Loving Father Research Articles

A Contrastive Analysis of Interpersonal Function Between the Chinese and English Versions of The Sight of Father’s Back

As a reminiscent prose, The Sight of Father’s Back was written by the modern writer, Zhu Ziqing, in 1925. A wave of warm current floods a large body of readers since this essay describes, in earnest, love of father. This research performs a contrastive analysis of interpersonal function between the Chinese and English versions of The Sight of Father’s Back in terms of mood, modality, and evaluation meanings. We find that mood and evaluation meanings display parallel distribution. Declarative and exclamatory moods occur most frequently in both the Chinese and English versions, whereas interrogative mood is at a premium. Besides, various evaluative adjectives and adverbs are used in both versions. However, modality shows remarkable discrepancies. The English version tends to adopt modal verbs with median-and-low value, while most median-and-high value modal verbs are presented in the Chinese version. In our view, the exercise of median-and-high value modal verbs reflects the thoughts more directly. While the selection of median-and-low value modal verbs might be concerned with the need for politeness. Besides, diverse choices of modal verbs are incident to various modal meanings along with research purposes.

Romance comics, dangerous girls, and the importance of fathers

ABSTRACT This article aims to demonstrate that throughout the 1950s, popular teenage romance comics reflected dominant discourses concerning the teenage girl, her sexuality and mental health, and her relationship with her father in the immediate post-war era. A range of publishers contributed multiple comic book lines to the teenage romance comic subgenre. Due to their popularity and saturation of the consumer market, these comics serve as a valuable index as to how teen girls were educated in ideas concerning sexuality, psychological wellbeing, and their relationships with their fathers through mass media. Analysis focuses exclusively on those teenage romance comics published during the 1950s, since it was during this decade that psychoanalysts and psychiatrists enjoyed a general prestige and recognition by popular media and its consumers. These comics featured stories of teenage girls who, according to post-war society’s strictures, went sexually and morally astray, with detrimental effects to their mental stability. Positioned as their gatekeepers in the stories, fathers were responsible for teen girls’ sexual development and mental wellbeing. It is in the absence of fatherly love that girls became mentally unhinged and delinquent, especially in the areas of love and romance.

Ego States and the Image of God in Personal Prayer: Psycholinguistic Analysis

Introduction. The results of theoretical substantiation and empirical study of personal prayer in the context of an interdisciplinary approach, which combines, on the one hand, the basic ideas and positions of the theory of transactional analysis and Ego states according to E. Bern, on the other hand, the ideas and techniques of modern psycholinguistics are describes and interprets in the article. It is substantiated that such an approach makes it possible to constructively supplement the basic metaphysical, spiritual, theological understanding of prayer with its full-fledged scientific analysis.
 Methods & Techniques. The sample of Ukrainian respondents of different ages and social status, self-identified as «Christians», according to the «Techniques of Studying Religious Activity» (D. Smirnov), is divided into four subgroups: the lowest, the lowest than the average, the highest than the average and the highest level of religious activity. Each was offered two related tasks («My Prayer» and «God’s Answer») with special instructions, after which the texts of personalized prayers as discourses of two «Ego states» were received and analyzed. In the context of the psycholinguistic direction of the study, the method of predicative text analysis was used (А. Leontiev, T. Dridze, N. Zhinkin). For the sake of clarification, the qualitative data was supplemented by a quantitative content analysis method using the «Textanz» computer software (version 2.4.2.0). And the results were summarized and compared in the context of four previously separated subgroups of respondents.
 Results. It is theoretically substantiated that prayer as a religious discourse should be considered not only in the context of broad social cognition and interaction, but also as a component of self-knowledge, self-understanding, self-construction of Personality. It has been empirically established that in the process of personal prayer as a reference to God with certain requests, thanksgiving, repentance and praise, the harmonious communicative transaction «Child»/«Father» is most often implicated (31.45% persons). So, for almost a third of the surveyed God, God is definitely a loving Father. However, disharmonious, conflicting transactions of various types – «Child» / «Parent», «Child» / «Adult», «Adult» / «Adult», are found quite frequently (approximately 40% persons).
 Conclusions. The results are viewed as one of the consequences and manifestations of the current crisis of the whole society, when, in the context of chronic and global distrust of any authority, centuries-old sacral values are also partially negated, and God begins to be perceived as an indifferent «Father» or an too liberal «Head».

