Dimensions Of Love Research Articles

Issue Editors’ Notes

Issue Editors’ Notes Stephanie J. Waterman (bio) and D-L Stewart (bio) ACPA President Donna Lee launched the Association’s Strategic Imperative on Racial Justice. In response to critical feedback from Indigenous members of the Association, the strategic imperative evolved to become the Strategic Imperative on Racial Justice and Decolonization (SIRJD) under ACPA President Stephen John Quaye. This evolution was necessary as a focus on racial justice is inadequate without recognition that (a) despite being racialized, Indigenous Peoples are citizens of sovereign nations not racial groups, and (b) a discussion of racism without settler colonialism is incomplete, particularly for colonized territories such as North America. Further presentations and discussions on the SIRJD’s development continued with the SIRJD syllabus in use at the 2018 ACPA Convention in Houston, Texas, the home to three federally recognized nations: the Alabama–Coushatta, Kickapoo Traditional, and Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo. The Apache and Karankawa also live in relationship with these lands. Recognizing the need to promote scholarship that also engages racial justice and decolonization, Editor Deb Liddell and the JCSD Editorial Board announced a call for proposals for guest editors for a special issue that would engage the Strategic Imperative at the 2019 ACPA Convention in Boston, Massachusetts, the original homeland of the Mashpee Wampanoag, Aquinnah Wampanoag, Nipmuc, and Massachusett tribal nations. A special issue on the theme of racial justice and decolonization could not be timelier and yet not soon enough. Diverse scholars have centered their scholarship in and through critical race theories, decolonization, Indigenous methods, and other critical lenses for some time now. Embracing the call from an international organization of educators in colleges and universities, we the editors and authors acknowledge this extant literature and the importance of furthering such scholarship to reframe the field of student affairs to be deliberately racially just and decolonized on a foundation of scholarship and practice. As we considered exactly how to situate this issue within the SIRJD, we realized that relationship conceptually and relationships in practice were key to (re)building a racially just and decolonized practice in student affairs. To be in right relationship, as discussed by Indigenous scholars such as Sandy Grande (2004) and Linda Tuhiwai Smith (2012), requires deep knowledge of and respect for the sovereignty of other people and the natural world. To pursue such a relationship is not just anti-Anthropocentric (la paperson, 2017) but also aligns with a love ethic through which we “utilize all dimensions of love—care, commitment, trust, responsibility, respect, and knowledge—in [End Page 675] our everyday lives,” (hooks, 2000, p. 94). Thus, this Special Issue on Race, Indigeneity, and Relationship in Student Affairs and Higher Education was conceived. We encounter multiple relationships and aspects of relationships in our work as scholars and practitioners of student affairs and higher education. These manuscripts illuminate those relations to some of our academic kin—students, professionals, faculty—and how the tacit assumptions with which we approach our kin can either damage or repair relationship. Many of these manuscripts elevate the voices of racially minoritized and Indigenous people, as students and scholars, through methodologies such as autoethnography and duoethnography, endarkened feminist methodologies, QuantCrit, and Indigenous quantitative methods. The special issue is organized into four areas: (a) empirical articles which spotlight institutional features or factors that affect the experiences of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC; Alejandro, Fong, & De La Rosa, p. 679; Garibay, West, & Mathis, p. 697); (b) conceptual papers that expose the afterlife of white supremacy and coloniality (Okello, p. 717; Jourian & McCloud, p. 733); (c) methodological discussions wherein the use of more appropriate analytical devices are considered (Lopez, p. 750; Morton, p. 765); and (d) practice-centered pieces that demonstrate how a racially just and decolonial lens can lead to a racially just and decolonial profession (Galvez & Muñoz, p. 781; Ward, p. 797; Castro & Magana, p. 814). The forwarding of epistemologies rooted in Blackness and Indigenous worldviews and methods that unabashedly make the research personal makes the manuscripts in this issue stand out from those which typically appear in academic journals. We question the sequestering of the work we offer here as “alternative,” “emerging,” or “contemporary.” Rather, these scholars have excavated the knowledges held...

