Lot Of Defects Research Articles

3D Graphene-Ni Foam as an Advanced Electrode for High-Performance Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries.

Electrodes composed of multilayered graphene grown on a metal foam (GMF) were prepared by directly growing multilayer graphene sheets on a three-dimensional (3D) Ni-foam substrate via a self-catalyzing chemical vapor deposition process. The multilayer graphene sheets are successfully grown on the Ni-foam substrate surface, maintaining the unique 3D macroporous structure of the Ni foam. The potential use of GMF electrodes in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) is carefully examined using [Co(bpy)3]+/2+ and [Fe(bpy)3]2+/3+ redox couples. The GMF electrodes display a much improved electrochemical activity and enhanced kinetics toward the [Co(bpy)3]+/2+ (anolyte) and [Fe(bpy)3]2+/3+ (catholyte) redox couples, compared with the bare Ni metal foam electrodes, suggesting that the 2D graphene sheets having lots of interdomain defects provide sufficient reaction sites and secure electric-conduction pathways. Consequently, a nonaqueous RFB cell assembled with GMF electrodes exhibits high Coulombic and voltage efficiencies of 87.2 and 90.9%, respectively, at the first cycle. This performance can be maintained up to the 50th cycle without significant efficiency loss. Moreover, the importance of a rational electrode design for improving electrochemical performance is addressed.

Optimization of sample size and order size in an inventory model with quality inspection and return of defective items

To ensure all products as perfect, inspection is essential, even though it is not possible to inspect all products after producing them like some special type products as plastic joint for the water pipe. In this direction, this paper develops an inventory model with lot inspection policy. With the help of lot inspection, all products need not to be verified still the retailer can decide the quality of products during inspection. If retailer founds products as imperfect quality, the products are sent back to supplier. As it is lot inspection, mis-clarification errors (Type-I error and Type-II error) are introduced to model the problem. Two possible cases are discussed for sending back products as defective lots are immediately withdrawn from the system and send back to supplier with retailer’s payment and for second case, retailer sends defective products during receiving next lot from supplier with supplier’s investment, like in food industry or in hygiene product industry. The model is solved analytically and results indicate that optimal order size and sample size are intrinsically linked and maximize the total profit. Numerical examples, graphical representations, and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the model. The results suggest that sending defective products maintaining the first case is the more profitable than the second case.

DEFECTIVE REDUCTION IN FROZEN PIE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The frozen pie production has a lot of defects resulting in high production cost. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) technique has been applied to improve the frozen pie process. Pareto chart is also used to determine the major defects of frozen pie. There are 3 main processes that cause the defects which are the 1st freezing to glazing process, the forming process, and the folding process. The Risk Priority Number (RPN) obtained from FMEA is analyzed to reduce the defects. If RPN of each cause exceeds 45, the process will be considered to be improved and selected for the corrective and preventive actions. The results showed that RPN values decreased after the correction. Therefore, the implementation of FMEA technique can help to improve the performance of frozen pie process and reduce the defects approximately 51.9%.

Automatic Density Peaks Clustering Using DNA Genetic Algorithm Optimized Data Field and Gaussian Process

Clustering by fast search and finding of Density Peaks (called as DPC) introduced by Alex Rodríguez and Alessandro Laio attracted much attention in the field of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. However, DPC still has a lot of defects that are not resolved. Firstly, the local density [Formula: see text] of point [Formula: see text] is affected by the cutoff distance [Formula: see text], which can influence the clustering result, especially for small real-world cases. Secondly, the number of clusters is still found intuitively by using the decision diagram to select the cluster centers. In order to overcome these defects, this paper proposes an automatic density peaks clustering approach using DNA genetic algorithm optimized data field and Gaussian process (referred to as ADPC-DNAGA). ADPC-DNAGA can extract the optimal value of threshold with the potential entropy of data field and automatically determine the cluster centers by Gaussian method. For any data set to be clustered, the threshold can be calculated from the data set objectively rather than the empirical estimation. The proposed clustering algorithm is benchmarked on publicly available synthetic and real-world datasets which are commonly used for testing the performance of clustering algorithms. The clustering results are compared not only with that of DPC but also with that of several well-known clustering algorithms such as Affinity Propagation, DBSCAN and Spectral Cluster. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed clustering algorithm can find the optimal cutoff distance [Formula: see text], to automatically identify clusters, regardless of their shape and dimension of the embedded space, and can often outperform the comparisons.

