Lower Anti-nutritional Factors Research Articles

PSV-11 Significance of specialty protein ingredients in feeding programs for broiler chickens on nitrogen utilization and excretion- A meta-analysis

Abstract The utility of specialty protein ingredients (SPI) in feeding programs for broiler chickens is premised on poor utilization of conventional vegetable proteins (CVP). The SPI includes ingredients of animal origin such as processed animal proteins (PAP), insect proteins (IP) and further processed conventional vegetable proteins (PCVP) characterized with greater concentration of crude protein/amino acids, and low anti-nutritional factors. The objective of this study was to apply meta-analysis approach of published studies that incorporated SPI to provide insights into their effectiveness on nitrogen utilization and excretion in broiler chickens. The data were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, hand searching and cross-referencing, and resulted in 44 publications meeting inclusion criteria such as being a broiler study and treatments diets being isocaloric and isonitrogenous Model development was performed in PROC GLIMMIX of SAS and treated the study as a random effect. The SPI protein source (PAP, IP, and PCVP), bird age (starter 0 to 14 d, grower 14 to 24 d and finisher 25 to 42 d), nitrogen intake and level were the main X variables of interest, while outcome (Y) variables explored included nitrogen excretion, nitrogen retention, nitrogen efficiency, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). To address heterogeneity in sample size and errors between treatment means from different studies, the WEIGHT statement in PROC GLIMIXX was employed to weight variables using the inverse of their squared variance. The inclusion or rejection of models developed was based on the evaluation of root mean square prediction error and concordance correlation coefficient. Comparatively, the slopes of PAP, IP and PCVP (soybean meal) linearly reduced and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased ADG during the starter phase against their respective controls. The extent ADG was greatest with intake of PCVP followed by PAP. During the grower phase, ADG was highest for PAP, followed by IP with PCVP being the least (P < 0.05). However, PCVP had the greatest ADG during the finisher phase (P < 0.05). On nitrogen excretion, provision of PAP during the stater phase increased the nitrogen excretion while it reduced the excretion during the grower and finisher phase (P < 0.05) relative to control. The intake of IP up to 10% inclusion reduced nitrogen excretion only during the starter and grower phase (P < 0.05) when compared with respective controls. The intake of PCVP reduced nitrogen excretion in all growth stages compared with respective controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion specialty proteins (PAP and PCVP) and insect protein at an inclusion level of < 10%, were effective ways of reducing nitrogen excretion while improving growth performance. Combining these strategies may have a synergistic effect.

Nutritional and antinutritional profiling of mulberry genetic resources amenable for animal feed

The present investigation aimed to provide nutritional and anti-nutritional profiling for fodder quality of twentyone mulberry genotypes. The genotypes were evaluated for various nutritional and anti-nutritional factors viz., moisture content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, carbohydrate, ash, phenol, tannin, nitrate, saponin and flavonoids. Results showed that the crude protein varied significantly (P≤0.05) from 7.79 (ME-0663) to 34.06% (ME-0220). The mulberry genotype MI-0663 had the highest moisture content (77.53%) and ME-0001 had the lowest moisture content (64.72%). Crude fat content was high in ME-0109 (8.50%) and low in MI-0034 (2.49%). Crude fibre differed significantly from 7.55% (MI-0615) to 21.85% (MI-0536) and the carbohydrate ranged between 14.39 to 21.62%. Polyphenols recorded below the toxic level range varied from 0.72% (ME- 0220) to 2.92% (ME-0025) and tannin contents significantly (P≤0.05) varied from 1.23% (ME-0220) to 3.32% (ME-0025). The nitrate content was high in MI-0663 (0.165%) and low in MI-0017(0.026%). This study indicated that mulberry leaves had high protein content with low anti-nutritional factors, and these could be exploited as potential feed resources for livestock.

Selection of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes for High Yield, Essential Amino Acids and Low Anti-Nutritional Factors

One of the important edible legumes, the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) contains high protein levels and amino acids in its seeds essential for human nutrition and animal feeding; it also consists of anti-nutritional factors such as vicine, convicine, and tannin. For a balanced and healthy diet, faba bean cultivars should be improved for high seed yield, essential amino acids, and low anti-nutritional factors. The aims of this study were to select faba bean genotypes for (i) high yield, (ii) low anti-nutritional factors, and (iii) essential amino acids. A total of 12 faba bean genotypes, including 10 genotypes with low tannin content and 2 local checks, were assessed for phenological, morphological, and agronomical traits, as well as some biochemical characteristics including essential amino acids and low anti-nutritional factors. A local population, Atlidere, and a breeding line with low tannin content, FLIP08-016FB, had the highest yield. FLIP08-016FB had not only the highest lysine, methionine, and cysteine content, but also the highest yield and low anti-nutritional factors. FLIP08-016FB was selected for a balanced and healthy diet as it had a high seed yield, essential amino acids, and low anti-nutritional factors.