The Measure of Machiavelli? Fear, Love, Hatred, and Trump

The rise of populist leaders like Trump certainly raises issues of leadership and effectiveness. The current populist moment may be one of “Cultural Backlash,” but there is also merit in resurrecting and assessing the work of Niccolò Machiavelli in evaluating Trump's leadership and success. Would Machiavelli, with his emphasis on a “success ethic” and a studied moral indifference, rate Trump to be a “great prince?” This article analyzes Machiavelli's role and contemporary relevance as well as what he might say about a leader like Donald Trump. Machiavelli offers one insight into a style of leader that exposes the dangers of ignorance allied with self‐interest in a nationalist pose. Also, we can visualize (with Machiavelli's help) a modern reconsideration of the dimensions of love, hate, and fear in 21st century leadership—especially among national populist leaders. This matters politically to us all.

Quadrangular Love Theory and Scale: Validation and Psychometric Investigation

This article comprehensively reviews the major components and dimensions of love that researchers operationalized in psychometric scales throughout recent decades. The Quadrangular Love Theory (QLT) synthesizes the achievements of psychometrics of love and demonstrates – theoretically and empirically - that they are grouped in four umbrella love dimensions: Compassion and Affection, which characterize the feelings toward a partner, and Closeness and Commitment, which characterize the feelings regarding a relationship. To test this theory, the authors developed the Quadrangular Love Scale (QLS) and explored its construct validity and psychometric properties in two studies utilizing various samples. Study 1 (N = 592) generally supported convergent and discriminant validities and internal reliability of the four dimensions. Study 2 (N = 584) provided additional support to the discriminant validity of QLS in terms of personality traits as predictors of major love feelings and love attitudes as typological differences of experiencing these feelings.

Attribution analysis of luxury brands: An investigation into consumer-brand congruence through conspicuous consumption

Brands and their personalities constitute the basis upon which consumers identify and bond with various products or services. This study focuses on the factors influencing congruity between consumers' self-image and brand image for luxury brands in transitional economies like India. This study empirically evaluates a hypothesized theoretical framework in order to identify and understand the following key variables in each factor of consumer-brand congruence in the luxury brand category: brand perception, brand expectation, dimensions of brand image (mystery, sensuality, and intimacy), brand love, and brand respect. This study also discusses how the brand image dimensions relate to brand love and brand respect. A structural model is developed to analyze the relationship between these factors. The findings establish the relationship between consumers and brands through various attributes of luxury brand image and consumer self-image.

Brand love: the emotional bridge between experience and engagement, generation-M perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the impact on brand love of consumption experience at the dimensional level and to determine whether brand love mediates between consumption experience and customer engagement in the context of Generation M.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 265 Muslim smartphone users responded to a structured questionnaire adapted from existing literature. First, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out, and then data were analyzed through structural equation modeling using MPlus.FindingsThe findings indicate that hedonic pleasure and escapism directly, while flow, challenge and learning indirectly affect brand love and that brand love mediates the relationship between consumption experience and customer engagement.Practical implicationsThis paper explicates Generation M’s consumption experience, ascertains ways to supplement their love for brand and engage them in gainful relationships and provides suggestions for further investigation. From a managerial perspective, the paper has implications for the management of consumer experience, identifies the most valuable dimensions of consumption experience and proposes that managers can develop customer-engagement strategies via brand love.Originality/valueThe paper validates the mediating role of brand love in the relationship between consumption experience and customer engagement; is the first to investigate the relationship between all dimensions of consumption experience and brand love; is one of few studies to investigate consumption experience, brand love and customer engagement in developing countries; and is one of first investigations to use a sample of Generation M.

