Lour Research Articles

Micropropagation of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. an important medicinal plant

A rapid micropropagation protocol was established for Gynura procumbens(Lour.) Merr., an important medicinal plant for the treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, hypertension and urinary tract infection. The nodal segments of one year old mature plants was used as the explants for the initiation of axillary branching using Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS) supplemeted with 2mg l–1 BA. Rapid proliferation of shoots was achieved by culturing the in vitroshoots derived from the nodal segments onto MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l-1 BA and 0.5 mg l–1 NAA. An average of 18.2 ± 0.6 shoots were produced from each shoot explant. All the micro-shoots produced normal roots within two weeks of culture on the basic MS medium without any plant growth regulators. All the rooted plantlets of G. procumbens (100%) survived when they were planted into Jiffy-7 and placed on a shaded place with a temperature of 27 - 30oC for two weeks. An average of 95 – 98% of the acclimatized plantlets survived after two weeks of transferring into the organic soil: sand mixture (1:1). All the in vitroderived plants displayed normal developement as that of the mother plants when they reached mature stage. Key words: Medicinal plant,micropropagation,nodal segment,shoot proliferation.

Study on volatile constituents of the root of canariumalbum (Lour) raeusch by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)

目的 对橄榄根挥发油的化学成分进行研究.方法 采用GC-MS联用分析技术对橄榄根挥发油进行分析,并用峰面积归一化法测定各个化合物的相对含量.结果 分离出40种化学成分,其中含量大于5%的组分有4个,分别为n-十六烷酸、6-十八碳烯酸、十二烷酸和3,7,11-三甲基-(E)-1,6,10-葵三烯-3-醇,相对含量大于1%的组分有9个.结论 这9个成分占总挥发油成分的80.981%。

Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng belonging to the family Lamiaceae commonly known as Karpuravalli, Omavalli in Tamil, Patta ajavayin, Patharcur in Hindi, Country borage in English is a large succulent aromatic perennial herb. It is highly aromatic pubescent herb with distinctive smelling leaves. Th e plant is distributed throughout in India, cultivated in the gardens. Th e leaves of this plant have been used in malarial fever, hepatopathy, renal and vesical calculi, cough, chronic asthma, hiccough, bronchitis, anthelmintic, colic and convulsions. Th is paper deals with the micro morphological studies carried out on the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus one of the WHO accepted parameter for identifi cation of medicinal plants. For the better understanding of structural details ScanningElectron Microscopy (SEM) also employed. Key words: Coleus amboinicus, Coleus aromaticus, micro morphology, Plectranthus amboinicus, scanning electron microscopy

Co-chemotherapy of sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) leaves ethanolic extract and Doxorubicin on breast cancer cell

Chemotherapy combination attracted high attention in recent years to cure cancer. This method combines between non-toxic or less toxic phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic agents to sensitize cancer cell, to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents as well as to reduce its toxicity to normal tissues. The aim of the present research was to examine whether ethanolic extract of Sambung Nyawa leaves (SNE) or Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. synergizes the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin (Dox) on breast cancer cell line T47D. MTT assay was used to measure the effect of growth inhibitory of the combination therapy on T47D cells. SNE (25-500 μg/mL) treatment of cell resulted in 12-97.% growth inhibition in a dose dependent manner (IC50 90 μg/mL), while Dox (1.8-90 nM) treatment showed inhibitory effect of 16-83.% (IC50 50 nM). The combinations of SNE with Dox (1.8-18 nM) showed synergistic effect (CI<1). These results demonstrate a strong possibility of synergistic efficacy of SNE and Dox combination for breast cancer treatment. Key words: Sambung Nyawa leaves ethanolic extract, doxorubicin, cochemotherapy, T47D human mammary cancer cell.

Effect of ethanol extract of Erythrina fusca Lour (cangkring) leaves on suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in raji cell line

COX-2. COX-2 is expressed highly in inflammation and cancer cells. The effect of ethanol extract of Erythrina fusca Lour (cangkring) toward suppression of COX-2 expression in Raji cells was studied using immunocytochemistry method. This research showed that ethanol extract of E. fusca Lour leaves on concentration of 250,0; 125,0; dan 62,50 μg/mL was able to suppress the COX-2 expression significantly in comparison to control, with the inhibition of 70,19 ± 2,14 %; 44,69 ± 1,62 %; and 23,25 ± 2,21 %. Key words: COX-2 expression, anti-inflammation, anti cancer, Raji cells, ethanol extract of E. fusca leaves, immunocytochemistry

Antiangiogenic effect of sambung nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) etanolic extract on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)

Antiangiogenesis (inhibition of new blood vessels formation) has become a strategy to inhibit cancer development lack of nutrition and oxygen supply. The aim of the present research is to investigate antiangiogenesis effect of ethanolic extract of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. Leaves in situ using chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Eight to 9 days old fertilized chicken eggs were treated with b-FGF (angiogenesis inductor) and extracts. Eggs were then incubated for 3 days in order to observe its angiogenesis response (new blood vessels converged toward the implant). The results showed that the ethanolic extract of G.procumbens could inhibit angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Doses 10, 20, 40, 80 ug gave angiogenesis response of (in percent) 82.32 ± 6.33; 68.38 ± 6.24; 56.48 ± 11.61; 41.43 ± 7.46 (p<0.05), respectively. These results indicate a potential antiangiogenic effect of the extract. Key words: antiangiogenic, CAM, G.procumbens .

