Concrete Lot Research Articles

Evaluasi Sisa Material Pada Pembangunan Gedung Kantor Kejaksaan Tinggi Jambi

In the Jambi High Prosecutor's Office Building Construction Project, remnants of project materials were found. Waste material is one of the serious problems in the implementation of construction projects. Therefore, it is necessary to do a careful and precise calculation in determining the amount of material needed to be used in the project as well as an evaluation of the use of these materials. The aim of this research is; calculate the largest percentage of material waste costs during project implementation, identify the causes of material waste, and find ways to minimize material waste after conducting analysis and evaluation. The method used is a sociological juridical type, which is a type or type of research that emphasizes field research. To obtain data in the field by conducting interviews with the project supervisory consultant and data on images and photos of the project. The result of the observation of processed data is that the largest percentage of residual material costs is obtained from the concrete coral material with the highest percentage of 26.553% of the total cost of the remaining material. As for the causes of material remnants on the job, the first is coming from the factor of throwing or throwing material, workers in the field often throw material such as when casting columns and beams where a lot of concrete is wasted out of the formwork, another cause occurs in the skill factor Based on the skills of workers, there are some remnants of boards from making formwork on columns and beams. And also when cutting iron, a lot of iron can't be reused because the rest of the iron that is cut is too small. The conclusion is that there is residual material in this project from the factor of throwing or throwing material carried out by workers and on the skill factor of the worker.

Conformity control of concrete durability parameters and its filtering effect on the design service life

AbstractConformity control is applied in order to safeguard the quality of produced lots. Conformity criteria are characterized by an operating characteristic curve, quantifying the probability of acceptance in relation to a concrete lot with a specific quality. By applying conformity control, certain lots of concrete are accepted or rejected. This induces a filtering effect, which in case of conformity control of durability parameters leads to an effect on the design service life. For durability, limiting values for durability‐related properties can be proposed. Specifying conformity criteria for the durability parameters of concrete can enable to safeguard the quality of concrete products in relation to durability. This conformity control has a filtering effect on the distribution of these durability parameters. When, for example, considering the diffusion coefficient of concrete, this filtering effect results in a lower mean value and standard deviation, consequently (positively) influencing the service life. In this paper, conformity criteria for durability parameters are developed, and their effect on the design service life of reinforced concrete elements is quantified.

İstanbul’daki Peyzaj Düzenlemelerinin Mimariye ve Şehre Katkısının Anket Çalışması ile Sosyo-Kültürel Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

In the recent years landscaping and attempts to increase green areas in Istanbul, a metropolis with a population of 15 million inhabitants, increased by the growing efforts of municipalities. Also, in the recent years, a tulip festival is celebrated every April and the city streets, parks, green areas are decorated with different colored tulips in order to create breathtaking sceneries for the inhabitants and visitors of Istanbul. Similar to the tulip fest, every year on April one of the world’s largest flowerbeds is prepared on the touristic Sultanahmet Square. Besides these, in an attempt to create new and beautiful green areas and vertical gardens, disconnected and improper landscaped areas can be found near underpasses and highways. On one hand greening and landscaping efforts are increasing in Istanbul by the day; on the other hand, major gathering spots for the citizens of Istanbul, such as the Taksim Square, lack the same efforts are turned into ugly concrete lots. It is also gravely conflicting that there is not a single tree on the touristic Istiklal Avenue. Although, major streets and highways all around the city are decorated with flowers and vertical gardens, inhabitants do wonder what else could been achieved with all the money spent towards landscaping. The increasing number of flowers and greenery in parks, gardens, and green areas, not only improve the city in an architectural sense and allow this overpopulated and traffic plagued city to breathe a little, but also offer its inhabitants new places to socialize and recreate. In this study, surveys will be conducted on the landscaping work done in different parts of Istanbul and the results will be evaluated.

Comparative LCA of a concrete and steel apartment building and a cross laminated timber apartment building

In this paper an LCA is carried out on a concrete and steel apartment building and a cross laminated timber apartment building to compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the two buildings. The buildings are built by Veidekke Entreprenør AS and they are almost identical except for the structural system and the number of floors. They are connected by an underground car park of reinforced concrete. The product stage (A1-A3), transport to the building site (A4) and operational energy use (B6) is examined. Results show that the cross laminated timber building has 25% lower GHG emission compared to the concrete and steel building when looking at the production stage, and 13% lower emissions when looking at all stages. The results also show that the material that contributes to the most GHG emissions is reinforced concrete, and that the underground car park has a high GHG emission because it consists of a lot of concrete. What is new in this paper is that there are two real buildings close together that can be compared to find out which has the lowest environmental impact. The paper is valuable for people designing environmentally friendly buildings with a low carbon footprint.

