars moved towards higher temperatures (225–257 °C) and finished earlier at lower temperatures (423–438 °C). The HTCD from D1 and D2 showed very similar properties under the same conditions (200 °C, 4 h, 1:8 D/W) for combustion characteristic temperatures, indices and profiles. The best efficiency was found for HTCD2. In addition, the polluted post-processing liquid phase was treated by a distillation process providing 30% higher pH, 50% lower BOD values, up to 15 times lower COD values, and c.a. three times lower conductivity.

Planktonic scenario of tributaries of the river Ganga in upper stretch

River Nayar, River Havel and River Balganga are small but important tributaries of river Ganga in its upper stretch. Their water quality and planktonic structure influence biodiversity of river Ganga and may play important roles in biodiversity conservation of valuable fauna and flora of these small rivers. Water of all these tributaries revealed high dissolved oxygen (7.3 - 10 mg L-1), very low BOD (0.4 - 2.4 mg L-1), high current velocity (0.6 - 1.7 m s-1). High silica content of the tributaries was reflected in diatom abundance anddiversity. Plankton population was dominated by diatoms only and no zooplanktonwere recorded. Plankton abundance ranged between 80-1250 u L-1 in Balganga with 15 genera, *140-1290 u L-1 in Havel with 14 genera and 1290-8010 u L-1 in Nayar with 28 genera. In river Nayar plankton population contributed to only three algal groups, viz. Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Myxophyceae, which ranged from 45.7 - 97.8%, 1.5 - 54.2% and 0.6 - 2.2 %, respectively. River Havel and river Balganga depicted diatoms as planktonic flora. River Nayar exhibited maximum planktonic diversity followed by river Havel and Balganga. Dominant taxa in summer season were Asterionella, Cymbella, Melosira (diatoms) Spirogyra, Ankistrodesmus, Cosmarium (green algae) andPhormidium (blue green). Dominant taxa in monsoon were Microspora, Pinnularia, Tabellaria and Cymbella. Winter taxa were Tryblionella, Navicula, Melosira, Tabellaria, Denticula, Diatoma and Eunotia. River Nayar may be considered as Hotspot for phytoplankton diversity conservation as physical condition of river is suitable for diatom growth and species richness. River Havel is influenced by tourist activity/ anthropogenic effects, as reflected by higher TDS and specific conductivity but Balganga is havingclear water. Periphytic populations in Balganga, Nayar and Havel were maximum in winter followed by summer and monsoon, and dominated by various species of small diatoms like Eunotia, Cymbella, Navicula and Gomphonema.

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF WATER TANK AT DIFFERENT STOREY HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING AND TO CHECK FLUID SLOSHING EFFECT

Sloshing is one of the most dominant effects in elevated water tanks, water storage tanks, and structures. An earthquake is a disruptive disturbance that causes shaking of the earth's surface due to movement along a fault plane or volcanic activity. The nature of the produced forces is reckless and only lasts a brief time. Sloshing thus involves a wide range of engineering difficulties, one of which is the dynamic response of lifeline liquid storage tanks in the event of an earthquake. Aerospace, civil, and nuclear engineers are all concerned about liquid sloshing in moving or stationary containers. DOSIWAM Sewage Treatment Plants serve to reduce negative environmental effect by enhancing effluent quality. The current study is the extension of the "environmental floor" concept, where installing the DOSIWAM system at intermittent levels of a multistoried building is carried out. The water coming out of this tank has very low BOD, so the water becomes suitable for reuse in gardening, irrigation, and firefighting operations. A novel approach was used, combining the CFD software and structural analysis software to check the sloshing effect. This is part of a research effort dedicated to developing a CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) methodology. The project's objective was to check the effect of the storage tank on the environmental floor. Thus, a storage tank and a water tank with an aspect ratio close to 1 can be safely provided. The difference in time period of the water tank and the structure was found to reduce the effect of sloshing. Hence, the Storage tank of the DOSIWAM system can be safely installed on the structure.