Brand love: Emotionality and development of its elements across the relationship lifecycle

AbstractBrand love is the most emotionally intense connection between consumers and their brands. Referring to their interpersonal counterpart, it is assumed that consumer–brand relationships change their nature over time. However, most studies in this field do not take into consideration this dynamic characteristic. As part of a dynamic perspective of emotionality within consumer–brand relationships, this study is the first to integrate traditional relationship lifecycle concepts and interpersonal love theories. Addressing the developmental path of brand love dimensions over the course of a relationship, the analysis shows that the emotional bond with a brand as represented by brand love and its subdimensions do not follow a prototypical trajectory as assumed by traditional lifecycle concepts. Instead of forming an inverse U‐shape, the respective dimensions show divergent paths rather resembling the development of their interpersonal correspondent. Comparing hedonic and utilitarian brand concepts, it is shown that brand love can arise for hedonic brands and, just as well, for brands perceived as predominantly utilitarian. Moreover, the results advocate the singularity of brand love among relational constructs, thereby paving the way for a distinct theoretical approach centering on the lifecycle of love. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Are We Missing the Circumplexity? An Examination of Love Styles

AbstractThe colours of love theory is of great importance for understanding love. However, previous research on this theory did not consider the model as circular, as originally proposed. This article investigates the spatial location of items and underlying love dimensions in the Love Attitudes Scale with a large Brazilian sample of 1,549 participants. The measure replicated the six-factor structure of previous studies (Eros,Ludus,Storge,Mania,AgapeandPragma), including the small correlations between factors and internal consistency. The circumplex structure, however, differed from the original theory. Multidimensional scaling showed an opposition between Ludus and Eros, as well as between Mania and Storge, suggesting a new spatial location to love styles. Based on the findings, we propose a revised reformulation of the colours of love theory using attachment theory as a framework to interpret the results.

The Public and Social Character of Love in the History of Sociological Thought

The starting point of this paper is represented by the research carried out by the study group of Social-One (Iorio, 2014; 2015; Araujo et al., 2015; Araujo et al., 2016; Martins, Cataldi, 2016), which recognised a public dimension and not only the intimate and personal dimension of love in today’s society. Taking as a reference point the work of Luc Boltanski, L’amour et la justice comme competences (1990), the research of the study group has proposed to widen the circle of sharing to go beyond the input from classic sociologists with a new conceptual category of love linked to agape. This path has actually already been begun by some well-known scholars – including Simmel (1907; 1921; 1989; 2001), Sorokin (1954), Giddens (1992), Luhman (1987) and Honneth (1990) – on the shoulders of whom it has already been possible to see the historical path of the transformation of the concept. However, the “agape” action brings something new to the social sciences: agape, in fact, introduces emerging characteristics, which at the same time, is linked to and transcends the way love is understood as “eros” and “philia”, defining itself as a key to gaining insight into a primarily empirical social reality, based on unconditional love of one’s neighbour. On this basis, the paper traces the path that the concept of love has had in the history of sociological thought, enlightening its public and social characters and proposing a research project based on love as agape.

Linking marketing mix elements to passion-driven behavior toward a brand

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationships among perceptions of advertising, sales promotions, brand prestige and brand love, as well as the development of passion-driven behavior among family restaurant customers. Based on the well-established framework of marketing mix elements and brand, this study proposes and tests a research model that attempts to understand the inter-relationships between the two dimensions of advertising (i.e. advertising spending and attitudes toward advertisement), two dimensions of sales promotions (i.e. monetary promotion and non-monetary promotion), brand prestige, brand love and passion-driven behavior, as well as compares local and global family restaurant brands.Design/methodology/approachThe research model of this study was tested based on responses from 265 family restaurant customers in Korea (i.e. 105 from Outback Steak House, 78 from T.G.I. Fridays, 45 from VIPS and 37 from Ashley). Data were analyzed using frequency, reliability, confirmatory factor and correlation analyses, the structural equation modeling and multi-sample methods.FindingsThe verified model confirmed that brand prestige was significantly influenced by attitudes toward advertisement, monetary promotion and non-monetary promotion. Also, brand love was significantly affected by the amount spent on advertising, attitudes toward the advertisement and monetary promotion. Passion-driven behavior was significantly impacted by brand prestige and brand love. Lastly, the results identified that the brand origin (i.e. local and global family restaurant brands) moderated one of the hypothesized relationships (i.e. the impact of brand prestige on brand love).Practical implicationsThe study suggests that a family restaurant brand manager may want to emphasize planning and developing marketing mix elements focusing on advertising and sales promotions.Originality/valueThis research illustrates the influences of the two dimensions of advertising and two types of sales promotions on brand prestige and brand love, which in turn led to passion-driven behavior from family restaurant customers.