‘From Your Ever Anxious and Loving Father’: Faith, Fatherhood, and Masculinity in One Man’s Letters to His Son during the First World War

In the early months of 1916, Charles Robb a retired shipping clerk in the East End of London, England, wrote a series of letters to his 19-year-old son Arthur, an army private awaiting embarkation to the Western Front. Charles Robb was my great grandfather and Arthur Robb was my grandfather. The letters offer an intriguing glimpse of one man ‘doing’ fatherhood under conditions of traumatic separation and extreme anxiety. This paper presents an analysis of the letters from a psychosocial perspective, exploring the ways in which the writer exhorts his son to live up to the ideals of Christian manhood, while managing the anxiety of separation by presenting a reconstruction in language of the familiar world of home and church.

In Memoriam: James T. Willerson, MD (1939-2020).

In Memoriam: James T. Willerson, MD (1939-2020).

ВПЛИВ СІМЕЙНИХ ВІДНОСИН НА ОСОБИСТІСТЬ ДИТИНИ

The article considers the main aspects of the influence of family relations on the development of personality, in particular, the younger student. Raising children is the most important area of our lives. Our children are future citizens of our country and citizens of the world. They will make history. Our children are future parents, they will also be the educators of their children. They must grow up to be wonderful citizens, good fathers and mothers. But that's not all: our children are our old age. Proper upbringing is our happy old age, bad upbringing is our future grief, it is our tears, it is our guilt before other people, before society. There are dozens, hundreds of professions, specialties, jobs: one builds a railway, another builds a house, a third grows bread, a fourth treats people, a fifth sews clothes. But there is the most universal, most complex and noble work, unique for all and at the same time original and unique in each family - it is a work of man. A distinctive feature of this work is that a person finds in it incomparable happiness. Continuing the human race, the father and mother repeat themselves in the child, and the moral responsibility for the person, for his future, depends on how conscious this repetition is. Every moment of that work, which is called education, is a work of the future and a look into the future. Raising children is a return of special forces, spiritual forces. We create a person with love - the love of father to mother and mother to father, love of father and mother to people, deep faith in the dignity and beauty of man. Beautiful children grow up in families where mother and father love each other and at the same time love and respect people. A person acquires value for society only when he becomes a person, and its formation requires purposeful, systematic influence. It is the family with its constant and natural nature of influence is designed to form character traits, beliefs, attitudes, worldview of the child. Therefore, the allocation of the educational function of the family as the main has a social meaning. For each person, the family performs emotional and recreational functions that protect a person from stressful and extreme situations. The comfort and warmth of a home, the realization of a person's need for trusting and emotional communication, compassion, empathy, support - all this allows a person to be more resistant to the conditions of modern restless life. Despite the large number of studies on the problem of raising children and youth, the socio-pedagogical conditions and factors of the educational process in the family, school and other social institutions are not analyzed in depth. Namely, they determine the strategy of education, which is outlined today in certain trends in the education of the individual in the modern conditions of Ukrainian reality.

