Low Arch Research Articles

Tryptic digestion and alkaline denaturation of catalase. The influence on catalatic activity, peroxidatic activity towards phenolic compounds, and the reactivity with methyl- and ethyl-hydroperoxide

Tryptic digestion of catalase (H 2O 2:H 2O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) leads to a gradually increased peroxidatic activity towards phenolic compounds. The reactivity with ethylhydroperoxide increases 2–3 times after brief digestion but decreases thereafter. The catalatic activity and the reactivity with methylhydroperoxide disappear rapidly. The results indicate a loosening of the structure around the hematins, increasing the reactivity with peroxide and hydrogen donor substrates formerly sterically hindered. This change may occur to some extent without loss of the catalase-specific ability to react rapidly with hydroperoxides. The ability to peroxidize ethanol is apparently not loss before the loss of high reactivity with hydroperoxides. After brief exposure of catalase to pH > 12 leading to its dissociation into subunits, the enzyme recombines when the pH is lowered (Samejima, T., McCabe, W. J. and Tsi Yang, J. (1968) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 127, 354–360). After this procedure most (∼ 70%) of the catalatic activity is recovered. The reactivity with ethylhydroperoxide is doubled and the peroxiding actifvity towards phenolic compounds is strongly increased. The results indicate an increased accessibility of the hematins of recombined catalase. However, they do not become reducible by dithionite. After longer exposure to high pH, all enzymic activities are decreased and the hematins become reducible.

Forest City Basin of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa

The Forest City basin of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa is the area in which the first oil and gas production west of the Mississippi River was found. Production near Paola, Kansas, followed within a few years of the birth of the oil industry at Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859 Initial movements of the Ozark uplift and the Chautauqua arch began in Late Ordovician time. Attendant subsidence in the north Kansas area formed an ancestral basin which was bisected later by the Nemaha anticline forming the Salina basin and an unnamed basin on the east. Post-Mississippian, pre-Atokan peneplanation of the entire area took place before renewed activity along the Nemaha anticline uplifted the area west of the anticline while downwarping east of the Nemaha scarp formed the Forest City basin. Thus it is defined as a Pennsylvanian basin. Movement along the Nemaha anticline may have begun during the late Early Ordovician but certainly it was mobile during Early Mississippian time and continued to be active intermittently until at least the early Permian. The Cherokee and Forest City basins were separated by a low arch until middle Cherokee time when the Forest City basin filled with sediments and the two basins linked across the Bourbon arch. Northeast-trending folds developed after Mississippian deposition whereas previous structural orientation was northwestward.

Nonlinear Creep Buckling of Some Simple Structures

In this paper, the creep buckling behavior of shallow Mises trusses and two-hinged sinusoidal low arches with sandwich cross section is studied. The material properties are assumed to be nonlinear viscoelastic and obeying the power creep law. The purpose of this study is to find the critical times, critical deflections, and postbuckling deflections of these structures. For Mises trusses, snap-through may be induced by direct compression or lateral buckling of the members. Analytical solutions are obtained. In the arch problem, both symmetrical and antisymmetrical bucklings are considered. Collocation method is used in the analysis, and numerical solutions are obtained.

Lower Cretaceous of Wyoming and Southern Rockies: ABSTRACT

Lower Cretaceous strata (essentially the Dakota Group) of Wyoming and the Southern Rockies are of considerable economic importance. To date recoverable reserves of about 450 million bbl of oil and 1½ trillion cu ft of gas have been discovered in these rocks. Lower Cretaceous sediments were deposited in the incipient Rocky Mountain geosyncline which seemingly began to subside in this region in Aptian time. The first sediments to be laid down were inland floodplain conglomerate, sandstone, and variegated mudstone (Cloverly, Lakota, Lytle, lower Cedar Mountain, etc.) transported into this depression by river systems from the Sioux uplift on the east and from the Mesocordilleran geanticline on the west. As the transgressing arboreal sea entered this part of the trough, and ultimately joined the southern sea, environmental relations became more complex. Marine shale and siltstone (Skull Creek, lower Thermopolis, and Kiowa) formed in the deeper part of the trough occupied by the sea and graded landward (eastward and westward) into sandstone, shale, and coal of the transitional littoral-marine-lagoonal, paludal, and deltaic environments (Fall River, upper Cedar Mountain, Plainview, upper Cheyenne, etc.). These, in turn, graded laterally into sandstone and variegated mudstone of the now restricted floodplain environment. Toward the end of Early Cretaceous time, a low arch rose in southern Kansas and southern Colorado, separating the trough into two parts. However, continuing subsidence allowed the sea to spread greatly both east and west. Floodplain deposits (now composed of sandstone and mudstone) continued to accumulate between the source areas and the arboreal sea and interfinger seaward with shale and sandstone of the transitional environments (Omadi, Dakota, Naturita, etc.). These in turn interfinger with the marine upper Thermopolis and Mowry Shales. Tongues of these formations (Newcastle, Muddy, J, etc.) project seaward into the marine shale and probably represent deltaic wedges formed during minor regressions of the sea. Petroleum has been produced from nearly all the units mentioned, representing deposits of marine, littoral, deltaic, paludal, lagoonal, and floodplain environments. Most production has come from Newcastle, J, and Muddy sandstones which probably are deltaic and littoral marine complexes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1907------------