Impact of cold plasma treatment on nutritional, antinutritional, functional, thermal, rheological, and structural properties of pearl millet flour

AbstractThis study was planned to investigate the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (CP) treatment at different power levels (20–30 kV) for 10–20 min on physicochemical, technofunctional, and intermolecular changes of pearl millet flour (PMF). It was observed that exposure to plasma significantly modified the sample's proximate, antinutritional, functional, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties. A concomitant (p < 0.05) decreases in antinutritional factors (tannin and phytic acid) was noticed in CP‐treated PMF compared to the control sample. Maximum reduction in tannin and phytic acid was observed at 30 kV for 20 min‐treated PMF. However, scanning electron microscopy revealed significant changes in flour starch granular structure, while decreases in relative crystallinity were also observed in CP‐treated samples from 23.45% to 19.31%. In addition, an increase in water absorption capacity (1.32–1.62 g/g), oil absorption capacity (1.11–1.31 g/g), emulsifying capacity (EC; 86.58%–91.25%) and foaming capacity (FC; 10.67–12.84%), as well as a decrease in pH (7.83–6.97) were found at 30 kV for 20 min. Apart from this, high intensity CP‐treated samples showed shear thinning behavior. At the same time, the power–law model was more appropriate for determine the flow behavior index (n) and consistency coefficient (k). On the other hand, CP‐treated samples exhibit higher storage modulus values (G′), indicating an elastic response. Based on the observations, the 30 kV‐20 min‐treated sample could be used for product formulation, contains lower antinutritional factors and retaining the nutritional components and functional properties.Practical applicationsThis work has identified that exposure to cold plasma improved the physicochemical, rheological, thermal, and functional properties of pearl millet flour with considerably reducing its antinutritional content, which can be helpful for various food industries. This possibly will encourage its application in the development of various food products, (like cookies, biscuits, bread, beverages, etc.) chiefly as a functional food ingredient.

Effects of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Seeds as a Substitute for Soya Bean on Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Hibiscus sabdariffa (HSSM) seed meal as protein sources in the diet of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (Burchell, 1822) was investigated. Hibiscus sabdariffa seed was processed by soaking for 24 hours, sprouting for 48 hours and fermenting for 72 hours. The processing methods that gave higher crude protein level, and lower anti-nutritional factors were used for the replacement of soya bean. The result shows that the crude protein values (CP) recorded for raw, soaked, sprouted and fermented Hibiscus sabdariffa were 25.49, 25.19, 24.25 and 25.68%, respectively. In view of this, fermented Hibiscus sabdariffa seed meal (FHSSM) was used. Different replacement levels of the soya bean with fermented Hibiscus sabdariffa seed meal (0 control, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) were allotted to five groups of C. gariepinus fingerlings (4.0 - 4.4 g) randomly stocked at 10 fish per unit in 1 m x 1 m x 1.2 m hapa installed in a polythene lined pond (7 x 5 x 1.2 m) in completely randomized design with an average rainfall of 550 mm and fed for 150 days. The haematological indices of C. gariepinus fed different replacement levels of soya bean with FHSSM were also studied. The haematological parameters indicate that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatments in most of the parameters. The ANFs in FHSSM are within the tolerable level by fish. This informed the basis for the selection of FHSSM for the feeding trials. Feeding trials conducted indicates no significant difference (P>0.05) in condition factor, survival and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for the various treatments. Better weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) are recorded in fish fed 25% FHSSM. This implies that 25% of soya bean meal in C. gariepinus could be substituted with fermented Hibiscus sabdariffa seed meal without deleterious effect on growth and utilization performance.

Chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and functional properties of Elaeagnus mollis Diels (Elaeagnus L.) seeds

AbstractBackgroundElaeagnus L. seeds have high amount protein and are an important food source for humans. The chemical composition of Elaeagnus mollis Diels (Elaeagnus L.) seeds and the biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of Elaeagnus L. seeds protein isolate (PPI) and protein fractions were studied, which is essential to the exploration of new protein sources.ResultsThe results indicated that Elaeagnus L. seeds contained 50.87% oil and 36.27% protein. Elaeagnus L. seeds oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acid (91.7%), especially linoleic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid and ω‐6/ω‐3 was 6.33, closest to FAO/WHO recommended ratio. Alkali protein fraction (APF, 49.82%) was predominant and was rich in Glu, Arg and Pro. Water‐soluble protein fraction (WPF) had the highest SRC of 75.35, followed by PPI (70.66). The essential amino acids of PPI and WPF compared well with FAO/WHO recommended pattern for adults (except Lys and Trp). Functional properties of proteins were found to be comparable with soybean protein isolate. Low antinutritional factors enable the utilization of the proteins in nutrition food formulations.ConclusionThis study could be beneficial for enabling the utilization of Elaeagnus L. seeds proteins in nutrition and health‐related food formulations.

Inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the diet of locally bred chickens: effects on growth performance, semen and hatchability traits

ABSTRACT The presence of essential amino acids and low anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) designates it as a good source of nutrients for poultry. This study investigated the effect of dietary MOLM on the growth performance, semen, hatchability traits and day-old chick weight of Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) chickens. Two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated by diluting basal layer and grower mash with 0 (MOLM0) and 70% (MOLM70) with MOLM. Eighty PK chickens (40 hens and 40 roosters) aged 22 weeks were used in this study. For growth performance and hatchability traits, 40 laying hens were randomly assigned to two treatments with four replicates having five laying hens per pen. Diets did not significantly affect growth performance. The MOLM70 diet resulted in increased sperm velocity (rapid), semen concentration, semen pH, motility and progressive motility than the control (MOLM0). It is concluded that the inclusion of MOLM in chicken diets did not adversely affect growth performance, but improved sperm motility, hatchability and weight of day-old chicks of PK chickens. The findings recommend that MOLM is nutritionally equipped to enhance both the reproductive and the productive performance of PK.

Protein Content and Anti-nutritional Factors in Pigeon Pea and Effect of Its Protein Isolate on Physical Properties and Consumer Preference of Beef Sausages

Prolonged consumption of chemical binders in sausage can cause health effects. Pigeon pea is rich in protein which can be isolated and used as an alternative to chemicals and soybean protein in the manufacture of sausages. The objective of this study was to assess protein content and anti-nutritional factors of pigeon pea varieties and the effects of its protein isolate on physical properties and consumer preference as a replacement of chemical binders. Pea protein was isolated from rich protein variety and used for sausage preparation at 2, 4, and 6% with plain (CB) and chemical phosphate binder (PhosB) sausages served as control samples. The sausages were assessed for texture profile, water solubility index (WSI) and consumer preferences. The improved variety had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein content than its local counterpart and both varieties had lower anti-nutritional factors than maximum limits. The 6% pea protein isolate (PPI) resulted in softer and more preferred sausages than control and phosphate binder sausages. Furthermore, the PPI resulted in increased cohesiveness, springiness and adhesiveness more than control samples but similar to phosphate binder sausages. Therefore, pea protein isolate up to 6% enhances physical and consumer preference of beef sausages and can serve as an alternative replacement of chemical binders in beef sausages.

Nutritional and antinutritional evaluation of complementary foods formulated from maize, pea, and anchote flours.

This study was aimed to evaluate nutritional and antinutritional contents of complementary foods from locally available and affordable raw materials (maize, pea, and anchote) grown in Western Ethiopia. The six formulated complementary diets analyzed for their proximate, mineral, and antinutritional continents were compared with Codex standards. The mineral ratios and molar ratios of the formulated diets were also evaluated and compared with each standard values. Six formulations were generated by d‐optimal mixture design. The formulated ingredient ranges 45%–61% maize, 23%–31% pea, and 14%–28% anchote. Design‐Expert® 6 (Stat‐Ease) was used to constrain the three components. The formulated diets ranged from 14.92% to 20.99%, 5.95% to 9.94%, 2.75% to 3.41%, and 59.10% to 66.22% of protein, fat, fiber, and utilizable carbohydrate, respectively. Mineral contents (mg/100 g) of the formulated diet ranged from 225.45 to 261.32, 11.48 to 12.61, 2.73 to 3.00, 357.92 to 391.13, 298.55 to 332.63, 252.00 to 278.01, and 44.26 to 51.56 for calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorous, potassium, sodium and magnesium, respectively. The proximate and mineral contents of the formulated diet 5 meet the Codex standards, except the fat contents of the complementary food standards. The molar ratios of the formulated diets in this study were below standard reference and which show the high mineral bioavailability in all the formulated diets. The results of the study revealed that the formulated diets contain very low antinutritional factors and high mineral bioavailability. The paper's findings show that the complementary food formulated from maize, pea, and anchote flours particularly diet 5 may be suitable to alleviate protein energy malnutrition and it can be used as a substitute for the expensive commercial complementary food.