Synchronous complete COD reduction for persistent chemical-industrial organic wastewater using the integrated treatment system

• The concept of full COD reduction in wastewater was illustrated and into practice. • The selected real wastewater was highly acidic, high COD but low BOD. • COD in water and gas pathway were reduced synchronously during treatment process. • Tourmaline-based Fenton-like process avoid generation of iron sludge. • Microbial community succession for treating real RT-Base wastewater was revealed. Chemical-industrial organic wastewater often contains organic contaminants with low biodegradability. One challenge of chemical-industrial organic wastewater treatment is to select suitable pre-treatment combined with biological wastewater treatment. On the other hand, most wastewater treatment systems are open to the atmosphere, and the emission of gaseous organic matters usually occurs during the wastewater treatment processes. Thus, this work provided a conception of synchronous complete COD reduction during chemical wastewater treatment. Real p -Aminodiphenylamine (RT-Base) wastewater, a kind of typical chemical-industrial organic wastewater, was selected to verify the feasibility of the conception. An integrated closed system was utilized which involving a tourmaline-based Fenton-like process and Activated sludge (AS) process. The results showed that trimethylamine emitted after the wastewater pH adjustment and the emitted gaseous matter could be effectively removed by AS process. Additionally, the biodegradability of the wastewater was enhanced after the tourmaline-based Fenton-like pretreatment. Furthermore, the combination of Fenton oxidation with AS process provided a high total removal efficiency (COD removal rate = 98.87%). The emitted gaseous organic matter could be effectively captured and treated by another independent AS process, and there was no longer emitted gaseous organic matter in the off-gas. Microbial DNA analysis showed that the most dominant phyla in the activated sludge were bacteroidetes, proteobacteria, actinobacteria, and firmicutes. Carbohydrate metabolism was the most abundant pathway and its abundance increased 0.03%-1.19% after the treatment. Consequently, the conception of synchronous complete COD reduction in real chemical-industrial wastewater has been verified.

Opium effluent treatment via biological means: A short discussion on evidences

Opium drug is procured from the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum, a plant of the family Papaveraceae. The pharmacologically dynamic standards of opium live in its alkaloids, the most significant of which, morphine, comprises around 10% by weight of crude opium. Other dynamic alkaloids, for example, papaverine and codeine are available in more modest extents. The effluents delivered from alkaloid handling businesses is profoundly contaminated having low pH, high COD, BOD, sulfate, and TKN values, and a trademark dim earthy coloured tone. Various physical as well as organic cycles happening in amphibian biological unit might cause decrease of follow convergences of drug compounds. Treatment of wastewater created from alkaloid handling is a difficult errand in light of the mind boggling combination of impurities. A few strategies for the treatment of these squanders, like anaerobic and oxygen consuming natural treatment, anaerobic treatment with layer treatment, and high-impact treatment with synergist wet air oxidation have been accounted for. The impact of gamma illumination as a pre-treatment on vigorous natural treatment of opium alkaloid-containing wastewater was inspected. Regardless of the way that wastewater is generally biodegradable; more preliminaries in bunch reactor sequencing are required. Pre-illuminated wastewater then again, created total evacuation and superior settling ooze, which was thought to be inferable from the radiation's breakdown of the perplexing design. GC/MS examination uncovered underlying corruption; however filterability tests uncovered an improvement.

The effect of land-use change on river watershed quality (case study: Cimahi Watershed, West Java, Indonesia)

Increasing population growth is one of the impacts of the growth of a city or district in an area. This also happened in the Cimahi watershed area. As the population grows, so does the need for land which increases the land-use change in the Cimahi watershed. Land-use changes will affect the surrounding environment and one of them is the river, especially river water quality. As a watershed area, there is one main river that is the source of life as well as the Cimahi watershed, whose main river is the Cimahi River. The purpose of this study was calculated the relationship between land-use change in the Cimahi watershed and the water quality parameters of the Cimahi River. The correlation between the two was calculated using Pearson correlation. Water quality parameters can be seen based on BOD and DO values. BOD and DO values are the opposite because good water quality has high DO values and low BOD values. The correlation between land-use change and BOD was 0.328 is in the area of settlements area. In contrast, to DO values, an increase in settlements/industrial zones will further reduce DO values so that both have a negative correlation, which is indicated by a value of -0,535. The correlation between settlements with pH and temperature values is 0.664 and 0.812. While the correlation between settlements with TSS and TDS values are 0.333 and 0.529, respectively. In this study, it can be seen that there is a relationship between the decline in water quality and changes in land use.