Examining the Relationship between Caring for Family Unity and Levels of Tolerance Tendencies of Primary School Students

This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between family unity and tolerance tendencies of primary school fourth graders. In addition, whether the level of students' attention to family unity and tolerance tendency differed according to some demographic variables was also examined. To this end, to gather raw data for the study, two scales were used: an 18-item Tolerance Tendency Scale with three sub-dimensions (value, acceptance, and empathy) and a 22-item caring For Family Unity with four sub-dimensions (love, respect, communication, and loyalty), as well as to collect demographic data by a Personal Information Form. The relational screening model was used in this study. The participants (N = 1101) were conveniently selected from a primary school (fourth grades) in Sakarya. Of the participants, 531 (49%) were girls, while 565 (51%) wereboys. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for the relationship between variables, while parametric T test was used for the analysis of demographic data such as gender, parental cohabitation, family type variables. As to non-parametric tests, Kruskal Wallis H test was also used to explore whether perceptions of the students change according to family income level. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine which groups were significantly different in the results of Kruskal-Wallis H test. The analyses showed a significant positive relationship between the level of students' attention to family unity and tolerance tendencies. Regardin gender in communication and loyalty dimension, students' level of caring for family unity changed for the favor of female students. In terms of whether student's parents live together, it differed for the favor of students whose parents are living together. It also differed for the favor of those living in nuclear families in love dimension in terms of family type and it differed significantly for the favor of upper-income level in terms of family income level as perceived by students. The level of tolerance tendency of students was found to be significantly different in favor of girls according to gender, in favor of parents living together according to their parents' cohabitation status, in favor of those living in nuclear families with values and acceptance dimensions according to family type.

Love, Materiality, and Masculinity in Jordan

This article discusses how performing masculinity in intimate relationships is related to the material dimensions of love. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork among middle-class young men and women in the Jordanian capital of Amman, I argue that to understand the continuing significance of the material aspects of marriage, it is important to pay attention to local notions of practical and transactional forms of love. Contributing to emerging scholarship on “caring” Arab masculinities, this article shows how material forms of care are integral to local relationship dynamics. Yet, in the context of the current economic situation in Jordan, the resources of many young men are limited, and they find themselves in a difficult position, both as compassionate partners and as manly men. Hence, they negotiate the entanglements of love and money by associating “true love” with their female partner’s willingness to compromise on the material requirements of marriage.

Relationship between pathogenic beliefs and interpersonal problems: a cross-sectional study of Thai patients with depression

ABSTRACTPathogenic beliefs (PBs) are a key construct within control-mastery theory, a dynamic cognitive-relational psychotherapy approach. It is common for these beliefs to trigger interpersonal problems. The present study explored the relationship between PBs and interpersonal problems. Sixty-eight patients with depressive disorder were assessed using a 54-item Pathogenic Belief Scale (PBS), and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32). Eight sub scales of the IIP-32 were analysed, along with the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) dominance and love dimensions. The PBS was significantly associated with the IIP-32 total score (r = .608, p < .01). The PBS scores were significantly correlated with the dominance dimension (r = −.285, p < .05), but not the love dimension. PBs have a significant correlation with interpersonal problems. They correlated with the submissive or hostile quadrant of the IPC, which measures negative sense of self and disappointment in oneself in relating to others.

Assessing passionate love: Italian validation of the PLS (reduced version)

In the last few years, scientists have been trying to better comprehend the complex mechanism of love. The Passionate Love Scale (PLS) has been shown in previous research to measure a general dimension of passionate love. Due to the increase of its administration in neuroscientific studies, there is a need for a validated Italian version of the scale. The aim of this study was to validate the unidimensional structure of the reduced version of the PLS (PLS‐R) in a group of Italians adults. A cross‐validation approach was used on a sample of 784 participants. The diagonal weighted least squares method was implemented, which represents a useful option for Likert scales.The results were consistent with previous studies from other cultures and suggest that the Italian translation of the PLS‐R is a valid instrument to assess passionate love among the Italian population.

