Lot Of Details Research Articles

Questions Over Permeability Prompt Producer-Led Group To Rebuild Key Fracture Diagnostic

For the past 20 years, the diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT) has been used across the frontlines of the shale revolution to paint a picture of what cannot be seen. However, that picture has not always been so clear in the eyes of subsurface engineers. It is not the test has been questioned. It is the way a DFIT is analyzed. Last year, a joint-industry project supported by six shale producers formed to develop a new methodology that aims to bring fractures into sharper focus—especially when it comes to obtaining accurate permeability estimates from within shale gas formations. The operators who funded and shared field data for the project were ConocoPhillips, Hess, Shell, Equinor, Range Resources, and Apache. The other key participants included oilfield services firm Keane Group (recently renamed NextTier Oilfield Solutions) and a startup called ResFrac whose software was used to run the study’s models and numerical simulations. The group’s existence reflects both the rising value of pressure data in unconventional engineering and the struggles industry has in trusting it. The outcome of this yearlong study though hopes to improve upon the latter. The group has offered to the unconventional sector a new template for DFIT analysis, one that represents a distinct alternative to the classical methods used by most practitioners today. “We have a slightly different conceptual approach, and that impacts a lot of details. So it was necessary to basically start from scratch and make a new procedure,” said Mark McClure, a principal researcher in the industry study and the chief executive of ResFrac. The new procedure is the centerpiece of two technical papers recently shared at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) in Denver, and the SPE’s Annual Technology Conference and Exhibition (ATCE) in•Calgary. Usually performed at the toe-end of a horizontal well, a DFIT involves pumping a small volume of fluid (typically 20•bbl or less) into the formation to induce a small fracture. How that fracture seals back up is then measured over a period that usually spans a 1–3 weeks. The test is used widely across shale plays to obtain estimates of rock stress, pore pressure, and, perhaps most importantly, permeability. It has become ubiquitous in the shale sector because it is an affordable way to quantify such properties before a pressure pumping crew arrives on a well pad. Additionally, where rock cores are susceptible to stress and permeability changes as they are brought to surface, the DFIT represents an in situ measurement that avoids these issues. However, the operator-led study asserts that the shale sector has misinterpreted the signals provided by a DFIT. The reason: accepted interpretation methods were largely designed for conventional reservoirs that feature far simpler physics than those that dominate tight-rock formations. The result: a systematic inflation of permeability estimates in gas shales and, to a lesser extent, inaccuracies in permeability estimates of oil shales.

Multi-scale decomposition based fusion of infrared and visible image via total variation and saliency analysis

Infrared (IR) images are the thermal radiation of the objects which can record different object information of a scene. Visible images are the optical information of a scene and contain a lot of details. They can often provide complementary information for a scene in a fusion image, which is more suitable for both human vision and machine perception. Multi-scale decomposition (MSD), which has the advantage of extracting characteristics at different scales, is one of the most widely used fusion strategies. However, many traditional MSD based methods ignore the different imaging characteristics of IR and visible images. These methods use the same representations for the source images, which negatively impact the fused image. We propose a new MSD based fusion method with total variation minimization to overcome these drawbacks. Our method consists of three steps: decompose the source images with Gaussian filter to obtain base and detail layers; adopt different combination rules to fuse the base and detail layers; and reconstruct the fused image by fusing the combined base and detail layers. Our method can preserve the thermal radiation and details from the source images using different representations at different layers. We compare our combination rules with two classic rules and our method with seven state-of-the-art methods using qualitative and quantitative tests. Experimental results indicate that our rules outperform other rules and our method is performs better than the other seven methods.

Benford’s Law and Dunbar’s Number: Does Facebook Have a Power to Change Natural and Anthropological Laws?

This paper presents the SmartSocial Dataset which describes 1,826 Facebook users with lots of details, including their connections and their interactions (e.g., posts, likes, and comments). We first present a detailed analysis of descriptive and network characteristics of the SmartSocial Dataset to provide evidence for its representativeness. Afterward, we analyze the relationship between social and behavioral characteristics of SmartSocial Dataset users and Benford’s Law as well as Dunbar’s Number, to test whether Facebook has the power to change natural (Benford) and anthropological (Dunbar) laws. We find that Facebook’s features are aligned with the Benford’s Law but redefine the way how Dunbar’s Number is calculated. Finally, we demonstrate how those findings could help researchers and business practitioners who collect Facebook data sets in a way to indicate whether there is serious sampling problem with the data set they collected.