유/무기하이브리드 용액에 의한 SPCC, SPFC590, SPFC780 강판의 내식성 (일정한 멜라민에서 SiO2 polysilicate 양이 다른 경우)

This study has developed an organic/inorganic hybrid solution according to amount of <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX> polysilicate, and the amount of melamine is constant. The three types of cold rolled steel were evaluated a corrosion resistance properties by using these solutions. <TEX>$US_3M_3$</TEX> and <TEX>$US_{11}M_3$</TEX> solutions were generate a lot of corrosion. <TEX>$US_7M_3$</TEX> solution was excellent in corrosion resistance, regardless of the steel type. The appearance of coating by <TEX>$US_3M_3$</TEX> and <TEX>$US_{11}M_3$</TEX> solutions were bumpy surface, and were a lot of fine defects. <TEX>$US_7M_3$</TEX> solution was made a sophisticated molecular cross-linking structure inside the coating, it was a slick surface. Other characteristics are exhibited the excellent property for all solutions.

Activate the city center utility Measure the variables to activate the functionality of the city center case stady: AL-Kut city center

Cities turn constantly grow and decay, Jobs many of its parts are constantly changing and therefore land use change, this change is a natural thing and the year of the ways of the universe, but in all cases and in all kinds of cities and all over the world is the city center is the city center of the most important of their parts and linked to the effectiveness of the city economic and social Hoitha closely linked to design the city center, whether small cities and concentric or large multicenter Disembowels main center axis performance career city it contains a large share of the buildings of all ages and styles and play an important and unique role in economic and social development so the city in order to be strong and prosperous must be right position and strong and free of problems. And make up the commercial, social and cultural center, this area is the most parts of the city easy access, where the focus of the urban transport network. The rapid growth of the Iraqi cities has led to a rapid transformation in the city centers, this transformation has not planned well and appropriately and led thus to the decline in the quality of life in cities, research has investigated the best ways and methods to determine the growth centers and Taktihaa trends to fit into the new job with the expansion of cities, as was the use of surveys and analysis of geographic information systems, and search out that urban centers are suffering a lot of problems and defects and should be reconsidered and planned development of appropriate its standards.

Atomic-scale simulation study of structural changes of Fe-Cu binary system containing Cu clusters embedded in the Fe matrix during heating

Nano-size Cu precipitates are the main products of irradiation embrittlement of nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels. Molecular dynamics simulation within the framework of embedded atom method is performed to study atomic packing change in Fe-Cu binary system, where the small Cu clusters are embedded in the crystal body centered cubic (BCC) Fe lattices. As the temperature increases, atomic packing change occurs in the Fe-Cu binary system. The mean square displacement of Cu atom, pair distribution function of the Cu atoms, and the atomic density profile along the radial direction are calculated. The atom packing structures in pure Cu region, Fe-Cu interface region, and pure Fe matrix are analyzed. The simulation results show that the packing structures in the Cu cluster and the Fe matrix are greatly affected by the sizes of these clusters and the volume of the Fe matrix containing these clusters. The structural changes present apparent differences, for the Fe matrixes contain these confined Cu clusters with different atom numbers during heating. As the Fe matrix can only provide small space to accommodate the Cu atoms, packing patterns in many Cu atoms are disordered for the Febulk-Cu135 system. In this binary system, strain region in the Fe matrix is adjacent to the Cu cluster. In the meantime, there are a lot of vacancy defects and strain regions in the matrix. For the Febulk-Cu141 system, although the Cu cluster contains more atoms, the Fe matrix can accommodate Cu atoms in a larger space, and the majority of these Cu atoms are located at the BCC crystal lattices. With increasing the temperature, the changes can be observed that the number of the strain regions decrease, whereas the sizes of some strain regions increase.