Analisis Parameter Fisik-Kimia Air Sungai Kadia pada Tahun Pertama Pandemi COVID-19 di Kota Kendari

The high risk of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the government set a various of policies to limit citizen mobility. The imposition of this mobility restriction has a significant impact on the environment. This study aims to analyze several physic-chemical waters parameters in Kadia River during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study indicate that temperature, turbidity, DO at low tide and BOD exceed the required quality standard. The contribution of household domestic waste is very likely to have an effect on the height of some of these parameters, because in the first-year people are more active at home (work from home). The other parameters (DHL, pH, NO2, PO4) are still within the quality standard threshold level. Therefore, it is necessary to control and manage waste water from urban domestic so that the sustainability of river ecosystems can continue in the future.

Achieving sustainable river water quality for rural dwellers by prioritizing the conservation of macroinvertebrates biodiversity in two Afrotropical streams

Abstract Motivated by the UN Global Sustainable Development Goals on achieving sustainable freshwater ecosystem, this study was undertaken to examine two important water bodies in north central Nigeria (Baka Jeba and Penyan Rivers) protected locally by the rural community and serving as sources of water supply, for biodiversity conservation and protection. The status of macroinvertebrate biodiversity as important variable in assessing the environmental health and suitability of the water quality of the rivers was evaluated for a period of 8 months, between February and September 2017 using standard methods. The mean values of Physicochemical variables recorded during the study period revealed that the nutrient loads (nitrites and phosphates levels) was relatively low for both streams as well as conductivity levels ( ​0.05) among the sampling stations with number of individuals caught ranging between 1208 and 1728 per station. Of the major faunal groups, Ephemeroptera contributed the highest percentage of individuals (>29%) in both streams. Generally, Beka Jeba Stream contained more diverse taxa of macroinvertebrates compared to Penyan Stream. The Ephemeroptera- Trichoptera-Odonata (ETO) were the dominant groups collected in the river systems indicating fairly good water quality conditions. The Chironomids and other tolerant macroinvertebrate larvae were only sporadically present. Overall, the values of the physical and chemical parameters (low BOD, low nutrient levels and high dissolved oxygen) obtained for the two rivers and the wide diversity of sensitive macroinvertebrates portends the water body to be of good quality. Therefore utmost care should be taken to conserve and preserve these species as indicators of water quality by reducing the impact of key drivers of declines in macroinvertebrate biodiversity, including habitat degradation and pollution.

Total organic carbon, heavy metal content and metal bioaccumulation in a freshwater wetland of Indo-Burmese province, India

ABSTRACT This study attempts to assess the spatio-temporal distribution of total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals in one of the Ramsar wetlands of Indo-Burmese province. Water samples were collected from 10 sampling points during the premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon season of 2016 and 2017. The general water parameters such as low DO, high BOD, and high fluoride imply the wetland water’s deteriorated quality. The mean TOC of water was estimated to be 2.4 ± 0.33 ppm, the first report from Deepor Beel. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a significant positive relation (> 0.7) between TOC, phosphate, and nitrate, which indicates the seasonal inflow of these parameters from a similar source. The computed heavy metal indices revealed that most of the water samples were highly contaminated by metals. The metal concentration recorded in the selected macrophytes and fishes species was far above the concentration of the respective metal in the water samples. Metal distribution in plant samples disclosed that Euryale ferox showed better accumulation ability than Hydrilla verticillata and Eichhornia crassipes. Among the fish species, the highest metal accumulation was recorded in Xenentodon cancila (zinc, iron, manganese, and nickel) and Channa punctatus (lead and cadmium). In the fish samples, metal accumulation was found to be higher in the organs (particularly in the kidney) than in the muscles. Bioconcentration factor revealed a high metal accumulation in the submerged type plants and surface feeder fishes.