HDR Image Reproduction based on ICAM06 and Bilateral Filtering

HDR Image could not be reproduced on LDR medium directly. A lot of tone information and detail information can't be perceived when we use the LDR medium, e.g., display and paper, which are the most often medium used. Although there are several progresses in traditional display medium technique including large gamut, adaptive lightness adjustment, etc., a lot of details are compressed in the reproduction of HDR image. In fact, HDR image is always correlated to the surround conditions when it is perceived through human eyes. When we perceive the scene with high dynamic range, e.g., sun rise or sun set, the responses captured by human and processed in our brain always show beautiful aspect. Theoretically, HDR image representation is highly correlated to color appearance. And the image appearance and dynamic range are always satisfied at the same time when we use our eyes as the receptor. To solve the problem that HDR image could not be reproduced in most LDR medium, a novel method based on iCAM06 and bilateral filtering was presented in this paper. Firstly, the HDR image was subjected to bilateral filtering based on the human visual characteristics. Then it was processed adaptively according to the light source information and the edge details retained. As a result, the noises in shadow portion could be reduced by the brightness adaptive function and the HDR image could be reproduced using the digital print output. It showed that the saturation of the image color was enhanced and the image contrast was improved. Additionally, the Halo phenomenon was eliminated more and the details information and edge sharpening were enriched.

Performance differences between the episode-based DBC and diagnosis-related DRG case mix systems

This paper explores the question how much detail a cost system needs to have in order to provide reliable cost information at a reasonable price. In general, fine-grained cost systems with a lot of detail (in product definition, in cost drivers and in cost pools) are expected to provide more reliable cost information than coarse- grained cost systems with less detail. This paper takes as an example the DBC cost system that has been developed for the Dutch hospital sector. The fine-grained DBC system with over 40,000 health care products appears to outperform lowergrained DRG systems with “only” 15,000 and 6,000 health care products on cost homogeneity and predictive validity. It does so however at the cost of a high number of products with measurement and specification errors, caused by a large number of outliers and by a low number of observations in product groups. The cost-effectiveness of the DBC system is not very high: only 3% of all DBC-codes explains 80% of total costs, whereas the lower-grained DRG system uses 14% of the codes to explain 80% of total costs. Combined with the high administration cost of the DBCsystem, it was from an economic perspective, a sensible idea to replace the finegrained DBC-system by the coarse-grained DOT system.

A Piggy Back for Healthcare: Why the Health System Needs Old-age Reserve Funds

Healthcare spending as a proportion of GDP has almost doubled since 1990, from just over 5% to almost 10% now. Healthcare costs rise exponentially in old age. Healthcare costs per capita are relatively stable during the first five decades of life, but they quadruple over the next four decades. This means that most healthcare spending represents a transfer from the working-age generation to the retired generation. The combination of rising life expectancy and low birth rates is a demographic pincer movement for the health system. The ratio of people of retirement age to people of working age currently stands at 28 to 100. This is forecast to rise to 47 to 100 by 2064. The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) predicts only modest increases in NHS spending as a proportion of GDP, but this forecast is predicated on the heroic assumption that the NHS is going to double its long-term productivity growth rate. The basic problem is that the NHS is financed on a pay-as-you-go basis. The alternative would be a prefunded system that builds up old-age reserves (comparable to pension funds) for people of working age, and then draws upon them when people retire. In such a system, population ageing would be much less of a problem, because as the number of elderly people grows, the reserves accumulated in the old-age funds would grow alongside. The NHS could begin to build up a similar old-age reserve fund. This would require a one-off increase in taxes, or spending cuts in the non-healthcare budget. But it would prevent steeper tax increases (or spending cuts) in the future. While the basic idea of prefunding is simple, a lot of details would need to be worked out first, the idea of prefunding healthcare expenditure is not even part of our current healthcare debate. It should be.

