Loud Voice Research Articles

Common Voice Disorders among Bus Helpers in Dhaka City

Background: There are approximately 9911 buses and 8515 minibuses are running within Dhaka city. Most of them have bus helpers who most of the time uses loud voice and yelling for their job. For which they are under a great risk of having voice disorder. No study was conduct to find the rate of voice disorder in this group. This study will seek out the rate of voice disorder and the risk among this group. Materials and methods: A total of 80 bus helpers participated in the study. Their vehicle routes were within Dhaka city. It was a cross-sectional survey. Sampling was done by convenience technique. Samples were selected from different bus depots in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face to face interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistical analysis. Statistical Package for Social Science- 17 (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel 2007 were used for data analysis. Results: The result shows that 84% of bus helpers had voice problem throughout their carrier. Current symptoms present among them are hoarseness (92%) vocal fatigue (73%), pain in throat (58%), constant throat dryness (67%) and frequent throat clearing (48%). Less frequent symptoms are breathy voice, strained voice, monotone voice, sore throat, acid taste and loss of voice. Only risk factor found is not drinking adequate water. Conclusion: The study reveals that different types of Vocal disorders are very common among the bus helpers. So, preventive measures and education are necessary to get rid of this problem. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 7(1), June 2024; 60-64

Development of Video Learning Media Based on Robert Gagne's Theory (Nine Events of Instruction) in Informatics Subjects at Junior High School

One component that cannot be separated from the learning process is learning media. Learning media is an essential part of education, regardless of the curriculum, because it plays a crucial role in influencing the quality and success of learning. The Informatics subject is no exception, as it introduces computers to students. This introduction is the initial stage of informatics lessons. In presenting the learning process through computer application materials, good preparation is essential. An educator should do more than just coordinate students in front of the computer, use a loud voice to direct them, or write notes on the blackboard. They must wisely package the teaching materials to make learning enjoyable, allowing students to feel that the classroom is a place to explore while they learn to use a computer. This type of research is development and research (R&D) using the ADDIE model. Product validation tests were conducted by three validators: one material validator, one language validator, and one media validator. The product trial involved 30 seventh-grade students from SMPN 1 Siak Hulu, aimed at assessing the practicality of the developed product. The effectiveness test was conducted by administering pre-test and post-test questions to the students. The results of the video media development research showed a validation level of 86% for the material and 85% for the language, both falling into the very valid category. The product practicality results indicated a practicality level of 91%, also in the very practical category. The effectiveness test yielded a t-value of 16.4.

Where was Gustavus Vassa, also Known as Olaudah Equiano, Born? Revisiting an Old Question

ABSTRACT Considerable controversy has prevailed over where the person usually known as Olaudah Equiano, but virtually always referred to as Gustavus Vassa in his own time, was born: whether in Africa as he claimed, or in South Carolina, which two documents seem to suggest. Following his own stated preference and virtually all references, he is referred to here as Gustavus Vassa. It is argued that ‘Essaka’, which he said was his home, is to be identified with Usaka in Abia State, Nigeria. Confirmation comes from the fact that Usaka was the home of the Ariam clan, which was one of four clans in a confederation known as Ikwuano, the other three clans being Oboro, Ibere, and Oloko. Vassa’s first name Olaudah is a name found elsewhere in Igboland, meaning ‘loud voice’, while his second name relates to the confederation where his father appears to have been a senator which Vassa wrote as Equiano. The location of Usaka 40 km west of Arochukwu, 30 km south of Bende, and 25 km from Umuahia, now the capital of Abia State, appears to be in the charming vale to which Vassa alludes in The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African.