Forest City Basin of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa: ABSTRACT

The Forest City basin of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa is the area of the first oil and gas production west of the Mississippi River. Production was found near Paola, Kansas, within a few years of the birth of the American oil industry at Titusville, Pennsylvania. Initial movements of the Ozark uplift and the Chautauqua arch began in Late Ordovician time. Attendant subsidence in the northern Kansas area formed an ancestral basin which was later bisected by the Nemaha anticline, forming the Salina basin on the west and an unnamed basin on the east. Post-Mississippian, Pre-Atokan peneplanation of the entire region took place before renewed activity along the Nemaha anticline uplifted the area west of the anticline while downwarping east of the Nemaha scarp formed the Forest City basin. Thus, it is defined as a Pennsylvanian-age basin. Movement along the Nemaha structure may have begun as early as pre-St. Peter time but certainly during Early Mississippian time and continued intermittently until at least the Early Permian. The Cherokee and Forest City basins were separated by a low arch until middle Cherokee time when the Forest City basin filled with sediments and the two basins joined across the Bourbon arch. Northeast-trending folds developed after Mississippian deposition, whereas previous structural orientation had been toward the northwest. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1564------------

Large elastic, plastic, and creep deflections of curved beams and axisymmetric shells

A numerical method is presented for analyzing large deflections of curved beams and large axisymmetric deflections of shells of revolution. The governing equations that are in finitedifference form are solved by a Newton-Raphson iteration procedure. The plastic stress-strain relations are determined by assuming three independent slip planes that are the planes of maximum shear stresses. The stress-strain relation along each slip plane is assumed to be linearly strain hardening. This plasticity model gives piecewise linear plasticity relations with determinate coefficients. For snap buckling problems, the so-called upper critical load is determined by introducing an artificial spring opposite to the applied load. The true load is then the difference between the applied load and the reaction of the spring. The important mathematical consequence of introducing the spring is to yield a single valued load-deflection curve, thus allowing the critical loads to be determined. The method is applied to several problems including low arches, circular rings, shallow and deep spherical shells under elastic-plastic deformations, and a shallow arch under creep deformation.

Structural and Stratigraphic Development, Washakie and Sand Wash Basins, Wyoming and Colorado: ABSTRACT

The Washakie and Sand Wash basins, southeast segments of the overall Green River basin, are located in central-southern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado. The two basins are bounded by and contain structural elements of varying age. These are: Rock Springs uplift and Wamsutter arch (Late Eocene-Oligocene) to west and north, Sierra Madre and Park Range uplifts (Late Cretaceous-Paleocene) to east, and the White River, Axial and Uinta Mountain uplifts (Paleocene-Eocene) from southeast through southwest. The basins are separated by a low arch and fault zone of late Tertiary age, which parallels the Wyoming-Colorado boundary. The present obvious structural trends are the composite of many less obvious structural episodes of Late-Cretaceous-Paleocene, early Late Cretaceous, Early Cretaceous, Permian-Pennsylvanian and early Paleozoic time. Structural elements related to these older orogenic episodes are now mostly concealed beneath younger sediments and basin downwarping. Evidence for many structural episodes, particularly those of the early Paleozoic, have been all but effaced by erosion related to younger orogeny. Maximum structural activity occurred from latest Cretaceous through Mid-Eocene time. The full sedimentary column (Eocene and older) in the Sand Wash basin exceeds 32,000 feet apportioned approximately as follows: pre-Pennsylvanian 3% Pennsylvanian-Early Cretaceous 15% Late Cretaceous 46% Paleocene-Eocene 36% The maximum sedimentary column in the Washakie basin may exceed 36,000 feet in the central and northern parts of the basin. Several thousands of feet of late Tertiary sediments and igneous extrusives occur in limited areas of both basins. Precambrian structural trends are imperfectly known in the bounding Uinta, Park Range and Sierra Madre uplifts, but have had obvious, important influence on subsequent structural trends and movements to the present. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1877------------