A novel method of medical image enhancement based on wavelet decomposition

The efficiency of image enhancement algorithms depends on the quality and processing speed of image enhancement. There are many algorithms to implement image enhancement using wavelet theory. These algorithms have one thing in common: they all capture image details by decomposing low frequency sub-images. In fact, a lot of details in high-frequency sub-images are also found. Enlightened by the above-mentioned facts, a novel medical image enhancement method based on wavelet decomposition is proposed by adding details from the high-frequency sub-images and decomposing the image specially with ant-symmetric biorthogonal wavelet instead of some traditional wavelets. It not only improves the image enhancement, but also overcomes the shortcomings of large computation with faster computational speed and satisfies the real-time requirement in edge detection. Simulation experiments of mammographic images are implemented by Matlab with several different methods, the results show that the proposed method is superior to some popular methods, such as histogram equalization and wavelet nonlinear enhancement.

The Search for Treasure: The Sixth Adventure in the Kingdom of Fantasy by G. Stilton, L.M. Tramontozzi, & E. Dami

Stilton, Geronimo, Lidia M. Tramontozzi, and Elisabetta Dami. The Search for Treasure: The Sixth Adventure in the Kingdom of Fantasy. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc., 2014. Print.In this book, he was in his office working and his friend came to come and get him for a race. They got to the race, a boating race but it was storming. Geronimo had to go to the fairyland to tell the princess a secret. I am almost at the secret and I’ll tell you when I get there. There is nothing I don’t like about Geronimo Stilton books. I think there is looks of detail. And if I could live anywhere it would be in mouse city. I would be a mouse and not a rat. I like when there is lots of BIG LETTERS spelled out, meaning the characters are screaming or hyperbole. I would rate the books as the best book series and give it 5 stars. Highly Recommended: 5 out of 5 starsReviewer: AutumnMy name is Autumn. The books I love most by Geronimo are his adventures and Mystery books. My favorite books by Geronimo Stilton is the search for treasure. I don’t like lots of books so when I read I have to think if I like it or not or if I should put it down but when I see a Geronimo Stilton I read the whole thing. Also like the book the destiny of the phoenix cause it had lots of detail. I like when they go to the fairy land and see all the fairies they have lots of trolls and stuff like that and colors.

Toxicity assessment of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles: The role of degradation in different pH conditions and light exposure

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs), in the two crystalline forms, rutile and anatase, have been widely used in many industrial fields, especially in cosmetics. Therefore, a lot of details about their safety issues have been discussed by the scientific community. Many studies have led to a general agreement about TiO2NPs toxicity, in particular for anatase form, but no mechanism details have been proved yet. In this study, data confirm the different toxic potential of rutile and anatase TiO2NPs in two cell lines up to 5nM nanoparticles concentration. Moreover, we evaluated the role of titanium ions released by TiO2NPs in different conditions, at pH=4.5 (the typical lysosomal compartment pH) and at pH=5.5 (the skin physiological pH) in conditions of darkness and light, to mimic the dermal exposure of cosmetics. Anatase nanoparticles were proner to degradation both in the acidic conditions and at skin pH. Our study demonstrates that pH and sunlight are dominant factors to induce oxidative stress, TiO2NPs degradation and toxicity effects.

History and development trend of minimally invasive surgical treatment for obesity and diabetes in China

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have already become one of the most serious society-facing problems. Since the first report in the 1950s, gastrointestinal surgery has greatly developed as the golden standard in obesity treatment. With the convincing research and evidence, it is found that gastrointestinal surgery not only can cause weight loss, but can relieve, even cure many metabolic diseases associated with obesity, especially for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The operational manners, including adjustable gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, mini gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, etc., are proved to be safe and effective in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all of these operations can be performed with laparoscopy. Currently, gastrointestinal surgeons are focusing on the operation treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and more and more gastrointestinal operations are applied in many medical centers in China. However, there are a lot of details that need to be standardized. It is believed, with the evolution of surgical technique, standardization of diagnosis and treatment, and breakthrough in the basic research, the metabolic surgery will get more development in the future.