Review Essay: Joseph Crespino's Atticus Finch: The Biography

Review Essay:Joseph Crespino's Atticus Finch: The Biography Frye Gaillard Atticus Finch: The Biography: Harper Lee, Her Father, and the Making of an American Icon. By Joseph Crespino. New York: Basic Books, 2018. Xx, 248 pp. $27.00. ISBN 978-1-5416-4494-6. In Atticus Finch: The Biography Joseph Crespino has given us a brilliant, readable historian's rumination on the making of a literary icon. How did Harper Lee conceive of Atticus? What were the subtleties in her own understanding of this most iconic of fictional characters, and how did Atticus capture our hearts and imagination as he did? These are the questions Crespino addresses, and I was surprised at the depth of personal reflection this book prompted. I was thirteen when my father gave me a copy of To Kill a Mockingbird. This was 1960 and the book had just appeared, and in my own Alabama family---with roots in the county where Harper Lee was born---Mockingbird carried its share of controversy. One of my aunts refused to read it, so offended was she by its revelations of racial injustice. My father was a different story. Like Atticus, he was a lawyer who believed that the courts, alone among human institutions, were "the great leveler," and when he was elected as a circuit judge in the year of Mockingbird's publication, he had promised Black voters that his courtroom would be colorblind. But in our family all of this was a delicate dance, for my father was also a segregationist, deeply [End Page 355] invested in the status quo. As Crespino reminds us, this was also true of Atticus. We know this because Harper Lee told us so, not so much in Mockingbird, though there were intimations of paternalism, but in her second book, Go Set a Watchman, which she had actually written first. Atticus is older in Watchman, and to the horror of many American readers, he is not as likeable the second time around. As Crespino writes, "Atticus, though physically weakened, is still wry, lively, and loving. The novel turns when Jean Louise discovers a racist, right-wing book among his reading materials. She heads immediately to the county courthouse where Atticus … had gone to a meeting. Looking on from the balcony, she discovers that it is a gathering of the White Citizens' Council. The rest of the novel tracks her outrage and disbelief that her wise and loving father would take up with such bigoted malcontents" (74). Crespino makes a strong case that personal experiences for Harper Lee shaped the dual character of Atticus. If, as most biographers assume, her father A. C. Lee was one of the prototypes for Atticus, A. C.'s career as a small-town newspaper editor foreshadowed the depiction of Finch in both of Lee's novels. Crespino pores through the untapped trove of editorials in the Monroe Journal, which A. C. owned and edited for two decades. What he finds is a patrician idealist who believed in the law and good order and, among other things, hated the southern practice of lynching. These ritualized killings were still widespread in the 1930s when Lee began his editorship of the Journal, and as he knew from his time as a lawyer, they sometimes enjoyed the cover of the courts. Lee once represented two Black men accused of murdering a White man, and one of the victim's sons was a member of the jury. Despite Lee's objections, the verdict was swift and his clients were hung. A few years later a Black man accused of raping and murdering a White woman was kidnapped from a small-town jail about forty miles south of Monroeville. Crespino describes what happened next: "[T]hey took him to an alternate location and murdered him, but not before subjecting him to two hours of sadistic torture, including castration, forced [End Page 356] autocannibalism, stabbing, burning with hot irons, and dismemberment of toes and fingers. They tied Neal's body to the back of a car" (13-14). A. C. Lee hated such moments of barbarism and carried stories on the front page of the Journal about the grand jury investigation that followed...