Quarry Mud as Partial Replacement for Fine Combination (Sand) in Concrete

Concrete production has resulted inside the accumulated that has to be compelled to confirm substitute material to sand as inside the assembly of concretes. Quarry mud, a by-product from the crushing methodology throughout production activities is one in each of such materials. Granite fines or rock mud can be a by-product obtained throughout crushing of granite rocks to boot observed as quarry mud. In recent days, there have been additionally several trials to use ash, academic degree industrial by product as partial replacement for cement to possess higher workability, future strength and to make the concrete lots of economically accessible. This gift work could be a trial to use Quarry mud as partial replacement for sand in concrete. Trials are created to review the properties of concrete and to research some properties of Quarry mud, the standard of those properties to alter them to be used partial replacement materials for sand in concrete.

Efficacy of treatment of elevated coccidial oocyst counts in goats using amprolium versus ponazuril

Coccidiosis is an important disease of young goats leading to weight loss, diarrhea, and death. In the USA, both ionophores and decoquinate are labeled for prevention of coccidia in goats. However, there are no drugs approved for treatment of clinical cases of coccidiosis in this species. Amprolium is labeled for treatment of coccidiosis in calves while ponazuril, a metabolite of toltrazuril, is labeled for treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. In this study, 150 young goats housed on concrete lots had fecal samples collected and McMaster fecal oocyst per gram counts performed at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days post-processing. Goats were randomly assigned to receive either amprolium (50mg/kg once a day for 5 days by mouth) or ponazuril (10mg/kg by mouth once) if they had fecal oocyst counts >5,000 per gram. Fecal samples were obtained and oocyst counts performed at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the cessation of treatment. Goats were weighed on days 0 and 21 post-processing. Seven goats were enrolled into the amprolium group and 8 into the ponazuril group. Both treatments resulted in decreased oocyst counts post-treatment compared to before treatment. There was no significant difference between fecal coccidian oocyst counts between goats in each group. There was no significant difference in body weight between goats in each group. This study showed that both amprolium and ponazuril were effective in decreasing fecal coccidia oocyst counts in this group of goats. Use of both drugs is currently extra-label in the USA.

Coal-tar pavement sealant use and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in urban stream sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can occur at levels of environmental concern in stream sediments from urban and industrial watersheds. Recent studies indicate that coal-tar sealant use on parking lots may have been the major source of PAHs to urban streams in the eastern US over the past 40 years. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of PAHs in urban stream and pond sediments in Galloway Creek in Springfield, Missouri by focusing specifically on parking lots with and without coal-tar sealants as contamination source areas. Multiple-linear regression analysis is used to evaluate the spatial connectivity of contaminated sediment to potential source areas and compare the relative influence of watershed source factors and reach sediment variability on sediment PAH levels. Sediments from coal-tar sealed parking lots and the streams that drain them are enriched in PAHs at concentrations considered toxic to aquatic life, with concentrations that are, on average, 35 and 480 times greater than those of unsealed asphalt and concrete lots, respectively. Moreover, sediment PAH concentrations are strongly correlated with the percentage of sealed parking lot area within the upstream drainage area of the sampling site, in contrast to total parking lot area or sediment composition. Metal and nutrient contaminants are poorly correlated with sealed lot area indicating a wider range of urban source inputs. Finally, parking lots with coal-tar coatings contribute >80% of the total PAH concentration in urban stream and pond sediments in Galloway Creek. If coal-tar sealant use ended, sediment PAH concentrations would probably decrease over time to levels not harmful to sediment-dwelling organisms.

“The Situation is Once Again Quiet”: Gestapo Crimes in the Rhineland, Fall 1944

On the morning of October 25, 1944, eleven foreign workers were transported from their overcrowded cells in the infamous Brauweiler prison to the Cologne neighborhood of Ehrenfeld. Upon arrival the prisoners were forced to mount a gallows constructed in an abandoned concrete lot next to an elevated train line. In front of a large crowd of assembled onlookers and police, the accused were executed for crimes ranging from petty theft to armed resistance. Their executioners cataloged their handiwork from start to finish in a detailed series of photographs that revealed that for one unfortunate, the gallows proved too short, forcing the victim to be “assisted” by a plainclothes Gestapo officer who held his legs until he expired.