Slush Mountain by B. R. Lie

Lie, Bjørn R. Slush Mountain. Vancouver: Simply Read Books, 2016. Print. It’s a clear, crisp morning on Slush Mountain. There’s not a cloud in the sky and the fresh snow shines in the sunlight.This basic yet delightfully illustrated book tells the simple pleasures of a day in the village and the slopes of Slush Mountain, located somewhere in the Norwegian mountains. Previously published in Norwegian under the title Slapsefjell, author-illustrator and graphic artist Bjørn Rune Lie gives us a day in the life of a busy resort town from the perspective of locals and visitors alike.Beginning in the morning, we start out on the Nordic tracks with cross-country skiers. But there are also white knuckle slopes and moguls for those interested in a little more speed. Throughout the day we visit Frostbite Fish Pond, watch loggers in the Sluggerdale Forest, travel up along the Gutsy Pines Gondola and the Chilly Winds Chairlift and take part in the exhilarating Slush Mountain Rally, replete with vintage snowmobiles. There are loads of eccentric characters with names like Bruce “the Spruce” Crampon, “Snow Blind” Jefferson and Michael Mittens, who much to my kids’ delight, spots a rare three-headed giant hummingbird while seated in the outdoor privy. The day is finished off in a cozy cabin while a family plays a board game while drinking hot chocolate.While there is no real plot, the nostalgic, retro-inspired illustrations are fun to look at and have lots of detail to engage even the youngest readers. Humans and animals alike are enjoying themselves on the slopes, the rally, and the hotel dance. My children noted that the skiers were not wearing helmets but understood that the bygone era in the artwork represented a different time in terms of alpine safety. This is a fun, sweet book that would be a nice gift for snow-loving kids and perfect for an elementary school library.Recommended: 3 stars out of 4 Reviewer: Debbie FeisstDebbie is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta. When not renovating, she enjoys travel, fitness and young adult fiction.

How outcome prediction could affect patient decision making in knee replacements: a qualitative study.

BackgroundThere is approximately a 17 % dissatisfaction rate with knee replacements. Calls for tools that can pre-operatively identify patients at risk of being dissatisfied have been widespread. However, it is not known how to present such information to patients, how it would affect their decision making process, and at what part of the pathway such a tool should be used.MethodsUsing focus groups involving 12 participants and in-depth interviews with 10 participants, we examined how individual predictions of outcome could affect patients’ decision making by providing fictitious predictions to patients at different stages of treatment. A thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsOur results demonstrate several interesting findings. Firstly, patients who have received information from friends and family are unwilling to adjust their expectation of outcome down (i.e. to a worse outcome), but highly willing to adjust it up (to a better outcome). This is an example of the optimism bias, and suggests that the effect on expectation of a poor outcome prediction would be blunted. Secondly, patients generally wanted a “bottom line” outcome, rather than lots of detail. Thirdly, patients who were earlier in their treatment for osteoarthritis were more likely to find the information useful, and it was more likely to affect their decision, than patients later in their treatment pathway.ConclusionThis research suggest that an outcome prediction tool would have most effect targeted towards people at the start of their treatment pathway, with a “bottom line” prediction of outcome. However, any effect on expectation and decision making of a poor outcome prediction is likely to be blunted by the optimism bias. These findings merit replication in a larger sample size.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1165-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Tuniit: Mysterious Folk of the Arctic by R. & S. Qitsualik-Tinsley

Qitsualik-Tinsley, Rachel and Sean Qitsualik-Tinsley. Tuniit: Mysterious Folk of the Arctic. Iqaluit, NU: Inhabit Media, 2014. Print.The Tuniit, also known as the Dorset culture of the Eastern Arctic, were replaced by the Inuit. All that is left of them are stories and a few artefacts. Rachel and Sean Qitsualik-Tinsley have done an admirable job of telling the story of the Tuniit, mixing traditional lore and scientific fact to create a well-rounded picture of these enigmatic people. The authors’ relaxed and immediate style is refreshing. In spite of the complexity and uncertainty surrounding the Tuniit, their presentation of the information is simple and age-appropriate for the intended upper elementary audience. For example, they tell the reader that one “story even goes so far as to claim that their hunting tools were too big for them, dragging on the ground as they walked!” The authors introduce facts from recent scientific studies with equal simplicity and directness, “…the Tuniit, too, had once been part of a migration coming out of Alaska….In other words, Inuit and Tuniit were distant cousins.”While there is a lot of text and a lot of detail, there are images on almost every page. Sean Bigham’s artwork is excellent. Whether a scary green-skinned qallupiluq or the shaman in the light of the fire, Bigham is able to capture an appropriate mood and sense. He’s done a good job of depicting the Tuniit, incorporating physical features that are known only from legend.Over all this is a good book that fills a gap in Canadian childrens’ literature. Highly recommended for public and school libraries.Highly recommended: 4 stars out of 4Reviewer: Sandy CampbellSandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines. Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.