Sensory Borderland

Sensory Borderland Theresa Rojas (bio) Meditación Fronteriza: Poems of Love, Life, and Labor Norma Elia Cantú The University of Arizona Press www.uapress.arizona.edu 129 Pages; Print, $16.95 Sense memory is when a recollection is evoked by one or more of the senses. When we voluntarily or involuntarily experience a memory triggered by a sight, smell, sound, touch, or taste, we are encountering sense memory. Smell and taste are particularly powerful catalysts in this regard. In fact, evoking sense memory is a technique used in method acting to convincingly reproduce the original emotion in order to deliver a more realistic performance. Sense memory is a way that we experience emotional recall. Norma Elia Cantú's documentation of the sensory world of the US-Mexico border turns her memories into our own. In Meditación Fronteriza, Cantú records a changing world of beauty, humanity, violence, and art. Through Cantú's chronicling of border spaces, people, and body politics, we experience her deep sense of what is lost over time and geography. It is in the celebration of the beauty of this landscape, its people and traditions, many now lost to violence, that the author also celebrates freedom and the possibilities of art. This collection of poetry and occasional prose is divided into six sections, the last of which is a collection of prose in three short, reflective episodes. In the last section, Cantú writes "En esta frontera estoy atrapada. No, situada. No, desplegada. No, estacionada. No, aparcada. No, parqueada. No nada de atrapada o parqueada estoy como el río, siempre y nunca el mismo." The translation is "I am trapped on this border. No, I am situated. No, deployed. No, stationed. No, parked. No, parked (slang). No none of this trapped or parked, I am like the river, always and never the same." The autobiographical collection of works of "love, life, and labor" feels deeply politically, artfully, and geographically charged with reverence, longing, and anger. The collection's first section, SONG OF THE BORDERLANDS, launches the poems "CANTO A LA TIERRA" and "SONG OF THE BORDERLAND," its translation. Many of the poems in this section have Spanish and English versions translated by the author. We see from these first pages that these are indeed poems of love, but not just among people. Cantú expresses love of history, country, tierra, topography, and ancestry, among others. Embedded in these works are also sentiments of love toward family and language. The flow between Spanish and English gives these pieces depth and fluidity. This peaceful contemplation is followed up by the shocking "SHE WAS A BOBOLO GRANDMOTHER," documenting the self-immolation of a grieving grandmother in the 1700s. The poem marks the death of the Bobolo grandmother, just as the end proclaims, "No marker honors her death / and no one knows her name, / but the historian chronicled her death, / and thereby she lives." This piece and the two that follow serve as critical histories of border violence that pay homage to those lost. Likewise, "SOUTH TEXAS—JULY 2014" records two terrible deaths—one of the narrator's friend's father, "He was sixty-five. A loving father. / A businessman. / A husband. / An uncle" and The eleven- or fourteen-year-old boy from Honduras,wearing Angry Birds pants, had his uncle's telephone number on his belt. The uncle in Chicago They found the boy's decomposing body in the brush.Alone. He wandered off away from the others.Lost. To die. Alone. [End Page 10] As with the Bobolo grandmother, this chronicling of senseless deaths brings awareness and thus life to their stories. Section IV, MIEL DE MESQUITE, includes mediations on food, celebrations, and vignettes of life. In particular, "LA LLORONA CONSIDERS THE STATE OF TORTILLAS" stands out for its mix of mythology and modern concerns. The poem begins "She knows they sell them in neat packages / Cellophaned and counted." The visual is immediate and familiar. The reader is deeply immersed in the sense memory of flour tortillas, "The familiar smell of dough cooking on the comal / The puffing up one must, simply must, pat down / To hear the pooof [sic] of air escaping / The...