Estrogenic effect of ethanolic extract of Sambung Nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) in rat

Sambung Nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) has been used traditionally as a cancer medicine especially for ovary cyst and uteri cancer. Previous studies found that ethanolic extract of Sambung Nyawa leaves had asparaginase inhibitor and antiangiogenic activity. This research was done to determine estrogenic effect of ethanolic extract of Sambung Nyawa leaves in rats due to activity in ovary and uteri related to estrogen. Sixty female rats (30 immature rats for uterine weight assay) were grouped into a negative control (group I) namely carboxy methyl cellulose sodium (CMC sodium) 0.1 %, group II as a positive control namely ethynile estradiole in CMC sodium 0.1 %. Group III,IV and V were ethanolic extract of Sambung Nyawa at doses 595, 1445 and 3512.5 mg/kg body weight (bw). Group I to V were administered orally for 3 consecutive days at single dose. Group VI was given ethanolic extract of Sambung Nyawa at dose 595 mg/kg bw for 5 consecutive days at single dose. We determined uterine weight and vaginal cornification as the indicator of estrogenic effect in rats. The results had shown that group II, IV, V and VI increased uterine weight significantly when compared with group I (negative group) such as 85.2 to 306.4 % (p<0.05). Group V and VI had shown an increase of the uterine weight higher than ethynil estradiole (p<0.05). Key words : Sambung Nyawa, the ethanolic extract, uterine weight,

CYTOTOXICITY ASSAY OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr TO SEVERAL CELL LINE

The leaves of Dewa (Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr), is utilized in traditional medicine as anticancer, had been reported to contain flavonoid derivatives and supposed to have cytotoxic properties. Hence, these particular substances might be useful to be developed as anticancer in the future. Research on ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr leaves as anticarcinogen has been carried out, using toxicity assay model to vero, myeloma and lymphocyte cells. This research applied varied concentrations and adriamycin as a positive control. Observation to the cell growth inhibition was carried out for 4 days. The result showed that the dominant substance (the third spot of paper chromatogram) inhibit the growth of vero and myelome cells but lymphocyte cell. The LC50 of this substance to myelome, vero and lymphocyte cells were 2650 g/ml, respectively, whereas the LC50 of adriamycin to the cell lines were < 0.015 g /ml. Therefore, substances obtained from Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr leaves might be developed against cancer. Key word : Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr, mieloma

Antiproliferative Effect of The Bark and Leaves of Erythrina Fusca Lour Against HeLa Cells

Erythrina fusca Lour (Indonesian: Cangkring) has been traditionally used to cure skin virus infection, cancer and inflammation. This experiment, therefore, was conducted to test its ability as anticancer through its antiproliferative effect using HeLa examine cell line as model. The bark and leaves powder were extracted using ethanol (70 %) and were used in the experiment after freezed drying. Those bark and leaves extracts have LC50 values of 110 and 140 mg/ml respectively. Antiproliferative effect was tested by examining the doubling time effect of the extract against the proliferating cells. Three different concentration were used to treat the cells for each extract, and cells were counted within time courses. The growth profiles were then compared between treated and control cells by calculating the doubling times. Either bark and leaves extract treated cells showed prolongation of the doubling times. This result indicated that such extract possess inhibitory effect or Antiproliferative effect against HeLa cells. Morphology analysis and nuclear staining of the cells indicated that one of the mechanism of the antiproliferative effect possibly through cell cycle modulation and apoptotic pathway. Keywords : Erythrina fusca, Antiproliferative, Doubling time, HeLa Cell

Analysis of compounds possessing inhibitory properties on mice locomotor activity from essential oils of Ki Lemo bark (Litsea cubeba lour. Pers)

Ki lemo barks has been used as traditional spasmolitic (called oils of massage) since a long time by ethnic of Dayak. The odors inhaled is presumed possessing inhibitory on mice locomotor activity. The present research has been done to determine the components in blood plasma of mice after inhalation of essential oil of ki lemo barks, and the possibility of their role in the inhibition on mice locomotor activity. Inhalation of essential oil of ki lemo bark (Litsea cubeba Lour. Pers) at the doses of 0.5 ml inhibit locomotor up to 60,75 %, whereas at the doses of 0.1 ml and 0.3 ml inhibit locomotor activity of 57,44 % and 54,20 %, respectively. Identification and quantification of volatile active compounds in the blood plasma were carried out by GC-MS analysis after half an hour, one hour, and two hours inhalation. The blood plasma of three mice were collected in heparin tube, isolated and concentrated by the C-18 column (100 mg-Seppak Waters) eluted with methanol and bidistilled water (60:40). The major compounds identified were citronellol, citronellal, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole. The blood level of those substances was increasing for one hour after inhalation but decreasing after two hours. Key words : essential oil of ki lemo bark (Litsea cubeba Lour. Pers), inhalation, locomotors.