Determination of LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; Value of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Cultivar- Naval

Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek is an important legume crop in India for Food as well as Fodder Purpose, enriched with good Proteins, Carbohydrates, Vitamins and Minerals. The demand of Vigna radiata is high in market today, so there is a need to enhance the productivity and area under cultivation. The Mutation Plant Breeding is the most popular, widely used and globally accepted method to improve the cultivars for high yield, early maturity, drought, salinity, heat, insect, disease tolerant/resistant, high nutritional and low antinutritional factors. Mutagens like; Ethyl Methane Sulphonate, Sodium Azide, Gamma Irradiation are used in Mutation Breeding to create variability. The present study has been carried out on the Vigna radiata, Cultivar-Naval. The first stage in the research was the determination of LD50 Value of the Cultivar Naval. It was carried out with different concentrations and time of intervals with mutagens like; EMS, SA and GR with including control as nil (without treatment). The parameters were studied in accordance with the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules. The results showed variation in the studied parameters as compared to control.

Nutritional value of gluten-free rice and bean based cake mix

ABSTRACT: Gluten-free foods are a growing trend in the domestic and international markets, contributing to health and wellness, especially the celiac public. The objective of this study was to create a new option of gluten-free food by replacing wheat flour by rice grit flour, cornstarch, and extruded split bean flour, and to aggregate value to low cost industrial byproducts. A new food product was developed and its components analyzed for their nutritional characteristics and changes during baking. The baked cakes can be a source of protein, had a good starch and protein digestibility, and low antinutritional factors, notably tannins. Incorporation of an extruded bean flour in a gluten-free cake mix improves protein digestibility, total dietary fiber, and raises ash, iron, and zinc contents.

Replacement of fish meal with soy protein concentrate in diet of juvenile rice field eel Monopterus albus

Among plant protein sources, soy protein concentrate (SPC) has lower anti-nutritional factors and higher protein content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal in diet of rice field eel Monopterus albus with soy protein concentrate on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal digestive enzymes and growth-related genes expression in skeletal muscle. Six isonitrogen (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (5.5% crude lipid) diets were formulated with 0 g/kg, 8.5 g/kg, 17 g/kg, 25.5 g/kg, 34 g/kg and 42.5 g/kg SPC inclusion to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% of fish meal (S0 (control), S8.5, S17, S25.5, S34, S42.5, respectively). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 100 fish per net cage (mean initial weight 25.56 ± 0.12 g). The fish were fed once at 18:00 per day for 56 days. Results showed that weight gain and feed intake significantly decreased in fish fed S42.5 (P < 0.05). Feed conversion rate was significantly higher in S34 and S42.5 groups compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). No significant effects were found on hepatosomatic index and body composition among treatments. Viscerosomatic index significantly decreased with the increasing levels of SPC inclusion. Amylase and lipase activities in intestine peaked at S17 group. Dietary SPC supplementation significantly reduced the activities of intestine trypsin and serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase as well as the content of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and malondialdehyde, but significantly elevated the activities of catalase and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase activity had a rising trend compared to the control. High supplementation levels of dietary SPC down-regulated myogenic determination factor and myogenin mRNA expression, but up-regulated myostatin mRNA expression. These results suggested that fish meal could be partially replaced by SPC in diet of M. albus and the optimal supplementation level of SPC was 26% by using broken-line model curve. Replacing fish meal with dietary SPC has benefit in enhancing serum antioxidant capacity, improving serum lipid profile and modulating growth-related genes expression pattern in skeletal muscle of M. albus.