Gulf Coast tales

Gulf Coast tales Jillian Brenner (bio) Moon Trees and Other Orphans Leigh Camacho Rourks Black Lawerence Press www.blacklawrence.com/moon-trees-and-other-orphans/ 175 Pages; Print, $15.95 Moon Trees and Other Orphans is the debut collection of Cuban American writer Leigh Camacho Rourks and a winner of the St. Lawrence Book Award. The collection is set along the Gulf Coast, where the natural beauty of the environment and the fragility of characters suffering with sickness, poverty, and mental illness combine with the harshness of their reality, resulting in unforgettable stories of impossible strength in impossible places. Camacho Rourks does not shy away from pushing her characters to their limits and examining the fallout as they break, with a style that invites both comedic commentary and sobering realizations about what it means to be disenfranchised in the South. Of the array of memorable and nuanced characters, the most remarkable of them all is perhaps the setting itself. With a characterization of place reminiscent of Flannery O’Connor’s writings of the South, Camacho Rourks brings the Gulf Coast of Louisiana to life. Though each story varies in plot and detail, the theme of hard-shelled characters nursing weaknesses — often hidden behind a veneer of wit and sarcasm — and pushing through brutal circumstances is consistent in the collection. These characters fall, they make bad decisions, and they seem very much alive. The titular story, “Moon Trees,” follows Essie and her brother, Stute, as Essie struggles to provide a stable home in the midst of their mother’s struggle with paranoid schizophrenia. Essie, a teenager, shows her mother a culmination of kindness, love, pity, and rage as Essie narrates the “myths” of their family’s history. The title comes from the family’s fascination with a 1970’s space mission, in which Stuart Roosa took an “unborn forest” into orbit before returning to plant the seeds on earth. Though the basic plot is not new, the narrative style brings a freshness and originality to the story. The commentary on the stigmas of mental illness, the difficulty of finding adequate treatment, and the failure of inequal access to education for children in low income homes is there, but they work as the subtext of the narrative. Instead, Comacho Rourks asks her readers to consider what it means to be special or how far the strands of family can be pulled before they break. Though setting is not as prevalent here as other stories, details of New Orleans and a secret “moon tree” along the River Walk are woven in. Comacho Rourks’s writing is well paced and concise, yet, despite the harshness of her subjects, inarguably beautiful. One such example is Essie’s description of her mother’s story of finding one of Roosa’s seeds and her mother’s belief that her subsequent pregnancy with Essie resulted in her illness: I can tell you how one day, when she was very lonely, she gobbled that seed up to make me. When I was a child, I did not fall asleep to Cinderella’s broom strokes and ballroom dancing. Instead, my mother told me of how her white fish-belly, iridescent with life, grew heavy and catered with my weight. I branched out inside of her, and my fetal limbs, long and searching, pierced her brain and left her addled. While “Moon Trees” is the collection’s ode to character, “Pinched Magnolias” is among the best at juxtaposing Louisiana swampland as both hero and villain. By the end of the second page, Dalia — a clear image of femininity at a height of five feet and wearing a floral sundress — has started her day by shooting her husband and then making a pot of coffee. Dalia and her sister, the sheriff, grew up on a large property alongside the bayou, where they learned to skin animals from their loving father whose murdered corpse was found in the swamp years before. The women speak to each other calmly as they dismantle the body of Dalia’s husband to be dumped for alligators. Dalia and Mary are both as much products of their environment as they are bound to it...

Edward Shotter: dean emeritus of Rochester, who founded the Journal of Medical Ethics

Photo credit: Emma Dalzel-Job Edward Shotter, dean emeritus of Rochester, founded the Journal of Medical Ethics , the Institute of Medical Ethics, and the London Medical Group. He was born...

Charles van der Horst: physician, clinical researcher, political activist, and accomplished swimmer

Photo credit: David Wohl An emeritus professor of medicine and infectious diseases at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a global health consultant, Charles van der Horst...

Paul Godley: oncologist, epidemiologist, researcher, and photographer

Credit: University of North Carolina Paul Alphonso Godley was born in Detroit, Michigan, in the US, the son of Alegro J Godley, an internist, and his wife, Juanita, a nurse....

Competing for father's love? The politics of central government agency termination in China

It is well known that public agencies are nearly immortal, but what explains their termination? This article argues that apart from conventional antecedents, political salience defined by top leaders largely shapes government agencies' life cycle. In one of the first large‐N analyses of agency termination in a non‐Western authoritarian regime, we used longitudinal data for the central apparatus in China from 1949 to 1976 to test this hypothesis. We specifically used Chairman Mao's written directives to measure political salience and found that agencies that received more directives were less likely to be terminated. In contrast, agencies less attended to the boss were less likely to survive major restructurings. We also found that peripheral agencies (e.g., smaller, lower‐ranking agencies with noncore functions) benefited more from leaders' attention. We compare the results with the existing literature and suggest some theoretical and policy implications.