Preliminary Subsurface Study of Southeastern Appalachian Interior Plateau

Recent deep drilling in eastern Kentucky is adding much new subsurface information, making possible a reinterpretation of this portion of the Interior Plateau region. The present study is a preliminary report on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of that region, including six newly made geologic cross sections and eight isopachous maps of various stratigraphic groups or series. Three matters in particular are reported. 1. There is a newly discovered Lower Cambrian coastal declivity which may be a fault scarp or a steep coastwise cliff that is responsible for an abrupt thickening of Early Cambrian deposits on its south-east side. Apparently it does not affect sediments of Dresbachian age. 2. As they appear to have quite different thickness-distribution patterns, rocks commonly called Mt. Simon-Eau Claire, or Lamotte-Bonneterre (the group known as Dresbachian) should be separated from overlying sediments and not regarded as Upper Cambrian. In this paper they are placed in the late Middle Cambrian. 3. There is a broad low concealed arch extending from north-central Ohio southward into eastern Kentucky, on top of which all Beekmantown strata have been removed by pre-Chazy erosion that also cut deeply into the Upper Cambrian below the Beekmantown. This arch, here named the Waverly Arch, lies about 60 miles east of the Cincinnati anticline which was apparently absent in pre-Trenton time. Many paleogeographic and structural relations hitherto assigned to the Cincinnati arch during pre-Trenton epochs are attributed now to the Waverly arch. If these and other preliminary observations are substantiated as is confidently expected, considerable revision is required of various subsurface interpretations previously held for this region.

ORIGIN AND MECHANICS OF THE THRUST FAULTS ADJACENT TO THE BEARPAW MOUNTAINS, MONTANA

The hypothesis is presented that the thrust faults in the plains adjacent to the Bearpaw Mountains in north-central Montana were produced by a plainsward sliding of the volcanic rocks and underlying strata down the flanks of the low sedimentary arch on which the volcanics rest. It is predicated that this slipping took place on a bed of bentonite in the Colorado shale and was aided by earth tremors that accompanied the last stages of the volcanic outbursts. The flat-lying Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary strata in the adjacent plains which, if more rigid, would have obstructed the plainsward sliding of the tilted mountain mass or been overridden by it were shoved plainsward and thrust-faulted for a distance of 20 to 30 miles. The faults show no progressive plainsward decrease in amount of thrust across the broad area in which they occur and are separated by wide belts of undeformed flat-lying strata. These anomalous features are attributable to slight frictional resistance t o movement offered by a slippery bentonite bed and the probability that the sedimentary rocks over part of the faulted belt were overlain and strengthened by a cover of volcanic rocks that thinned toward the outer margin of the faulted belt. The deformed strata consist chiefly of shales that were too weak to support the load involved in lifting the strata in anticlinal folds. Therefore, thrust faulting, instead of anticlinal folding, took place.

A low lingual arch and a case report of abnormal overbite

A low lingual arch and a case report of abnormal overbite

Our Astronomical Column

Magnetic Disturbance and Aurora.—A magnetic disturbance, classified as a ‘small storm’, commenced at 15h G.M.T. on Oct. 17 and lasted about ten hours. The range in declination at Greenwich was 55′, the oscillations of the needles being most rapid about 17h and 22h. There was an accompanying display of the aurora borealis, which seems to have been particularly well seen from the eastern counties of England. Mr. Charles Leaf, 7 Grange Road, Cambridge, states that at “1952 G.M.T. a low arch was visible stretching from north-west through north to north-north-east. This was bright green in colour, the lower edge being quite sharply defined, while the upper edge gradually merged into the clear sky above. At its highest point the arch was perhaps 15° above the horizon, and the extremities did not quite reach it. No streamers were observed.” The arch persisted until 2130 G.M.T., when rainclouds finally hid it. Mr. H. W. L. Absalom, 9 Hillside Gardens, Wallington, Surrey, saw an auroral display between 6.30 and 6.45 P.M. (G.M.T.). “The phenomenon was first a comparatively short, thin, and rather diffuse arc of glow a few degrees below the three most westerly stars of the Plough. A few minutes later vertical structure became apparent, there being meanwhile a slow westward drift of the phenomenon, which, in its final form, seemed to consist of a nearly vertical shaft to the north-west. This shaft faded somewhat suddenly a minute or two before 6.45 P.M.”