The Literati’s Polyphonic Answers to Social Changes in Late Imperial China

The article aims to rethink the pluralistic intellectual currents and social changes of the last centuries in China: How literati reacted to the historical changes, the economic developments, the collapse of the hierarchical order, and the social mobility from the end of the Ming to the middle of the Qing dynasty. Urbanisation, the great silver inflow, the acceleration of trade, and social mobility raised new challenges to the orthodox view of the world and to Neo-Confucian norms. These new attitudes of the Chinese literati—which can be inferred both from literary and philosophical works—uncover new attitudes in the mental structure of the intellectual strata of the time. In the history of ideas we notice a progressive detachment from the orthodox view of the conflictual relationship between principle and desires, especially in the ambit of the Taizhou school. The elaboration of a new anthropological mindset aimed at the rehabilitation of passions and desires culminated with Li Zhi. This trend went on in the Qing period, from Wang Fuzhi to Dai Zhen. In literature, a similar trend, the so-called “cult of qing ,” can be found with the moral justification of emotion-desire (establishing emotion as a genuine and active source of virtue), and with the vitalistic identification of emotions as the source of life and reproduction. Another indication of change is the challenge of common and accepted truisms through the praise of “folly” in real life situations and literary works: To be “crazy” and “foolish” became a sign of distinction among certain intellectual circles, in contrast with the pedant orthodox scholars and officials and the vulgar nouveaux riches . The unconventional character of the anti-hero Baoyu is emblematic, with his aversion for any kind of official ceremony and convention, his abnormal sensibility and impractical and naive mentality, and his consciousness of being different from others. The crisis of the established ladder of values can be seen in the exaltation of “amoral” wisdom and in the presentation of various dimensions of love, from the idealistic sentiment of “the talented student and the beautiful girl” to the metaphysical passion that overcomes death, and to the minimalist concept of “love is like food” in a carpe diem perspective. And finally another challenge is exemplified by Yuan Mei’s reflections on the concept of Heavenly Mandate, retribution, human responsibility, and historical constructions by resorting to “abnormal” phenomena to uncover the absurdity of reality and unconscious imagery. His questions testify the polyphonic debates of the late imperial China, besides established conventions and Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.

El poder de servir. Condiciones y virtudes que requiere el servicio

There is no doubt that service is a central issue in today's society. The fruits of service are perceived on a daily basis, in its transforming efficacy. The goal of this article is to discern which are the conditions that stimulate the spirit of service, as well as the virtues that promote these conditions. In this way we can foster the spirit of service that is inherent to human action. Initially we focus on the person who carries out the service through an action, displaying in the well done action the transforming efficacy of those who are around her and her surroundings. Later on we address one of the major difficulties faced by service: lethargy. This element helps us to realize that today we see in the people an inability to know what is real, while service involves taking responsibility for the reality and knowing how to materialize the ideas and operationalize the projects. Afterwards we address a proposal on the conditions required by service and the virtues that are necessary for its proper exercise. This proposal does not perceive these conditions as a closed model. That would be a vision opposed to what the human being is, as the subject who performs a job in which he seeks perfection through the practice of virtue. One of the consequences that may result from our proposal is that the service is not a condition of the work, but a condition of the person who works. Finally we will see how the key of service is placed in personal love. Personal love has three dimensions hierarchically different in human beings. From highest to lowest, they are: accepting, giving and gift. The three dimensions of personal love put us on the track to understand that human love is an interested love. It is a love whose interest is to be interested in, and, therefore, to establish a bond of union and community, where giving and accepting are a gift. It is self-opening to someone.

Translation, cultural adaptation, and content validity index of the Juvenile Love Scale to the Brazilian context

Abstract Background Passionate love involves physiological, emotional, and cognitive features that greatly changes behavior. This phenomenon seems universal or near universal. Even other animal species choose partners. An intense state of passionate love is associated with activity in dopamine pathways of the brain ‘reward system’, and recently has been regarded as a ‘natural addiction’. Instruments or tools to evaluate romantic love during childhood is still scarce. Objective To perform the translation and cultural adaptation of the Juvenile Love Scale (JLS) for use in the Brazilian context targeted for adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. Methods The translation and cultural adaptation of JLS followed international recommendations, and its content validity was analyzed by a panel of experts in different areas of knowledge. Results The final version of the JLS for use in the Brazilian context showed high content validity (> 90%). Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first scale for measuring romantic or passionate love in adolescents adapted to the Brazilian context. This instrument is a significant contribution to the study of the dimensions of love, as well as to understand the impact of love on the psychiatric phenomena that pervade life in this stage of development.