Dadvertising: Representations of Fatherhood in Procter & Gamble’s Tide Commercials

Abstract In the digital age of branding when advertisements appeal to consumers’ belief systems, Procter & Gamble’s Tide uses ads that feature loving fathers doing the laundry. Building on masculinity studies and branding discourses, I explore representations of Tide’s dads as part of a wave of “dadvertising,” or advertising that uses fathers to represent ideal masculinity centered on involved parenting and emotional vulnerability. The advertisements in my case study show a spectrum of performance, from dads who justify their domestic labor with appeals to hegemonic masculinity to dads who seem at ease in historically feminized roles. All of these examples reveal dadvertising’s root in neoliberal gender politics and commodity activism, wherein evolving masculinities are personalized and commoditized into consumerist actions.

The Sounds That Wake Me

The Sounds That Wake Me Savannah Sipple (bio) [End Page 144] I’ll tell you what, Papaw was a drunk, the sweetest man alive.Sober: A good husband; a loving father; he worked hard regardless,but I’ve never heard tell if he was able to keep a jobor if the family moved because of his drinking. On a binge, he beat Granny.He’d come home at 2am and beat her and she’d have to fry a chickenor fix something for him and his friends, her brothers, to eat. He beat herwith his belt. My mother says she can remember the snap. I wasn’t there,but I can hear it, too, the way it caught the back of Granny’s legs,the way she whimpered don’t. I can see the thin cotton layerof her nightgown that may as well not even been there.I hear the snap, too, almost every day. It’s the same crack I heard when my brother and I torehis bedroom door off the hinges. He was nine and I was fourteenand he went to shut his door as I pushed against it. Hinges cracked loosefrom frame. I heard the clap of my father’s recliner as he jumped up,screaming, but I didn’t know what had really happeneduntil I felt the smack of the broomstick against my back. He got in threeor four swings before I escaped to my room. I don’t rememberhow many times he hit my brother, although surely he did,just as I’m sure my mother made him stop hitting us, but they were both madabout the damage we’d done. I can laugh about it:I was fourteen the last time I got a spanking . . . good god, I was too old,but I really wasn’t spanked that often. It’s true. I tell it and laugh [End Page 145] the same way my father and his brother laugh about how Mamaw beat themfor good measure. My father was so mean, she put a dog collar on him,kept him chained to a tree in the yard so she could get her gardening done.They laugh about this and the way she’d beat my uncle, too,seven years older than my father, because he knew betterand didn’t stop my father from doing meanness. If anything, he egged him on.Back home, abuse a joke, something akin to discipline and parenting.My father and his brother wore their beatings like medals pinned to chests.I don’t think they ever stopped once to consider what kind of men they’d becomeor the ways they passed this trauma down. They would laugh at calling ittrauma. They laughed at calling it abuse. Laughter like a leather beltsnapping skin. Their laughter cracks when they tell the story and everyoneelse has manners so good it keeps them from saying what’s on their minds: My lord. Most often I wake up because I think I’ve heard him, the floor crackor the door creak, or, even worse, I wake because it’s too quiet in the house,too quiet in the house where I’m asleep in my dreams. I hear his laughat the way I jump when his hand snaps back, fist raised. I hear the snap,the belt, the wood splinter, the laugh track, chain snap against tree,and I lie awake waiting for the sting. [End Page 146] Savannah Sipple SAVANNAH SIPPLE is a writer from east Kentucky. Her debut poetry collection WWJD and Other Poems (Sibling Rivalry Press, 2019) explores what it is to be a queer woman in Appalachia and is rooted in its culture and in her body. With a beer-drinking Jesus as her wing man, she navigates this difficult terrain of stereotype, conservative Evangelicalism, and, perhaps most, shame. Her writing has recently been published in Salon, Appalachian Heritage, Waxwing, and other places. She is also the recipient of grants from the Money for Women/Barbara Deming Memorial Fund and the Kentucky Foundation for Women. Copyright © 2019 University of North Carolina...