Strength Limit of Earth: A New Fundamental Phenomenal Factor for Universe’s Precise Scientific Perceptions and Descriptions

Intuition of many different unsolved problems and questions remains the “sorest troubles” in basis and applied sciences particular in physics today. Also presented physical models doesn’t describe world’s framework aright and these make lots of defects to understand sciences and solve scientific problems. Therewith no one can formulate the complicate relation(s) between all existences’ and sciences’ components. However, no key parameter introduces to discover applicable alphabetic special strings for this purpose till now. No theory exists for help to reconciliation, connection and combination of all correct parts of the current physical framework and theories to construct a whole unification theory for everything through unifying of them. Defining a factor that indicates the earth’s strength limit help to reaching mentioned aims and response to unsolved problems in divers sciences such as: How began the universe? How the universe(s) work? Is the speed of light varying imperceptibly? And are the constants of physics changed? Strength limit of earth complicate pivotal and fundamental parameter introduced in this study through different aspects of its specifications and definitions, which helps finding and showing extend connections in addition demonstrates the exact relations of the entire world’s components. Results represented that different scientific definitions of this factor which illustrated in this original work show the unity, correlation, continuity and dependency of all universe parts. Moreover, gravity, area density, Euler’s constant and earth’s strength limit are determinant factors that perform assistant and vital roles in cognition of various sciences’ interactions. Depth perception of presented parameter will develop faster scientific discoveries in the world.

혼합현실을 활용한 어린이용 디바이스와 콘텐츠 개발 - 어린이 완구 '스마트카' 개발을 중심으로 -

디지털 미디어의 발달은 지식 확장과 새로운 소통 등 긍정적인 평가를 하고 있는 반면 예상치 못한 여러 폐해들이 나타나고 있다. 그 중 어린이에게는 개인 고립, 중독 현상, 과잉 집착, 주의력 결핍 등의 문제들이 나타나고 있다. 이에 디지털 환경에 알맞은 어린이를 위한 콘텐츠 개발이 시급하다고 여기고, 그에 맞는 새로운 개념의 혼합현실(mixed reality)을 활용한 어린이용 융합 디바이스와 콘텐츠를 제안한다. 현실 세계와 가상 세계를 융합한 혼합현실은 현실 세계의 만져지는 어린이 장난감 자동차 인터페이스를 이용하고 스마트폰의 가상 세계가 연동하여 새로운 개념의 놀이와 교육을 체험할 수 있는 기회를 제공해 준다. 혼합현실은 기존의 주입식 교육이 아닌 체험의 교육으로 사고력 증진에 도움이 되며 스마트카는 디지털시대에 맞춰 새로워져야 할 놀이 및 교육 방식에 새로운 비전을 제시한 개발이라고 할 수 있다. While the development of digital media has positive aspects of knowledge enlargement and a new communication channel, it also demonstrates a lot of unexpected defects, such as personal isolation, addiction, obsession or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity. Thus, the author considers it is urgent to develop the contents specifically designed for children in this new digital environment and would like to propose the combined Children's device and contents using the new concept of Mixed Reality. The Mixed Reality that mixes real world and virtual world provides the opportunity that can experience the new concept of play education by using touchable interface of children's real life toy cars together with the virtual world in the smart phones. This Mixed Reality that is extended from sole senses will lead the children to develop the concentration, sense of reality and imagination and also to experience the enlarged play and education concept.

SiO2polysilicate 및 Melamine 조성에 따른 유/무기하이브리드 용액에 의한 자동차용 냉연강판의 내식성

This study has developed an organic/inorganic hybrid solution by addition of <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX> polysilicate and Melamine to the urethane. The three types of cold rolled steel were evaluated a corrosion resistance properties by using these solutions. The urethane solution(U) and the urethane solution with <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX> polysilicate(<TEX>$US_7$</TEX>) were generate a lot of corrosion. The urethane solution with <TEX>$SiO_2$</TEX> polysilicate and melamine(<TEX>$US_7M_3$</TEX>) was excellent in corrosion resistance, regardless of the steel type. In addition, corrosion resistance has been shown to depend on the tensile strength. The appearance of coating by U and <TEX>$US_7$</TEX> solution is bumpy surface, and were a lot of fine defects. <TEX>$US_7M_3$</TEX> solution is made a sophisticated molecular cross-linking structure inside the coating, it was a slick surface. Other characteristics are exhibited the excellent property for all solutions.