Voice Disorder Prevalence and Vocal Health Characteristics in Adolescents

Voice disorders impede communication and detract from quality of life, yet little is known about how voice problems present in adolescents. This study characterized the prevalence of voice problems and vocal health characteristics of adolescents throughout the US. To determine the prevalence of adolescent voice problems in the US as well as the symptoms, voice use patterns, and risk factors associated with these problems. This prospectively performed, cross-sectional survey study conducted from March to June 2023 included a probability sample of adolescents (aged 13-17 years) who were located across the US. Adolescents were surveyed concerning voice use, voice symptoms, demographic information, and substance use patterns. The Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI) was also completed. Fisher exact tests, χ2 tests, and logistic regression were used to compare those with and without reported voice problems. Five-hundred and two adolescents participated (51.6% participation rate), including 248 female (49.4%), 7 nonbinary (1.3%), 254 male (50.6%), 4 transfemale (0.7%), and 3 transmale individuals (0.5%) (mean [SD] age, 15.2 [1.3] years). The lifetime prevalence of voice problems was 24.3%, and current prevalence was 7.4%. Voice-related diagnoses included dysphonia associated with acute illness, vocal hyperfunction, benign lesions, and muscle tension. The mean (SD) VFI score was 4.7 (8.09) for part 1, 1.6 (3.2) for part 2, and 2.1 (3.2) for part 3. Adolescents with voice complaints presented with significantly higher VFI scores than those without voice problems (Cohen d for part 1 = 0.78, part 2 = 0.59, and part 3 = 0.79). Voice problems interfered with daily tasks, prevented participation in extracurricular activities, limited the ability to sing, and were associated with school absences. Voice use patterns associated with voice problems included frequent loud voice use, coughing, and/or throat clearing. Risk factors for increased voice problem prevalence included part-time employment in childcare (odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% CI, 1.6-26.3), singing (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.3-3.1), performance-related extracurricular activities (ie, musical theater [OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.1-6.6 ], karaoke [OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.3-6.9]), vaping (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5), and/or secondhand smoke exposure (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7). Adolescents identifying as transgender were more than 4 times (OR, 4.44; 95% CI, 0.63-31.2) as likely to report voice problems compared with cisgender adolescents. The results of this survey study illuminate the nature of voice problems in adolescents and may guide clinicians in preventing and treating voice disorders in this population. Future work may define the mechanisms through which these factors are associated with the risk for voice disorders in adolescents and determine whether observed relationships are causal or associative.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Self-Reported Voice Problems in Tibetan Monks

BackgroundIt is observed that Tibetan monks pray for a long duration with inappropriate pitch and loudness. Hence, they may be prone to developing voice problems (VPs). However, the monks are not stressed and do not miss praying in the monastery (which is quite different from many other professional voice users in Western countries). Moreover, no studies have investigated the nature of VPs among Tibetan monks. Such a study may provide insight into the prevalence of and risk factors for VPs and may help enhance our knowledge of the VPs in Tibetan monks. Study DesignCross-sectional survey MethodA self-reporting questionnaire was distributed among 300 Tibetan monks residing in Namdroling Nyingmapa Monastery, Karnataka, India, from February 2023 to June 2023. Results39% of Tibetan monks experienced voice problems in their careers; hoarseness, momentary voice loss/sudden voice changes, and dryness were the most frequently reported symptoms. Monks reporting the presence of VPs also exhibited significantly higher frequencies of different phonotraumatic behaviors like speaking with a loud voice, constantly altering the voice, frequent throat clearing, speaking/chanting during throat infections, or voice problems than those who did not report VPs. The results of bivariate regression analysis identified factors such as more than eight hours of prayer duration per day, praying in the presence of musical instruments, not sipping water in between prayers, less than three litres of water intake, and the presence of acid reflux and dry throat, as significant risk factors responsible for VPs in Tibetan monks. ConclusionsCurrent results suggest that monks are at a high risk of developing VPs, and several factors (vocational, environmental, lifestyle, and health-related) contribute to the development of VPs. Further, VPs in monks also affect them in terms of missing prayers, interacting less with family/friends, and avoiding social gatherings. Overall, there is a great need to educate the monks about vocal health and preventing VPs.

Simultaneous High-Speed Video Laryngoscopy and Acoustic Aerodynamic Recordings during Vocal Onset of Variable Sound Pressure Level: A Preliminary Study.