Processed soybean meal as an alternative protein source for yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) feed

The goal of this study was to compare conventional soybean meal (SBM) with modified SBM (MSBM) after chemical and enzyme pretreatment to potentially reduce the antinutritional factors (ANF), as a fishmeal (FM) replacer at 50% or 100% in the diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Half of the SBM and MSBM diets contained an enzyme cocktail (of phytase and carbohydrate-degrading enzyme), and the other half received no enzyme supplementations. Fingerlings (297; initial weight, 11.01 ± 0.19 g) were randomly distributed over nine treatments, in triplicate, and fed these isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 410 g/kg) that included replacing FM with SBM at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (S50, S100, S50+E or S100+E, respectively), MSMB at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (MS50, MS100, MS50+E or MS100+E, respectively) or a control FM-based diet. After 10 weeks, the growth performance, feeding efficiencies, proximate composition, intestinal/pyloric caeca digestive enzymes and liver metabolic/antioxidant enzymes in P. flavescens were measured. The highest (p < 0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization parameters (protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value, PPV) were observed for the MS50+E group, which was not statistically different to parameters for the control and MS50 groups, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all other groups. The lowest and highest growth performance and feed conversion ratios, respectively, were observed in the S100, S100+E and MS100 groups. The highest protease activity (in both intestine and pyloric caeca) was observed for the control group, but was significantly similar to MS50, MS50+E and S50+E groups. The lowest value was observed for 100% replacement of FM protein by SBM and MSBM fed groups. However, inclusion of exogenous enzymes in feed showed positive effects in MS50+E (compared to MS50) for PPV, lipid productive value and amylase activity in the intestine. Activity of protein metabolism enzymes (i.e., alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) in the liver was the highest in the control group, which was similar (p < 0.05) to the MS50+E and MS50 groups. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver were the lowest in the control group, which was significantly similar (p < 0.05) to the group given the feed with 50% replacement of FM protein. Complete (100%) replacement of FM protein exhibited the highest antioxidant enzyme activity. Conclusively, performance of the MS50 and MS50+E groups was similar to the FM group and better than SBM group; therefore, MSBM with high protein and low ANFs has considerable potential as an alternative to FM in aquafeed.

Physicochemical Properties and Effect of Processing Methods on Mineral Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Improved Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Grown in Ethiopia.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop grown and consumed all over the world because it is a good source of carbohydrates and protein. However, presence of antinutritional components restricts its use by interfering with digestion of macronutrients during consumption. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate physicochemical properties and effect of processing methods on antinutritional factors and mineral composition of improved chickpea varieties (Natoli of Desi and Arerti of Kabuli) grown in Ethiopia. The experiment was factorial with complete randomized design. The result indicated that physicochemical properties such as seed mass, seed density, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, unhydrated seeds, and cooking time of Arerti and Natoli chickpeas had 260.69 and 280.65 g/1000 seeds, 3.48 and 3.61g/ml, 1.07 and 1.03 g/g, 2.12 and 1.94ml/g, 1.64 and 14.75%, and 21.00 and 246.33 min, respectively. After processing, Zn, Fe, and Ca contents of improved chickpea varieties had 4.48 to 5.85mg/kg, 8.52 to 10.17mg/kg, and 536.56 to 1035mg/kg, respectively. The antinutritional factors, tannin and phytic acid, in the raw chickpeas were reduced to 25 to 82.25% and 5.89 to 57.35%, respectively. The results of the current study showed that Arerti of Kabuli variety showed low antinutritional factors and better physicochemical properties, specifically low cooking time, than Natoli of Desi variety. All processing methods were effective in reduction of antinutritional factors; however, boiling was found to be the best for reduction of antinutritional factors.

Biochemical characterization of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes with high nutritional potential

Forty three oat genotypes including six cultivars and thirty seven advance breeding lines were evaluated for composition of carbohydrates, total soluble proteins, minerals, antinutritional factors such as phytic acid, saponin and tannin and fiber (β-glucan, cellulose and lignin) content. The average contents of total soluble sugars, starch and total protein were 5.3, 494.3 and 182.9 mg/g respectively. The average content of zinc (8.3 mg/100 g) was higher than iron (3.5 mg/100 g) in oats. The oat genotypes were then sorted out into high, medium and low categories following the equal distribution method. Ten genotypes (OL-10, OL-125, OL-1769, OL-1835, OL-1841, OL-1843, OL-1847, OL-1865, OL-1873, OL-1876) possessed low antinutritional factors in terms of phytic acid, saponin and tannin contents. Among them, OL-1843 and OL-1865 were considered nutritionally best as they lied in higher/medium range of starch, zinc, total soluble protein, β-glucan and iron. They were followed by OL-1873, which possessed high contents of total soluble sugars, starch and zinc together with the medium amounts of total fructose and iron. Therefore, all these genotypes may be considered good for human consumption and for use in breeding programs.