Bone Talk by Candy Gourlay

Reviewed by: Bone Talk by Candy Gourlay Fiona Hartley-Kroeger Gourlay, Candy Bone Talk. Fickling/Scholastic, 2019 [272p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-338-34963-4 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-338-34965-8 $11.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 5-8 Gourlay, Candy Bone Talk. Fickling/Scholastic, 2019 [272p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-338-34963-4 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-338-34965-8 $11.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 5-8 Samkad's upcoming manhood initiation should be a joyous occasion, but it's causing [End Page 122] friction with his best friend, a tomboy named Luki; then omens delay the ceremony and the threat of attack from an enemy tribe disrupts the quotidian rhythms of his mountain village. The return of his long-absent agemate further upends Sam's world: Kinyo brings with him news of a strange people called Americans, who are waging war in the lowlands. Kinyo's American friend, Mister William, seems harmless and friendly enough, but not so the three American soldiers who enlist the villagers to perform a gruesome burial, and whose candy and strange "kodak" device fail to conceal a casual, sneering cruelty. Gourlay (Tall Story, BCCB 2/11) layers carefully researched aspects of indigenous Filipino culture (including practices such as headhunting and animal sacrifice) at the turn of the century with elements of a classic boy's coming-of-age tale in this British import. Sam's loving father, troublesome tomboy friend, faithful dog, rural setting, and introspective meditation on manhood and masculinity shine against a backdrop of American imperialism and colonialism. The Philippine-American War (also known in the U.S. as the Philippine Insurrection) is a historical moment little explored in American fiction for children, and Sam's story is sure to provoke conversation about colonial oppression and silencing of indigenous voices. The informative author's note and acknowledgments section provides historical and cultural context and an overview of the author's extensive research. Copyright © 2019 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Образ Старика в елизаветинской драме: от персонажа римской трагедии к христианскому Старцу

<p>Трансформация амплуа старого человека в елизаветинской драме рубежа XVI–XVII вв. указывает на возрастание религиозной семантики и аллегоризма. Тема важна и потому, что роли старцев мог играть на сцене актер по имени Уильям Шекспир.</p><p>Старик в «Испанской трагедии» Т. Кида еще восходит к сенекианской модели Senex (фигуры «ошибки» в узнавании), но наделяется и новыми чертами родительской любви и достоинства скорби. Доминантой характера Старика в «Фаусте» К. Марло уже является сила веры, он выступает в функции назидания-предостережения незадолго до финала. Сам образ заимствован Марло из Народной книги и имеет реальные прототипы. Старики У. Шекспира — третья модель, в ряде черт наследующая Киду и Марло, но обладающая собственным смыслом и выразительностью.</p><p>У шекспировского Old Man выявляются два главных новозаветных архетипа: 1) благочестивый старец Иосиф Плотник (образец трудолюбия, отеческой любви, заботы, верности и веры), к нему восходят Адам в комедии «Как вам это понравится» и Старик в «Короле Лире» и 2) праведный старец Симеон, к которому восходит Старик в «Макбете». Этот персонаж Шекспира очень близок к древнехристианскому пониманию старчества как воплощения аскетической, водительской и пророческой традиций.</p><p>Текст доклада автора на Первой Всероссийской научной конференции «Кристофер Марло и его творчество в русской и мировой культуре: междисциплинарный взгляд», которая прошла в Москве 22–23 июня 2018 г.</p>

Health literacy of mothers in the first year of motherhood–Expert interpretation map

For human health, childhood has an essential function, thus it is necessary that children live in convenient and safe conditions. One of these is the level of health literacy of their mothers. The aim of the research was to specify (and supplement) the content of health literacy of mothers in the first year of motherhood with experts’ experience and opinions. Research sample and methods: The data were collected in non-structured interviews with experts (n = 12) from the fields of medicine, nursing, social work, education, sociology and andragogy. The data were analysed and described based on thematic interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). In the interpretative frame (map) of the expert concept of health literacy, specified as the key context are the phenomena of “Love, Relationships, and Interest”, which are mentioned in some way by all the experts. The following six thematic satiated phenomena were determined: (1) start at school, (2) lack of family experience, (3) mother is all right, (4) know where to go for help, (5) mother as the doctor's partner, (6) watch out for extremes.The foundations of the context of mothers’ health literacy are relationships: the mother's love of the child, her interest in the child, and a loving father. These relationships support the psychological welfare of the mother.