Bunion Surgery Works--Except When It Doesn't: Commentary on an article by Peter Bock, MD, et al.: "The Scarf Osteotomy with Minimally Invasive Lateral Release for Treatment of Hallux Valgus Deformity. Intermediate and Long-Term Results".

Commentary Hallux valgus remains, in many ways, the flagship condition of orthopaedic foot and ankle practice, occupying prominent early chapters in standard textbooks and continuing to fill journals at all levels of academic discourse. It also continues to be a largely soluble problem—except when it isn’t. The relatively high overall satisfaction rates reported in Level-IV follow-up studies, seemingly regardless of specific technique, render the analysis of the small number of clinical failures difficult. The challenge in all studies of the condition has transformed from that of painting a broad picture of success in the many to understanding what failed in the maddening few. The paper by Bock et al. is not revolutionary, nor is it fully generalizable beyond the Scarf osteotomy, but it does hold incremental lessons large and small toward this end. The first incremental lesson is simple. The patients undergoing the procedure perceived themselves to be better for having done so, and that perception lasted, on balance, at least ten years. The chief psychometric instrument used in the study, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring system, prohibits any finer analysis of this statement. The score is nonvalidated and contains subscores that are likely highly interrelated; it cannot be presumed to behave in a linear fashion or produce normally distributed data. The authors have appropriately recognized these limitations and modified their analyses accordingly. Median scores rather than means are reported for these data, and nonparametric statistical methods are used. Additionally, the usual limitations of a Level-IV study apply: the patients have themselves chosen to undergo the procedure and surgeon selection bias is inevitable. Less powerful statistics and a less powerful methodology lead to a less powerful conclusion; this group of selected patients perceived themselves to be better than they were preoperatively. How much so remains indeterminate. The second lesson is more surprising. Radiographic recurrence was unmasked by the long-term follow-up at a remarkably high rate. Recurrent deviation of the toe proved to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for clinical failure: while nearly all patients with long-term pain had a recurrence, not all recurrences were painful. Just who suffers a recurrence and why remain elements of debate. The authors have noted that both higher intermetatarsal angles and more severe stations of sesamoid subluxation were significant risk factors. The former may represent an inherent limitation of the Scarf osteotomy itself. While a detailed case-by-case failure analysis is not presented, it is possible that subtle tarsometatarsal instability in either the axial or sagittal plane may be at work or that the osteotomies were themselves slightly undercorrected. In either case, the residual osseous deformity may overpower a toe held straight on the basis of soft-tissue balancing alone. The sesamoids and, by extension, the first metatarsophalangeal joint itself represent a more subtle potential source of recurrence. The concept is not a new one. Sesamoid station has been shown to be a risk factor for recurrence on the basis of preoperative and early postoperative radiographs. Disordered tracking of the sesamoids relative to the plantar crista of the metatarsal head may, in fact, be relatively underemphasized in preoperative analysis1,2. Similarly, dysplasia of the metatarsal head itself has been demonstrated to be associated with radiographic recurrence3. In the current study, a limited soft-tissue procedure without full release of the lateral sesamoid ligament was performed; it therefore can be assumed that any residual lateral contracture may be clinically important only when higher degrees of preoperative deformity are encountered. Hallux valgus surgery remains an orthopaedic success story, but that story remains tempered by a surprisingly high rate of radiographic recurrence and a low but obstinate rate of clinical failure. The rough elements of success are clear regardless of the specific surgical technique: correct the intermetatarsal angle and achieve a stable first ray. To further improve outcomes, the devil appears to reside in the details, and there are lots of details. Our challenge, as this study further illustrates, is to learn in which ones he makes his home.

Track and trace: Is your pharmacy in compliance with the new law?

Is your pharmacy ready for the new track-and-trace law? Under the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA), January 1 and July 1 are the key dates in 2015 for new requirements for pharmacies.