Rethinking Calvin and Justification Sola Fide and Reconsidering the Unitive Dimensions of Love (and why Catholics and Reformed Could Agree on This)

Rethinking Calvin and Justification <i>Sola Fide</i> and Reconsidering the Unitive Dimensions of Love (and why Catholics and Reformed Could Agree on This)

Beyond Brand Personality: Building Consumer–Brand Emotional Relationship

This research aims to study the relationships between brand personality and commitment towards brands. More specifically, the study objective is to determine whether brand personality is the antecedent of brand love, and then, if brand love has an impact on affective commitment to the brand. The methodology used is purely quantitative involving a sample of 210 respondents who were asked to indicate their perception about brand love, brand personality and emotional commitment towards seven global brands which enjoy string awareness with the target sample: Coca-Cola, Converse, Hello Kitty, Nina Ricci, Nutella, PlayStation and Starbucks. Measurement scales were adopted from the literature related to the concept of brand personality and its subsequent relation with two major emotional factors: love and commitment. Results show significant relationships between the agreeableness dimension of brand personality and brand love. The significance and magnitude of these relationships vary across the brands. Results also demonstrate an impact of brand love on emotional commitment to the brand for the overall research model but not for each brand studied separately. This article has relevant managerial implications since it demonstrates that the nature and the strength of the relationship that consumers hold with brands, is directly affected by brand personality. Thus, the current study will help marketers to understand the need of having agreeable brands when companies thrive to create love and affective commitment to their brands. This can be used in developing positioning strategies for the brands.

Saisir la vie amoureuse par le croisement des méthodes

Dans cet article, je souhaiterais montrer l’intérêt de croiser plusieurs méthodes de recueil de données pour étudier un processus interpersonnel comme l’amour. De l’amour, il n’est question ici que de l’amour eros, l’amour entre partenaires, ce que les anglophones appellent romantic relationships. La réflexion se limite aussi uniquement à des sociétés occidentales, mes terrains comprenant la France, les USA (principalement la Californie), et l’Espagne (principalement la Catalogne). L’expérience amoureuse est à la fois répandue, partagée, ordinaire, elle est co-construite dans des interactions, mais elle est aussi personnelle, intime et profonde. La Grounded Theory offre un cadre méthodologique permettant de gérer la variété des représentations de l’amour. Mais elle ne présume pas des techniques de recueil de données à mettre en œuvre. Au contraire, elle laisse la possibilité de travailler sur des données diversifiées afin d’explorer les différentes dimensions de l’amour. J’exposerai ici mon propre cheminement méthodologique, suivant l’ordre chronologique du déploiement de la recherche que je mène dans le cadre d’un doctorat en sociologie sur la vie amoureuse d’hommes lésés médullaires. Il s’est trouvé que cet ordre suive aussi une logique dans le type de données recueillies : public, privé, intime, des données dont les apports complémentaires permettent de pleinement saisir les histoires de vie amoureuse.

Spirituality in Religion and Literature: Buddhism, Levinas, the Sublime, and Jekyll and Hyde

Both religions and literature/the arts have the same purpose--to liberate our mind from the limited ontological domain of the ego and reach infinity, the dimension of genuine love, and thus to attain true wisdom beyond the binary opposition of will, intention, and concepts that cause conflicts and struggle. The goal of religions and literature is to make us to deeply experience the real Self, which is the ultimate reality or universal Truth. This paper first discusses the Buddhist notion of Emptiness and Levinas, whose theory embraces Judaism and Christianity. Then the Kantian sublime is discussed as the most profound aesthetic impetus on the reader’s mind. The last part presents my reading of Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde. By showing the disappearance of the polar opposites, Jecyll and Hyde, the novella leads the reader to the sphere of the sublime where the reader experiences the spiritual feeling that detaches her/him from ontological perception and conceptualization.