Three healthy males and three healthy females were studied by simultaneous high-speed video laryngoscopy and recording with the production of the gesture [pa:pa:] at soft, medium, and loud voices. The fiber optic endoscope was threaded through a pneumotachograph mask for the simultaneous recording and analysis of acoustic and aerodynamic data. The average increase in the sound pressure level (SPL) for the group was 15 dB, from 70 to 85 dB. The fundamental frequency increased by an average of 10 Hz. The flow was increased in two subjects, reduced in two subjects, and remained the same in two subjects as the SPL increased. There was a steady increase in the subglottic pressure from soft to loud phonation. Compared to soft to medium phonation, a significant increase in glottal resistance was observed with medium-to-loud phonation. Videokymogram analysis showed the onset of vibration for all voiced tokens without the need for full glottis closure. In loud phonation, there is a more rapid onset of a larger amplitude and prolonged closure of the glottal cycle; however, more cycles are required to achieve the intended SPL. There was a prolonged closed phase during loud phonation. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the kymography waveform signal showed a more significant second- and third-harmonic energy above the fundamental frequency with loud phonation. There was an increase in the adjustments in the pharynx with the base of the tongue tilting, shortening of the vocal folds, and pharyngeal constriction. Voice onset occurs in all modalities, without the need for full glottal closure. There was a more significant increase in glottal resistance with loud phonation than that with soft or middle phonation. Vibration analysis of the voice onset showed that more time was required during loud phonation before the oscillation stabilized to a steady state. With increasing SPL, there were significant variations in vocal tract adjustments. The most apparent change was the increase in tongue tension with posterior displacement of the epiglottis. There was an increase in pre-phonation time during loud phonation. Patterns of muscle tension dysphonia with laryngeal squeezing, shortening of the vocal folds, and epiglottis tilting with increasing loudness are features of loud phonation. These observations show that flexible high-speed video laryngoscopy can reveal observations that cannot be observed with rigid video laryngoscopy. An objective analysis of the digital kymography signal can be conducted in selected cases.

Etika Mahasiswa di Lingkungan Pendidikan

Ethics is something that underlies the character of students. A good student must have good ethics too. However, not all students pay attention to ethics. Nowadays, there are many issues or cases of students who lack ethics in the educational environment. Lack of respect for lecturers is often a problem of student ethics. For example, students do not pay attention when the lecturer is talking or explaining the material. Such as students who like to chat with other students with a loud enough voice, playing mobile phones, to be reprimanded by the lecturer who teaches because it disrupts learning activities and lacks respect for the lecturer who speaks. So it can be concluded that there are still students who are not ethical in an educational environment and should know and apply ethics in an educational environment. The purpose of this research is to find out how students' knowledge and application of student ethics in the educational environment. This research uses interview and observation methods. The population used in this study were DIII Nursing students, Health Information Management, with the number of sources 30 and indicators as many as 5 questions.

The legitimacy of local government in the Australian federation

AbstractAustralian local government does not enjoy the status of its counterparts in comparable democracies and has long sought acknowledgment in the federal constitution. As these campaigns have consistently failed, this study considers how, and in which forms, local government obtains its own political legitimacy within a governance system centered on the citizen–state relationship, in addition to evaluating the relationships between the different forms of legitimacy. We find that positive perceptions of local government effectiveness are associated with higher levels of support for constitutional change, but that local governments need to pay more attention to systems of accountability and oversight, how building and planning issues are handled, and how they communicate with residents. Generally, and unsurprisingly, local government is appreciated more by those who rely on their services yet who are not always the loudest voices in public debates. Constitutional legitimacy is more likely when other sources of legitimacy are enhanced.Related ArticlesTran, Carolyn‐Thi Thanh Dung, and Brian Dollery. 2022. “Administrative Intensity and Financial Sustainability: An Empirical Analysis of the Victorian Local Government System.” Politics & Policy 50(3): 540–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12466.Van Acker, Elizabeth. 2009. “Service Delivery of Relationship Support Programs in Australia: Implications for the ‘Community Sector.’” Politics & Policy 37(6): 1307–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00221.x.Wallis, Joe Tor Brodtkorb, Brian Dollery, and Muiris MacCarthaigh. 2017. “Commissions and Local Government Reform: Expressed Leadership Identities of Commissioners in Inquiries Proposing Municipal Mergers in Northern Ireland and New South Wales.” Politics & Policy 45(2): 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12199.