EurJOC Has Come a Long Way

EurJOC Has Come a Long Way

A Novel Hybrid Method for Remote Sensing Image Approximation Using the Tetrolet Transform

Most existing image sparse approximation methods can reach their best performance only under the condition that the image has some certain properties. In addition, for the remote sensing image, it is difficult to obtain a good sparse result if it contains a lot of details. Focused on the two problems, in this paper, a novel hybrid method that is of some generality is proposed. The method exploits the advantages of the tensor product wavelet transform for representation of smooth images and the ability of the tetrolet transform to represent texture and edge effectively at the same time. Moreover, two specialized processes of decomposition are designed, which contribute to increasing the energy concentration further and preserving the information of the details as much as possible. The procedure of the proposed hybrid method is as follows: for a given remote sensing image, first, the usual tensor product wavelet transform is used, then the redundancy among adjacent wavelet coefficients is removed by making a polyphase decomposition to each subband with a p-fold filter, and after that, the approximation of the low frequency image can be obtained by reconstructing those preserved coefficients. Second, for the detailed image, the sparse decomposition is carried out by the tetrolet transform. For the high frequency subbands, an adaptive decomposition will be done for increasing the energy aggregation. After that, the approximation of the detailed image can be obtained by reconstructing those preserved coefficients. Numerical results indicate the high effectiveness of the procedure for remote sensing image sparse approximation.

Max and Milo Go to Sleep by H. & E. Long

Long, Heather and Ethan. Max and Milo Go to Sleep. New York: S&S/Aladdin, 2013. Print.In Max and Milo Go to Sleep, we read about two brothers who share a room. Max, the elder and very sleepy brother, is kept up by his younger brother Milo’s antics. Milo has tried counting sheep and still can’t sleep. Like any younger brother would, Milo calls to Max for help. Max suggests that Milo read a book but of course he doesn’t do that quietly, nor is that the last problem Milo has that night. After a series of problems, Max snaps. He can’t take Milo and his nightly sleep aversion routine. Mid lecture, Max realizes that Milo has finally gone to sleep. But will Max be able to catch his Zzzzs that night?This book is one of those children’s books that the parent may enjoy more than the child. It is written like a comic book so the cartoonish illustrations are crucial to the story. Max and Milo both have huge expressive faces which make it quite easy to pick up how each brother is feeling. Parents will surely sympathize and laugh out loud at Max’s exasperation with Milo who “never really [tries] to go to sleep.” A lot of detail was put into the pictures, for example Max had The Legend of Sleepy Hollow on his bedside table. My five-year old nephew thought that this book was ‘awesome and so funny’. Max and Milo is likely to become a bedtime favourite.Highly recommended: 4 stars out of 4 Reviewer: Brittany GregsonBrittany Gregson is a graduate of MacEwan University’s Library and Information Technology program.She works at the Family and Community Resource Centre, Alberta Children’s Hospital as the Child Health Information Specialist. Other than reading she enjoys both baking and crafting.

Guideline for preparing comprehensive extension of time (EoT) claim

Any project faces delays and disruptions especially the mega/complex projects of today, with many interfaces. Proving delay and/or disruption is not an easy task and it is a time consuming process especially in the mega/complex projects with thousands of activities, lots of details and interfaces with the involvement of many stakeholders. The different methods that are used to prove delays, as explained in industry standards and handbooks, are theoretical and could be applied in the small simple projects with few numbers of activities but the same methods cannot easily be applied on mega/complex projects. Proving delays in mega/complex projects, whose schedules contain thousands of activities with many interfaces and lot of causes for delay and disruption is a complicated process and involves lots of details. When any degree of complexity in the project is examined, it becomes more difficult for the project team to record the delays and disruption events properly because they are always busy dealing with the site issues and other project pressures. In order for the contractors to be successful, a time extension claim or disruption claims should adequately establish causation and liability and assist in demonstrating the extend of time-related damages experienced as a direct result of the delay events relied upon. The process of recording the delays and disruption is a dynamic process and needs continuous involvement from the planning team with the support from all other departments.

Edge Strength based Fuzzification of Colour Demosaicking Algorithms

In this paper we fuzzify the bilinear colour interpolation and the non-linear colour differential correlative interpolation techniques of colour demosaicking, using the edge strength map of the mosaic image. In doing so we ensure that the edges have less participation in the interpolation thereby minimizing the interpolation error. The result is faster and more accurate colour demosaicking algorithms with application to high resolution images. The overall improvement is quite significant when it comes to colour interpolation of high definition/high resolution images containing a lot of detail or edges as proved by the extensive experimental results on state-of-the-art databases and state-of-the-art comparison. Defence Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 1, January 2014, DOI:10.14429/dsj.64.4732