지하식 LNG 저장탱크 구조물의 온도균열 제어에 관한 연구

이 연구는 초대형 매스 구조물인 지하식 LNG 저장탱크의 바닥슬래브 및 측벽에 타설되는 매스 콘크리트의 재료특성, 배합조건, 양생조건 및 콘크리트의 타설시기와 초기온도, 외기온 등을 고려한 온도응력 해석 결과를 기술하였다. 해석 결과를 토대로 유해한 균열의 발생 가능성을 예측하고, 이를 방지하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 이 연구에서는 콘크리트의 단열온도 상승시험을 통하여 수화열 관리에 유리하다고 평가된 2종류(벨라이트 시멘트+석회석 미분말)의 최적배합조건을 선정하였다. 온도응력 해석의 결과에 따르면, 바닥슬래브 2단을 제외한 대부분의 분할타설 블록에서 관통균열지수가 1.2이상을 만족하였다. 바닥슬래브 2단의 경우 균열방지 대책으로 선행냉각 방안을 제시하였으며, 콘크리트의 초기온도를 25℃ 범위에서 관리할 경우에는 대부분의 타설블록에서 관통균열지수 1.2이상을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 바닥슬래브의 경우, 표면균열지수가 1.2이상이기 때문에 양생조건을 준수하면 표면균열을 제어할 수 있으며, 측벽의 경우에도 표면균열지수가 1.0이상을 만족하기 때문에 균열의 수 및 폭을 제어할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Runoff Effluent from Beef Feedlots in Iowa

Beef feedlot runoff is a potential environmental contaminant. As such, it should be managed properly to preserve water quality. Primary treatment of feedlot runoff often relies on sedimentation techniques; thus, accurate knowledge of feedlot runoff physical properties is required. This study characterized the physical and chemical properties of runoff effluent from earthen and concrete beef feedlots in Iowa with the objective of providing the necessary information to improve solid settling basin design and performance. Results, although not statistically significant (p = 0.11), indicated that solids in runoff from concrete lots tended to settle more slowly than solids from earthen lots. Particle size distribution and particle density measurements indicated that the poorer settleability of concrete lot runoff was primarily caused by lower particle densities: 1.47 0.17 g cm-3 (average SD) for concrete lots as compared to 1.89 0.11 g cm-3 for earthen lots. Runoff composition was analyzed before and after settling to relate nutrient reduction to solids removal. Results indicated an average of 41 g total Kjeldahl nitrogen per kg total solids and 16 g total phosphorus per kg total solids were removed during settling.

Influences of Corn Co-products in Limit-Fed Rations on Cow Performance, Lactation, Nutrient Output, and Subsequent Reproduction

<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn gluten feed (CGF) or dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in limit-fed diets on cow performance, lactation, nutrient output, and reproduction. Cows were maintained in concrete lots with open-front sheds and fence-line bunks. In Exp. 1, Simmental cows (n = 100) were blocked by age and calving date and assigned to 12 pens. Cows were fed 4.5 kg/d of alfalfa hay and isocaloric amounts of CGF (5.9 kg/d) or DDGS (5.55 kg/d) to meet requirements. The cows fed DDGS lost 16 kg less (<i>P</i> = 0.008) BW and had 0.9 kg/d less (<i>P</i> = 0.004) milk production, which resulted in a trend (<i>P</i> = 0.06) for slower calf ADG than for cows fed CGF. There was no difference in manure N (<i>P</i> = 0.13), but cows fed CGF did have greater (<i>P</i> = 0.04) manure P than cows fed DDGS. In Exp. 2, Simmental cows (n = 114) were blocked by age and calving date and assigned to 12 pens. Cows were fed 2.3 kg/d of ground cornstalks and isocaloric amounts of CGF (7.7 kg/d) or DDGS (7.2 kg/d) to meet requirements. In contrast to Exp. 1, the DDGS cows tended (<i>P</i> = 0.07) to lose more weight than those fed CGF. In addition, no differences were detected in milk production (<i>P</i> = 0.20) or calf ADG (<i>P</i> = 0.57). In both experiments, no differences were detected in reproductive performance. Corn co-products can be included up to 75% of a limit-fed diet. The higher fat content of DDGS compared with CGF did not improve reproduction.