The role of loudness in vocal intimidation.

Across many species, a major function of vocal communication is to convey formidability, with low voice frequencies traditionally considered the main vehicle for projecting large size and aggression. Vocal loudness is often ignored, yet it might explain some puzzling exceptions to this frequency code. Here we demonstrate, through acoustic analyses of over 3,000 human vocalizations and four perceptual experiments, that vocalizers produce low frequencies when attempting to sound large, but loudness is prioritized for displays of strength and aggression. Our results show that, although being loud is effective for signaling strength and aggression, it poses a physiological trade-off with low frequencies because a loud voice is achieved by elevating pitch and opening the mouth wide into a-like vowels. This may explain why aggressive vocalizations are often high-pitched and why open vowels are considered "large" in sound symbolism despite their high first formant. Callers often compensate by adding vocal harshness (nonlinear vocal phenomena) to undesirably high-pitched loud vocalizations, but a combination of low and loud remains an honest predictor of both perceived and actual physical formidability. The proposed notion of a loudness-frequency trade-off thus adds a new dimension to the widely accepted frequency code and requires a fundamental rethinking of the evolutionary forces shaping the form of acoustic signals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The loud voices of distinguished women “Postcolonial Feminism”

The loud voices of distinguished women “Postcolonial Feminism”

Impact of a Three-Week Workplace Vocal Health Promotion Program on a Teacher and Students' Voice Parameters

Objective. To determine the effect on voice parameters in pupils and their teacher of a three-week Workplace Vocal Health Promotion Program (WVHPP) in a school setting. Methods. Longitudinal study with a design phase and a pilot phase. Voice recordings of connected speech were used to collect information on voice functioning before and after the implementation of the program. The workplace vocal health promotion program was implemented with two purposes: (1) to reduce noisy conditions inside the classrooms that may cause loud voice production, which has been found associated with voice disorders among teachers and students and (2) to increase awareness about the relationship between noise and voice inside the classrooms. Results. The WVHPP was found to be statistically associated with a decrease in the fundamental frequency, standard deviation of the fundamental frequency, sound pressure levels, and SPL standard deviation among both pupils and their teacher. However, there was no statistically significant effect on cepstral peak prominence smoothed. Conclusion. The three-week WVHPP was found to have a significant impact on several acoustic parameters, such as the fundamental frequency and sound pressure levels. These findings highlight the potential of the WVHPP as an effective intervention for improving the vocal health of both teachers and students. However, the lack of a significant effect on cepstral peak prominence smoothed suggests that further research is needed to fully understand the impact of the WVHPP on voice quality.

The Omens at Jesus’s Death (Mark 15:33–39) and the Divine Abandonment of the Temple before Its Destruction in 70 CE

Abstract When Jesus dies in Mark’s account, the sky darkens, a loud voice declares that it has been forsaken by its god, and the temple curtain tears in two. These phenomena closely resemble the omens thought to have taken place before Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 CE as recorded by Josephus, Tacitus, 2 and 4 Baruch, the Pesiqta Rabbati, and the Talmudim. By surveying the ancient belief that tutelary deities would abandon cities before they were destroyed, I propose that the portents described by Mark and elaborated in subsequent gospels are another version of the popular tradition reporting the Judean god’s departure from the temple before 70 CE.

Analysis of Teachers’ Variation Skills in Teaching at Elementary School

This study aimed to determine the skills of teachers in applying learning variations. This study used qualitative descriptive research designs conducted at a public elementary school in Surakarta, Indonesia. The subjects in this study were class II, III, IV, and V teachers using a purposive sampling technique to select the research sample. The data were collected through observation, interview and documentation techniques. Validity in this study used source triangulation and engineering triangulation. Analysis techniques used by the researchers was interactive models in the form of data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results in the study concluded that teachers have done a fairly good variety of learning. Variations of teachers in learning are like using ice breaking in lessons, using question and answer methods and discussions. In this study it was found that the variety of learning media used by teachers included using picture books, using character cards in learning, and using LCDs and laptops as learning media. The variety of interactions used by the teacher is to use a clear, loud voice, and the interactions are carried out properly, as well as eye contact between the teacher and students. The obstacles faced by teachers are the lack of ice breaker mastered by the teacher, difficulties in focusing students' attention, and errors still often occur from the media used such as laptops and LCDs. The conclusion in this study is that the teacher has implemented several variations in learning quite well, but there are still obstacles in its application.