(Invited) Fabrication of Ge Waveguides by Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth toward Monolithic Integration of Light Sources

The Ge laser is one of the most promising devices as a monolithic light source for high-speed optical interconnections due to its compatibility with Si processes. Although optical gain has been observed [1, 2], further improvements of crystallinity are required [3, 4] to ensure continuous wave operation of Ge lasers. In this work, we fabricated high-quality Ge waveguides using epitaxial lateral overgrowth on a SiO2 layer and chemical mechanical polishing [5] , and we investigated its crystallographic and optical properties. An eight-inch Si wafer was used as a substrate, and a SiO2 window was fabricated as a mask for Ge selective epitaxial growth (SEG). A Ge layer was selectively grown by using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition along with germane (GeH4) as a source of Ge with H2 carrier gas. To prevent indirect transition by filling electrons into the L-valley in the conduction band of Ge [6], we also conducted in-situ phosphorus (P) doping by supplying phosphine (PH3). First, a Ge buffer layer was deposited within the SiO2 window at 400°C and annealed at 750°C, then an additional Ge layer was selectively grown only on the Ge buffer layer at relatively high temperature. Finally, rapid thermal annealing was carried out at 850°C. By optimizing the growth pressure, the length of the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) on the SiO2 layer was increased to more than 5 mm. Although the dislocation and stacking faults were observed around a region of the Ge on the Si substrate by transmission electron microscopy, no dislocations were evident on the ELO-Ge region grown on the SiO2 layer. Since the thickness of the SEG-Ge layer increased as the length of the ELO increased, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) was applied to remove the top part of the SEG-Ge layer. By using measurements of micro-Raman spectroscopy, it was confirmed that the tensile strain was remained in the ELO-Ge on SiO2 layer even after the CMP process. Then, additional P doping was carried out by spin-on-dopant (SOD) process. The SOD solution [Filmtronics, P8545SF] was coated on the CMP-Ge layer, and the annealed at 750°C, for 10min. The maximum P concentration of 3.2×1019cm-3 was achieved, which was measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Finally, Ge waveguides (Ge-WGs) were fabricated by reactive ion etching of the CMP-Ge layer to remove a part of the Ge layer that contained a lot of crystal defects due to the lattice mismatch between Ge and Si. Figure 1(a) shows a bird's-eye SEM image of the Ge-WG after dry etching with an offset (Dx) of 3.1 mm to the SiO2 window. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra from the Ge-WGs with various Dx are shown in Fig. 1(b). Obvious PL spectra were observed from the Ge-WGs with peak wavelength around 1600 nm. The PL peak intensity from the Ge-WG with Dx = 3.1 mm was four-times higher than that corresponding to Dx = 0.1 mm. This result indicates that the better crystallinity of the Ge-WG was obtained at the position apart from the Ge/Si interface. This work was supported by Project for Developing Innovation Systems of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.

Rapid synthesis and thermoelectric properties of clathrate Ba8Cu6Ge15Si25 by high temperature and high pressure

Ba8Cu6Ge[Formula: see text]Si[Formula: see text] were successfully synthesized by a simple high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) method to investigate the microstructures and thermoelectric (TE) properties. After high pressure synthesis, a highly dense bulk material with lots of fine-layered structure, lattice defects and disorders has been obtained. As expected, the thermal conductivity decreased greatly and the ZT value has been improved significantly, which reaches up to 0.43 at around 773 K. Comparing with other methods, HPHT could shorten the synthesis time from several days to half an hour. It reveals that the HPHT method will become an effective approach for optimizing the TE performance of these materials.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoindentation of Cu/Au Thin Films at Different Temperatures