El Padre asesinado en Colombia: entre el padre viril y el padre amoroso

El presente artículo analiza la presencia del padre asesinado en la narrativa colombiana de las últimas dos décadas. Para tal efecto, se han escogido tres textos que por sus características novelescas y narrativas, por la posición central que tiene este asesinato y por su importancia mediática los convierten en claramente representantes de la muestra. Dichos textos son Mi confesión de Mauricio Aranguren, No hay causa perdida de Álvaro Uribe Vélez y El olvido que seremos de Héctor Abad Faciolince. Se encuentra entonces que hay una relación entre las características de los padres descritos y las respuestas de los hijos frente al asesinato. Así tres tipos de reacción se pueden identificar: la venganza sanguinaria en Mi confesión, la salvación de la patria en No hay causa perdida y la escritura desencantada en El olvido que seremos.

Lifestyle shapes bird of prey binocular visual field

Swooping toward a victim with its vicious talons extended, a bird of prey homes in for the kill with meticulous precision. ‘Birds, particularly birds of prey [raptors], are believed to forage primarily using visual cues’, says vision scientist Simon Potier from Lund University, Sweden, who was inspired by his father's love of birds of prey to take up falconry as a small child. Yet, Potier explains that it was not clear how the birds use the region where the views from the two eyes overlap (the binocular zone) during their rapier-like attacks. As the hunting strategies of birds of prey span low-speed scavenging to high-speed aerial and ground prey capture, Potier, Francesco Bonadonna and Olivier Duriez from Université de Montpellier, France, and an international team of collaborators wondered whether the binocular vision of these precision hunters might vary depending on their lifestyle.Potier turned to his own collection of almost 60 birds at Les Ailes de l'Urga theme park in France and other birds from Le Grand Parc du Puy du Fou to measure the binocular visual fields of birds ranging from carrion-feeding vultures to predatory Cooper's hawks and eagles that target victims on the ground. ‘We used a non-invasive procedure to measure visual field characteristics in alert birds’, says Potier, recalling the difficulty of holding the large eagles steady for 20 min while measuring the limit of the view from each eye in order to calculate the binocular region where the visual fields overlapped. ‘The experience of the falconers who helped was essential’, he says. In addition, he had to custom build individual bill holders for each species to keep their heads in place, ‘which took me quite some time to fit perfectly’, he laughs. However, Potier was relieved when the birds appeared unfazed after they were released: ‘Directly after the experiment, they still flew to me, which indicates that they were not stressed’, he smiles.Initially, Potier and his colleagues had anticipated that the binocular visual fields of the hunters would be wider than those of the scavengers, as the hunters have to precisely target a moving victim with their talons while the scavengers’ aim may not need to be as precise. However, the width of the binocular visual fields was remarkably similar. The contrasts were more apparent when the team plotted the full projections of the binocular region, showing that the zone above the beak where the view from the two eyes overlapped tapered more rapidly in the ground-hunting eagles than it did in Cooper's hawks (which target birds on the wing) and the scavenging vultures. There was also an extensive blind zone above the heads of the ground predators – which do not have to outmanoeuvre agile targets on the wing. Considering the various hunting strategies and differences in the head shapes of the 15 species, Potier and his colleagues suspect that the ridge of bone that shades the eyes of the ground-hunting species could partially obscure the upper portion of their binocular field to produce the large blind zone. In addition, their short, but wide, powerful beaks appear to shade the lower portion of their view.‘Our results show that the binocular field configuration is specialized to foraging tactics in raptors’, says Potier, who is keen to scrutinise the vision of the almost exclusively terrestrial secretary bird. ‘They have very large eyes… I would love to estimate their visual field’, he muses.