Bleaching of Jute-Cotton blend fabric with Peracetic acid for deep dyeing

The purpose of this study was to introduce sustainable bleaching of jute-cotton blend (Juton) fabric with Peracetic acid instead of conventional peroxide bleaching agents for the deep dyeing process. Juton was bleached with peracetic acid by varying the process conditions including temperature, pH, treatment time,concentration and the dyeing properties, fastness properties were investigated in a comparative manner. In addition, the physical properties of treated fabrics such as tensile strength, elongation, weight loss and the chemical changes of bleached fabrics were evaluated by using FT-IR. The morphological surface changes of bleached fabric were confirmed by SEM. Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide bleaching effluents were analyzed by measuring BOD, COD, TDS and DO values. The highest color strength was obtained at 70̊C,using neutral pH (7), concentration 20 mg/L in 80 min treatment time based on peracetic acid bleaching agent for Juton fabric. Peracetic acid bleaching of Juton fabric was found to be higher tensile strength and elongation than H2O2 bleaching. Peracetic acid bleaching effluent exhibited lower BOD, COD, TDS and higher DO than hydrogen peroxide bleaching effluent. Moreover, peracetic acid bleaching provided higher fastness to washing,light and rubbing than hydrogen peroxide bleaching.

Stream biodiversity and monitoring in North Central, Nigeria: the use of macroinvertebrate indicator species as surrogates.

Indicator species (IS) have been employed in modern aquatic research for monitoring of environmental changes and evaluating the efficiency of environmental management procedures. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of developing surrogate indicator groups as tools for the conservation and management of the biodiversity of Northern Nigeria streams by surveying 15 streams in Niger state for benthic macroinvertebrates and environmental variables as data sets, over a period of 24 months (2016 and 2017). Samples were collected in two locations of reference and impacted sites for each of the streams surveyed. The statistically significant (P < 0.05; based on 1000 permutations) indicator species for each of the status classes (reference versus impacted) was identified using the indicator species analysis/indicator value (Indval) method. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate the IS-environment relationships. Indicator value found fifteen species for the reference streams including Ephemeropteran (Bugilliesia sp., Tricorythus sp., Thraulus sp., Crassabwa sp.) and the Tricopteran (Leptonema sp.). Opposite, the Indval found seven (7) indicator species for the impacted streams, which included the Dipteran (Pentaneura sp., Tabanus sp.). Multivariate analysis revealed that species assemblage had wide dispersal patterns in relation to the sites for both status classes. CCA revealed that the reference and impacted indicator species responded to entirely different environmental factors, indicating their preference to particular environmental variables along the ecological gradients. While the indicator species of reference sites were associated with environmental predictors of good water quality such as high DO, increased flow, low conductivity, and low BOD, the indicator species of impacted sites were strongly related to environmental predictors of anthropogenic pollution, including low DO, high BOD, and increased nutrients concentrations. This study has provided a reference point and effective tool to monitor environmental changes, community, and ecosystem dynamics across the Northern Nigeria streams.

Analisis Kualitas Air Permukaan Rawa Gambut Rasau Bervegetasi Mangrove Di Desa Rantau Panjang Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Peat soil is a type of soil that is formed from the accumulation of plant debris which undergoes a decomposition process. This is why peat soil contains high organic matter and is acidic. Peat soils will affect the parameters of a surrounding aquatic ecosystem, such as the Rasau peat swamp ecosystem in the village of Rantau Panjang. Peat swamp water parameters are influenced by substances stored in the peat such as having a low pH, high heavy metal content, and having high TSS, TDS, BOD and COD values. The water parameter of peat swamp with mangrove vegetation is better than that of peat swamp that does not have mangrove vegetation. This can be seen if the peat swamp water parameters are laboratory tested. The physical parameters of water, namely temperature, TDS, DHL, color, and turbidity were lower in the Rasau peat swamp with mangrove vegetation compared to the non-vegetated ones. The chemical parameters of the Rasau peat swamp with high density mangrove vegetation such as higher pH, and lower BOD, COD, and iron (Fe) when compared to peat swamps without mangrove vegetation. However, the physical and chemical parameters of vegetated and non-vegetated peat swamps are still above the PPRI No. 82 of 2001.