Speech Profile Of Pre-Service Teachers: Input To Speech Enhancement Program And Innovations

This investigation focused on the speech profile of pre-service teachers during the school year 2022- 2023 as input for a speech enhancement program and innovations. Specifically, attempts to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in terms of gender, age, high school type graduated, parents’ educational attainment, employment status, and estimated monthly income; determine speech profile in terms of Vocal Mechanism and Diction; identify their strengths and weaknesses in speech production; determine the significant relationship between speech profile and socio- demographic characteristics; and determine whether speech enhancement program or innovations may be introduced to improve weaknesses in speech production. A descriptive survey research design was used to gather information on the basic and speech profiles of 40 respondents. Results revealed, that respondents were generally female, 20-22 years old, graduated from public senior high school, with high school graduate parents, unemployed, and earned PhP 4,000- PhP8,000. Results showed that respondents were very strong in loudness, articulation, pronunciation, and even in reading rate. However, a closer examination of the data reveals that at least one-third were slow readers. Furthermore, an analysis revealed that females have louder voices than males, demonstrating a substantial relationship between gender and loudness of voice. As evidenced by the extremely significant relationship between rate and gender, females read faster than males. Results also showed that those with working moms could talk more articulately than those with jobless mothers. Finally, results demonstrated that pronunciation is unrelated to any demographic characteristics. A suitable speech enhancement program/innovation was designed to improve proficiency in speech production.

Business power, right-wing populism, and noisy politics: lessons from Brexit and Swiss referendums

This article contributes to debates on business power, noisy politics, and right-wing populism. The populist right weakens strategies of quiet politics, which many suggest has led to a steep decline of business power. I challenge this view and argue that a combination of innovative strategies and ample financial resources allow business associations to exercise power in this environment. Drawing on new empirical evidence, the article makes three central contributions. First, I suggest that the failure of Remain business advocacy in the 2016 Brexit referendum resulted from the constraints of administrative legislation (the PPERA), weaknesses in campaigning strategies, and the CBI leadership’s decision to not register as a campaign organization. Second, while my regression analysis provides some support for Culpepper’s quiet politics argument, the Swiss business federation Economiesuisse has won 90% of the referendum campaigns it has led, including many referendums with high issue salience against right-wing populists. Third, Economiesuisse shows that business strategies of ‘loud voice’ can be successful. With money and innovative public-facing campaigning strategies, business organizations can win in noisy environments and against right-wing populists.

Facial Expressions According to Tones on Jegog Leaf Blade as A Source of Installation Art Works Creation

Gamelan Jegog comes from the Jembrana area, where this Jegog has a very melodious and loud voice so that Jegog is well known throughout foreign countries. Gamelan Jegog is made of bamboo. Incidentally, in the Jembrana area there are many bamboo trees and the bamboo grows well because of the fertile soil, many bamboo trees grow and develop there, and that is what prompted Jembrana artists to create musical instruments made of bamboo. The tone in the Jegog gamelan can make a musical rhythm so alive. Each music must have its own rhythm. Tone is a musical movement that is controlled in time. Without good tunes, it's easy to get lost in the music and get out of sync. In Gamelan Jegog there are various melodies and rhythms such as the high and low of a note to make the rhythm of the music being played calm and peaceful. Based on the description above, the tones and facial expressions in Jegog gamelan are the inspiration for creating installation art works. Thus facial expressions according to tone in Gamelan Jegog serve as a source of inspiration in the creation of works as well as being the title for facial expressions according to tone on jegog leaf blades as a source for creating installation art works

Do We Know How Happy Strangers Are? Accuracy in Well-Being Judgments at Zero Acquaintance