A Phylogeny of Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) Based on Morphology: Indications for a Pioneer Origin of Macaranga

A phylogenetic parsimony analysis based on 76 morphological characters of 43 Mallotus ,3 Macaranga ,1 Claoxylon ,1 Cleidion ,1 Sampantaea ,a nd 1Wetria species, resulted in 314 trees of length 602 (CI 5 0.600, RI 5 0.685), which could be summarized in a well resolved consensus cladogram. This consensus cladogram indicates that the genus Mallotus is possibly polyphyletic and that sections Hancea and Oliganthae should probably be excluded from Mallotus. It is proposed to refer to Mallotus as either Mallotus sensu lato (with the sections Hancea and Oliganthae )o rMallotus sensu stricto (excluding the sections Hancea and Oligantae). The genus Macaranga forms a monophyletic group within Mallotus s.s. The traditional section delimitations within Mallotus s.s. do not circumscribe monophyletic clades of species with the exception of section Polyadenii. It is suggested that sections Stylanthus, Rottlera, Mallotus, and the genus Macaranga should form one monophyletic clade. Sections Axenfeldia and Rottleropsis remain unresolved, but are probably closely related. The position of Macaranga within Mallotus suggests that Macaranga evolved from pioneer ancestors that lived in open, scrub-like vegetation. It is hy- pothesised that Macaranga originated relatively recently in South East Asia during the Oligocene or early Miocene (between 38 and 15 million years ago). Macaranga Thou. (ca. 250 species) and Mallotus Lour. (c. 150 species) are two large genera in the Euphorbi- aceae (Webster 1994). They mainly occur in (sub-)trop- ical Asia and the Pacific with only a few species in tropical Africa. They can be found in a large variety of habitats, ranging from the forest understory to com- pletely open scrub vegetation, from dry to swampy or even inundated terrains, and from sandy-loam to lime- stone soils (Pax and Hoffmann 1914; Airy Shaw 1975; Whitmore 1975; Slik et al. 2000). They also show a large variety of life-histories, with typical shade-pre- ferring forest understory species as well as typical shade-avoiding pioneer species (Primack and Lee 1991;

Seed survival and patterns of seedling emergence studies of Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton in cultivated soils

Summary:The longevity of buried Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton seed represents a major survival mechanism for the weed, enabling the persistence of a continuing source of weed seeds in crop land. The pattern of seed persistence and depletion of R. cochinchinensis in cultivated maize soils was investigated by means of (1) studies on the effect of depth and duration of burial on the viability of the weed seeds, (2) quantitative estimation of the seed population and viability in cultivated fields, and (3) the periodicity of emergence and effects of cultivation on seed germination both in the field and in the greenhouse. The results indicated that the mode of persistence was innate (8.5%) and enforced (35%) dormancy after 1 year of burial, and that the persistency component of the seed population on cultivated soils ranged from 40.60%. The weed was able to remain viable at depths of 45 cm, indicating an excellent mechanism of escaping the effects of most soil‐applied herbicides, and it was shown that tillage increases the depletion rate of the weed seed reserve by 32% per year.

(1004) Proposal to Reject the Name Citta nigricans Lour. (Fabaceae) and All Names Based on It

(1004) Proposal to Reject the Name Citta nigricans Lour. (Fabaceae) and All Names Based on It

THE GENUS CARALLIA (RHIZOPHORACEAE) IN CEYLON

Apart from the common Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. and the rare C. calycina Benth. (reduced by Ding Hou, but re-instated correctly by Macnae & Fosberg), two further Ceylonese species are described: C. orophila sp. nov. (based on C. calycina var. b. Thw.) and C. paucinervia sp. nov.

Alkaloids of Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) Bail. of Hong Kong. Identification of vellosimine and peraksine, and demonstration from N.M.R. data that peraksine is a mixture of two epimers

Alkaloids of Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) Bail. of Hong Kong. Identification of vellosimine and peraksine, and demonstration from N.M.R. data that peraksine is a mixture of two epimers

A new monoterpenoid alkaloid (RW47) from Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) Bail. of Hong Kong

A new monoterpenoid alkaloid, isolated from Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) Bail. of Hong Kong, has been shown to be related to the alkaloids of the actinidine group and is considered to be (I).