Auroral lights, August 25, 1919, observed at the Yerkes Observatory

On 1919 August 25 before 10h 0m, 90th Meridian Time, there was a low auroral arch in the north. This was not bright nor active. At 11h 10m this arch was faint, but in the low east, south of the Pleiades, a large bright auroral light appeared in the form of an irregular cloud‐like mass several degrees wide and 10° in length (horizontally). Above this was a similar but fainter mass.

Fern Hunting in Florida, in the Phosphate Country

About seven miles southwest of Inverness, the county seat of Citrus County, following the winding roads of the turpentine orchards and phosphate mines, one comes to a circular basin, whose gently sloping sides are broken by three or four groups of rocks, bearing a scanty growth of ferns, mostly Asplenium platyneuron and Dryopteris patens. In the center of the basin is a moist spot, with a few clumps of Woodwardia Virginica. But one of the rocks, the last to be found, is quite different. Almost hidden in the sloping bank appears a small cave, the earth above it bearing a luxuriant vine, whose leafy stems strung with snowy berries hang like a curtain over the entrance. A few irregular rocks form a rude stairway down to the mouth of the cave. Among these grow Dryopteris patens, Asplenium platyneuron, and A. parvulum. Overhead is a low arch of rock, completely covered with .the moss-like fronds of lletin, April, 1904, mentions Ophioglossum p sillum t. This I once found growing abu dantly just t of Jacksonville in a damp sandy spo with Lud42

Remarkable Phenomenon seen on April 26, 1887

A PHENOMENON was seen here this evening quite distinct from anything I have before observed. It was an exact copy of streams of aurora borealis rising from a low arch, but instead of being in the northern heavens it was near the south horizon. The sky was cloudless, except a long thundercloud which extended from near south-south-west to almost south-south-east, the upper portion of this cloud being about 12° above the horizon. From this, cloud issued from one to three streams of conspicuous white light, the north-easterly stream being the largest and brightest, and this continued visible from 9.40 until 10.5 (the others were only seen for five minutes). The streams were at an angle of about 53°, and moved slowly easterly (the cloud moving in the same direction). The longest stream reached an altitude of 25°, and at 10 o'clock exactly (G.M.T.) the base was immediately over the Avonmouth Lighthouse. The light of the streams was more persistent and less flickering than is usually the case with aurora borealis.

The Recent Aurora

A RATHER uncommon display of aurora was seen here last evening, from about 7.15 to 7.40 p.m. Large patches of light, brilliantly white, were seen in the south and south-east, at a rough guess, extending from 10° to 15° in length and breadth, sometimes shifting quickly from place to place, at others remaining stationary for a minute or two, but not attaining a greater average altitude than 30° or 40° from the horizon. They were slightly convex at the base, giving the appearance of a bank of clouds below. On looking to the north, a long, low arch of light was visible, with one or two long streamers, which rapidly disappeared, but the brilliancy was nothing compared with the patches before mentioned.

XVII. On the physiological action of the bark of Erythrophleum guinense, generally called casca, cassa, or sassy bark

Several months ago we received from Mr. Monteiro a piece of Casca bark, which he had obtained with great difficulty from a native at Bembe during his residence in Angola. This bark is used by the natives as an ordeal, persons suspected of theft, witchcraft, or other crimes being made to drink an infusion of it. If it causes vomiting only, the person is acquitted; but if it causes purging, he is considered to be guilty, and is either allowed to die of the poison or at once killed. Among some tribes a practice prevails of making the accused, after drinking the infusion, walk in a stooping posture under half a dozen low arches made by bending switches and sticking both ends into the ground. Should he fall down in passing under any of the arches, he is at once considered guilty, and, without waiting for a purgative effect to be produced, he is at once put to death. All the natives agree in their description of the effect produced on a person poisoned by this bark. His limbs are first affected, and he loses all power over them, falls to the ground, and dies quickly, without much apparent suffering.