Nutrient and phytochemical composition of flour made from selected cultivars of Aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) in Nigeria

Aerial yam is a high yielding but underutilized yam species, with many varieties available worldwide. In-depth study of its different cultivars is scanty and may provide basic information on its food value. Consequently, fifteen cultivars were processed into flour and evaluated for nutrient and phytochemical contents using standard methods. Flour made from these cultivars had low ranges of lipid (0.51-0.97%) and moisture (5.31-10.94%) contents but high carbohydrate (74.18-83.94 %.) and energy (1425.75-1536.12 kJ/100 g) values. Crude Ash, fibre and protein components were (2.04-5.59%), (0.69- 2.50%) and (3.55-8.64%) respectively. Potassium (917-1560 mg/100 g) was the most abundant mineral. Cultivars were also high in Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Iron with ranges (503-1190 mg/100 g), (72.6-163 mg/100 g), (577-1070 mg/100 g) and (4.6-11.1 mg/100 g) respectively, but low in Na (43-190 mg/100 g) and Zn (0.80-2.21 mg/100) contents. Anti-nutritional factors Tannins (0.19-0.97 mg/100 g), Phytate (1.22-2.96 mg/100 g) and Oxalates(0.23-1.04 mg/100 g) were also evident. Amongst the cultivars, flour made from DBT3075 had the highest nutrient density, with far lower anti nutritional factors, making it the predominant cultivar of choice. These profiles provide valuable data for use in the selection and application of aerial yams cultivars for functional food product development.

Comparison of partial replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal and EnzoMeal on growth performance of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer

This study explored the impact of fishmeal replacement by commercial soybean meal (SM) and EnzoMeal (EZM) on Asian seabass Lates calcarifer growth performance using six diets. The six diets comprised two sources of plant proteins with three levels each, including 300 g kg−1 soybean meal (SM30), 300 g kg−1 EnzoMeal (EZM30), 400 g kg−1 soybean meal (SM40), 400 g kg−1 EnzoMeal (EZM40), 500 g kg−1 soybean meal (SM50), and 500 g kg−1 EnzoMeal (EZM50). The soybean level was shown to significantly affect the final fish weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), survival, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC). Further, the plant meal type significantly affected the final weight, weight gain, feed intake, ADC, and body lipid content. The highest final weight was observed in the SM30 group, and the lowest final weight was in the EZM50 group. Fish fed EZM had lower body weight than those fed soybean meal at the same inclusion level. However, once the fish had adapted to the EZM diet the fish weight variation was low. At the 300 g kg−1 and 400 g kg−1 inclusion levels the fish fed EZM showed significantly higher ADC than those fed soybean. The pepsin activity of fish fed EZM at 300 g kg−1 and 400 g kg−1 was higher than those fed soybean meal at the same levels. The enterocyte height in the hindgut of fish fed SM40 and SM50 was significantly higher than those fed EZM40 and EZM50, respectively. This study indicates that EZM could be a potential source of plant protein to replace fishmeal in fish feed as it contains high protein and low anti-nutritional factors. However, the major endpoint measurements on fish performance suggest that low feed intake constrains further EZM inclusion beyond 300 g kg−1 in the diet.