We examined the accuracy of well-being judgments by strangers using Brunswik’s lens model. A sample of 200 college students (targets) reported their self-perception of well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). The targets were photographed and videotaped during their self-introductions. Various physical, nonverbal, paralinguistic, and linguistic cues were measured or rated by cue coders from the photos and videotaped self-introductions. Strangers evaluated the targets’ well-being based on the videotaped self-introductions. We found significant correlations between self- and strangers’ reports of life satisfaction and positive affect but not negative affect. Loud voice and physical attractiveness mediated the correlation between self- and stranger-reports of life satisfaction. Loud voice mediated the correlation between self- and stranger reports of positive affect. These findings suggest that strangers can accurately evaluate someone’s life satisfaction and positive affect in brief self-introductions, and loud voice and physical attractiveness are the sources of the accurate well-being judgments.

"Abba Father”, Jesus' Call to God in the Biblical Theological Perspective of Psalm 89:26

We have been accepted as sons by the redemption of Jesus Christ, so that we may call God the Father. Therefore, let us live truly as children of God; live well and truly. For we want to touch his heart, call him by the name he loves. Call him Abba, Call Him Father. Of all his names, Abba The Father is Jesus ' call to God. We know that Jesus loved this name because it is the name that is most often used. When Jesus was on earth, he called God” Father " several times. In the prayer of victory on the cross, Jesus cried out with a loud voice; "Father, into your hands I commit my life” (Luke 23:46). God loves to be called Father. Jesus taught us to begin prayer with the words “Our Father”. Perfect love speaks of God's love. Since Jesus called God Abba, the love that can eliminate fear is the love of the Father. Agape love is perfect love, and that is the love of the father. He cares about us, he cares about us. Jesus cried Abba, O Father, so that we Christians who are given strength and salvation by-yes, can cry Abba, Father. We call him Abba, the Father because he is our Father, he cares for us, and He understands us. Perfect love exists only in the father and is able to eliminate all worries. If the Father loves Jesus as his son, the Father in heaven also loves us as his children as Christians who believe in the truth and the way of eternal salvation. For this reason, the author chose the title: "Abba Father", Jesus ‘call to God in the perspective of Biblical Theology from the book of Psalms 89:26, he will also cry out to me: 'My Father You Are God and my rock my salvation.’

EFL teachers’ experience for hard of hearing students in inclusive setting

Teaching students with hard of hearing in a mainstream school challenges teachers, including English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers. This narrative inquiry study presents EFL teachers' experience teaching hard-of-hearing students in inclusive classrooms. Six EFL teachers participated and had in-depth interviews. The finding shows that EFL teachers are aware of hard-of-hearing students’ uniqueness. They facilitate them in learning English together with hearing students from the beginning of the lesson to the closing session. Teachers modify their teaching dan communication by combining spoken, written, sign language, and translation. Explaining and instruction to hard-of-hearing students are presented in slow and loud voices, emphasizing mouth movement and repetition. This study presents implications based on the teachers’ stories and suggestions for future study.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0145-0152)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that Korean culture is different from Chinese culture. Several researchers studied the relation between Persian words and Korean words (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher selected several Persian words, and compared them with Korean words. The researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008) in order to translate those 8 Persian words into Korean words. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0145-0152)’. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0145 Ejra kardan (to complete a work) Adeula-gireuda (to bring up the son) 0146 Qazi (to do justice) Ggeus-ggazi-ganda (I want to come to the end in order to judge it.) 0147 Gap (word, talk, conversation) Gabs (to say valuable things, to intend to do so) 0148 Alam (flag) Alim (notice, announcement) 0149 Aksar (the major part) Ag-sseo-ra! (You, tell it in the loud voice! Speak in the crying voice!) 0150 Memar (carpenter) Mweol-man-deul-eo? (What do you make now?) 0151 Tabela (livestock house) Tabolae? (Do you want to ride the horse or sheep?) 0152 Neza (dispute, quarrel) Mis-zyeo! (I lose my money! I do not gain money now!) From this study, it is found that most of Persian words here in this study are similar to Korean words. Therefore, it is considered that both Persian culture and Korean culture have same origin.