Two methods, deposition method and ideal modeling based on lattice constant, are used to prepare three modulation periods’ (1.8 nm Cu/3.6 nm Au, 2.7 nm Cu/2.7 nm Au, and 3.6 nm Cu/1.8 nm Au) thin films for nanoindentation at different temperatures. The results show that the temperature will weaken the hardness of thin films. The deposition method and the formation of coherent interface will result in a lot of defects in thin films. These defects can reduce the residual stress in the thin films which is caused by the external force. The proposed system will provide potential benefits in designing the microstructures for thin films.

Defect Segmentation of Semiconductor Wafer Image Using k-Means Clustering

Nowadays, quality control becomes an important issue in semiconductor manufacturing industry. The rate of production with respect to time gives a lot of issues in the industry. In most semiconductor assemblies, a lot of defects generated from various processes in semiconductor wafer manufacturing need to be inspected manually using human experts and this process required full concentration of the operators. This human inspection procedure, however, is time consuming and highly subjective. In order to overcome this problem, implementation of machine vision will be the best solution. This paper presents defect segmentation of semiconductor wafer image based on colour features with k-Means clustering algorithm which can be adopted in machine vision system. In this work, the segmentation process is carried out in two stages. The first stage comprised of clustering the pixels in the image based on their colour and spatial features. Then the clustered pixels are merged to a specific number of regions. The proposed approach is being evaluated using defected wafer image. The experimental results show that it can be used to segment the defect correctly. By using this method, it is possible to increase the computational efficiency since it will avoid feature extraction for every pixel in the image.

PENINGKATAN EFEKTIVITAS PERAWATAN MESIN PERONTOK BULU UNGGAS DENGAN METODE OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS DAN FAILURE MODE EFFECT ANALYSIS (Studi Kasus di Perusahaan Pengolahan Ayam Kampung Pasuruan)

Abstract Perusahaan Pengolahan Ayam Kampung is a company engaged in the processing of chicken that must not be separated from issues related to the effectiveness of the machine. This can be seen with the frequency of damage to the engine due to the damage resulted in a lot of product defects. Therefore we need effective measures in the maintenance of machinery and equipment to tackle and prevent such problems. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a principle of management to improve productivity and efficiency of the production company to use the machine effectively. Not exactly the handling and maintenance of the machine will result in losses that are called by the Big Six Losess. The first step in efforts to increase efficiency in the production of this company is by measuring the effectiveness of the threshing machine feathers using Effectifitas Overall Equipment (OEE) followed by OEE measurement to determine the value of its effectiveness. Next, analysis of causal diagram is to be able to know the real problems that the main cause of losses caused by engine failure. Then, the analysis Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) was conducted to determine the priority improvements in the next period. The conclusion that can be drawn on the threshing machine feathers that the average value of the OEE for the period September 2013 - August 2014 was 65.14%. This indicates that the ability of thresers feathers in achieving their goals and in achieving effective use of machinery / equipment not yet reached the ideal conditions (≥85%). As for affecting the value of OEE based causal analysis is the lack of maintenance of the machine. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of FMEA can be known priority repairs that need to be done, namely: 1) Perform routine engine maintenance (512), 2) Making standards work (392), and Making Rubber threaded component maintenance schedule (320).

Effects of different annealing atmospheres on magnetic properties in La2CoMnO6 single crystals

We have successfully synthesized the high-quality single crystals of double perovskite La2CoMnO6 by flux method and investigated the effects of different annealing conditions on the magnetic properties. In an as-grown crystal, ferromagnetic order along the c axis arises below 204 K, and the spin-glass-type behavior inherent from ionic disorders is also observed. Upon annealing in different gas environments, the reconstructed magnetic states induce a metamagnetic transition (after Ar annealing), and increase Curie temperature (after O2 annealing). After quenching, the magnetic transition temperature decreases significantly, comprising lots of defects and disorders. Our results provide adequate procedures to control magnetic properties of double-perovskite compounds.