Environmental Stability of Carbohydrate Profiles in Different Soybean Genotypes

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important annual crop. The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) raffinose and stachyose are antinutritional carbohydrates present in soybean seeds. Consumption of soybean seed products with low RFO reduced flatulence in humans and increased metabolizable energy efficiency in chickens, pigs, and dogs. The development of soybean cultivars producing high metabolizable energy with low antinutritional factors in the seed is one avenue to increase soybean value. The soybean line PI 200508 with low RFO content was previously characterized to have a reduction of seed raffinose synthase enzyme activity. A variant allele of the raffinose synthase 2 gene (RS2) with a 3‐bp deletion leading to the elimination of a single conserved amino acid residue (RS2, rs2W331−) in PI 200508 was associated with the seed RFO phenotype. Another missense allele of RS2 and variant alleles of the RS3 gene have been identified. The objective of this study was to determine the environmental stability of the carbohydrate profiles for soybean lines containing different allele combinations of two key raffinose synthase (RS2 and RS3) genes in two locations over 2 yr. Although this study was conducted with different genetic backgrounds, the results indicated that the carbohydrate profile in soybean seed is mostly determined by RS2 and RS3 genotype, and galactinol and sucrose content were mainly affected by environmental factors. Genotype was the major factor for the RFO content in soybean seeds, and soybean lines with the rs2W331− allele of RS2 were the most stable for sucrose and RFOs over four environments. A novel genetic combination of RS2 and RS3 alleles demonstrated the importance of multiple variant alleles contributing to seed raffinose synthase activity.

Effects of fermented soybean meal on carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in large intestine of piglets

Fermented soybean meal (FSM), which has lower anti-nutritional factors and higher active enzyme, probiotic and oligosaccharide contents than its unfermented form, has been reported to improve the feeding value of soybean meal, and hence, the growth performance of piglets. However, whether FSM can affect the bacterial and metabolites in the large intestine of piglets remains unknown. This study supplemented wet-FSM (WFSM) or dry-FSM (DFSM) (5% dry matter basis) in the diet of piglets and investigated its effects on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the piglets’ large intestines. A total of 75 41-day-old Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire piglets with an initial BW of 13.14±0.22 kg were used in a 4-week feeding trial. Our results showed that the average daily gain of piglets in the WFSM and DFSM groups increased by 27.08% and 14.58% and that the feed conversion ratio improved by 18.18% and 7.27%, respectively, compared with the control group. Data from the prediction gene function of Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing showed that carbohydrate metabolism function families in the WFSM and DFSM groups increased by 3.46% and 2.68% and that the amino acid metabolism function families decreased by 1.74% and 0.82%, respectively, compared with the control group. These results were consistent with those of other metabolism studies, which showed that dietary supplementation with WFSM and DFSM increased the level of carbohydrate-related metabolites (e.g. 4-aminobutanoate, 5-aminopentanoate, lactic acid, mannitol, threitol and β-alanine) and decreased the levels of those related to protein catabolism (e.g. 1,3-diaminopropane, creatine, glycine and inosine). In conclusion, supplementation with the two forms of FSM improved growth performance, increased metabolites of carbohydrate and reduced metabolites of protein in the large intestine of piglets, and WFSM exhibited a stronger effect than DFSM.

Physical characteristics, proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors in grains of lablab bean (&lt;i&gt;Lablab purpureus&lt;/i&gt;) genotypes from Kenya

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the physical characteristics, nutritional composition and anti-nutritional factors of grains from three lablab bean varieties with different colours and size developed by The Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) Methodology and results: The length, thickness and width were determined using Vernier callipers. Dry matter, protein, fat and ash were determined using standard association of official analytical chemists (AOAC) methods. Phytates were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while the tannins and trypsin inhibition were determined by UV spectrophotometry. The mean 100 seed weight was significantly different among the three varieties, and ranged from 26.1 g to 29.2 g. The length, thickness and width ranged from 9.7 for KAT/DL-3 to 10.7 mm for KAT/DL-1, 5.2 (KAT/DL-1) to 5.6 mm (KAT/DL-2) and 6.8 (KAT/DL-3) to 7.4 mm (KAT/DL-1), respectively. The hydration and swelling coefficients of the beans ranged from 130.7 in KAT/DL-2 to 147.2 in KAT/DL-1, and 125.1 in KAT/DL-2 to 153.3 (KAT/DL-1), respectively. The mean crude protein and energy contents varied from 22.5(KAT/DL-3) to 25.4 %,( KAT/DL-1) and 347.4 (KAT/DL-3) to 353.7 KCal/100g in KAT/DL-1, respectively, and differed significantly (p<0.05) among the varieties. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the phytic acid and tannin levels, where KAT/DL-2 recorded the highest levels of 723.6 mg/100 g, and 0.33%CE, respectively. Conclusion and application of findings: These results indicate that KAT/DL-1 has the best physical characteristics in respect to cooking and nutrition quality. This variety had the highest protein and energy content with low anti-nutritional factors, thus could offer better nutritive value in comparison to KATDL-2 and KAT/DL-3 Keywords: Lablab beans, varieties, proximate composition, physical parameters, anti-nutritional factors