The Extrusion Cracks of Inconel 625 Superalloy Tubes Caused by the Primary MC Carbides

Inconel 625 superalloy tubes were hot extruded using a horizontal extruder. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) technique were employed to investigate the extrusion defects mainly caused by the primary MC carbides. The results showed that a lot of surface cracks, internal cracks, grooves and shrinkage cavity defects existed in the outer surface and internal of the Inconel 625 superalloy tube after hot extrusion. However, the inner surface of the tube was smooth and no cracks were observed. In addition to the external factors during hot extrusion, the cracks are mainly caused by the primary MC carbides or large dimension of C particles formed due to a relatively short smelting time and large dimension of C particles during smelting with the decreasing plasticity of the grain boundary. This kind of cracks can be avoided through improving the uniformity of the chemical composition by reducing the size of C particles and extending the diffusion time during the smelting of Inconel 625 superalloy.

Reduced Graphene Oxide for Room Temperature Hydrogen Storage Application

Graphene oxide (GO) is extracted from graphite oxide synthesized using modified Hummers method. The extracted GO solution is then drop casted onto a p type silicon substrate and dried in hot air oven. The dried solution is annealed at a temperature of about 200 degree Celsius for about one hour to obtain thermally reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Such thermally synthesized RGO usually have a lot of structural defects which can act as a binding site for hydrogen. The binding efficiency of hydrogen to defect centers can be increased by applying electric field to RGO as it changes the carrier concentration (doping) on the surface. This induces more polarization in the hydrogen molecule resulting in strong binding force, thereby increasing its hydrogen storage efficiency. In our experiment we have demonstrated room temperature electric field doping in RGO films by modulating the channel current by changing the back gate voltage which is a precursor for employing RGO in hydrogen storage applications.KeywordsGraphene oxide, Reduced graphene oxide, Field effect, Hydrogen storage, and Defects

Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Carbon Nanotube Networks Modified Cf/SiC Composite

Continuous carbon nanotube (CNT) networks were formed in Cf/SiC composites via freeze-drying method. Composites were fabricated by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process afterwards. The different distribution morphologies of CNTs in the preforms originating from the different CNT contents were analyzed while the influence of the distribution of CNTs was discussed in detail. Compared to composites without CNTs, the interfacial shear strength (ILSS) and the flexural strength of Cf/1%CNTs/SiC were increased by 31% and 27%, respectively, but the values of Cf/2.5%CNTs/SiC decreased as a result of lots of defects caused by excess CNTs. With the analysis of ILSS, the flexural strengths, and the fracture morphologies, CNTs effectively improved the weak interfacial strength between T700SC carbon fibers and SiC matrix.

Influence of n-doped μc-Si:H back surface field layer with micro growth in crystalline-amorphous silicon heterojunction solar cells.

The back surface field (BSF) plays an important role for the efficiency of the heterojunction intrinsic thin-film (HIT) solar cell. In this paper, the effect of thickness variation in n-type micro crystalline BSF layer was investigated by Raman and spectroscopy ellipsometry. As we increase the crystalline volume fraction (X(c)) from 6% to 59%, the open circuit voltage (V(oc)) increases from 573 to 696 mV with increase in fill factor from 59% to 71%. However, we observed that V(oc) and FF are decreased over 59% X(c) of n-type μc-Si:H BSF layer. It seems that higher X(c) micro layer include lots of defects. The quantum efficiency (QE) measurements were demonstrated on optimized thickness of n-doped micro BSF layer. In the long wavelengths region, the QE slightly increases with increasing the n-type μc-Si:H BSF layer thickness from 10 to 40 nm because of BSF effect, whereas the QE decreases when n-type μc-Si:H BSF layer thickness increases from 40 to 120 nm due to defects in the layer. The performance of heterojunction solar cell device was improved with the optimized thickness on n-doped micro BSF layer the best photo voltage parameters of the device were found to be V(oc) of 696 mV, short-circuit current density of 36.09 mA/cm2 and efficiency of 18.06% at n-doped micro BSF layer thickness of 40 nm.