Isolation of an Avian Serovar ofChlamydia Psittacifrom a Case of Bovine Abortion

Figure 2. Placenta; the cotyledonary villi are extensively necrotic, with clumps of cellular debris (large arrow) and thrombosis (small arrow). HE, bar 5 50 mm. Figure 1. Marked vasculitis involving the arterioles of the placenta. There are fibrinoid necrosis (arrow) and severe infiltrates of the media, composed of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils. The surrounding placental tissue is necrotic. HE, bar 5 80 mm. Many microbial agents have been incriminated as causes of abortion in cattle. Implication of one of these agents in a given case is often problematic. This report deals with abortion in a university-maintained teaching dairy herd that averages about 100 lactating cows. The herd is split into 3 production groups on concrete lots and is fed a total mixed ration according to production level. During previous Dairy Herd Improvement (DHIA) sampling periods, the herd had an average production per cow of 8,325 kg of milk. Average somatic cell count and body condition score are 180,000 and

Economic consequences of animal rights programs

Readily available data are used to provide relevant decision making information on the highly subjective issue of animal rights. Two examples of alleged crowding; cattle being finished in concrete lots, and broilers in confined operations were evaluated to determine the impact on producers and consumers from increasing space per animal. It is concluded that similar policy changes, such as doubling floor space, can lead to dramatic differences in economic impact depending on the industry affected. It is shown that economic analysis can provide valuable information in estimating the tradeoffs in moral issues.

Change in Adrenal Response from Free Stall Competition

Lactating Holsteins were monitored for differences in adrenal glucocorticoid response to exogenous adrenocorticotropin as a physiological indicator of stress due to reduced numbers of available free stalls. Twenty cows were blocked by production and randomly assigned to either a control group or were exposed to .75, .63, .5, or .37 free stalls per cow for 7 days after which they were tested for adrenal response to adrenocorticotropin. The latter 16 cows formed the experimental group and were housed in a facility with 4.5m2 concrete lot and .38m feed bunk per cow. Four experimental cows and one random control were test for adrenal response at the end of each treatment. Time spent lying or standing in free stalls and time eating were summarized from time lapse photography at intervals of 1min. Average time cows spent in free stalls (h) and percentage of total time stalls were occupied were 13.9, 89%; 12.8, 96%; 10.4, 99%; 8.0, 99%; for .75, .63, .5, and .37 free stalls per cow. Means and standard deviations of the integrated glucocorticoid responses for experimental treatments were 118±27, 123±22, 172±57, and 169±35ng/ml. Glucocorticoid response of control cows, ∿1 stall and 15m2 of lot space/cow, was 130 52ng/ml. The glucocorticoid response in cows with reduced stall numbers was indicative of stress; however, milk production was not affected.

Study of an operating characteristic function of the sampling inspection plan of concrete lots

This paper makes an overall analysis of the Sampling Inspection Plan of Concrete Lots based on the estimation\(f_k = \bar f_n - \lambda S_n \) of the mechanical svrength of this building material. With the help of the non-central t variable, two valuesλ S andλ E of the acceptance factor λ are determined for each value of n in the set {5, 6,..., 29, 30)}. These λ values have the important propriety of making it possible that inspection plans be formulated for the concrete which does not comply either with the economy or the safety prescribed by the Joint Committee RILEM/CEB on the statistical control of the quality of concrete. Finally, an extremely simple process which permits to obtain the OCC corresponding to\(\hat f_k \) estimator without using the tables of the non-central variable t is presented.

Feedlot Wastes to Useful Energy—Fact or Fiction?

The large quantities of wastes generated in commercial feedlots have been receiving attention as to their possible energy value. Research has indicated however that on the typical open lot much of the potential energy source is reduced by the natural degradation of the organic matter during the up to 150 days that the material may remain on the lot. Anaerobic digestion was studied as the system for energy recovery. Three case studies for a 35,000-head feedlot were looked at: a dirt lot, a concrete lot, and a total confinement system with fresh manure removal. Anaerobic digestion of dirt lot waste will produce no net gas. Anaerobic digestion of freshly collected wastes may produce excess gas at a cost nearly that of existing natural gas prices. Even at this price it must be approached with caution since other considerations such as cost and energy requirements of confined feeding and sludge disposal must still be considered for each installation.

Summary of feedlot performance and digestibilities of steers fed 13 hybrid sorghum and 2 hybrid corn grains

Two years and 270 head of steers were used to determine the feeding value of 13 hybrid sorghum grains and 2 hybrid corn grains fed in dry-rolled high-concentrate rations fed to finishing steers. The 15 corn and sorghum hybrids represented 7 endosperm types: hetero-yellow, white, all-waxy (amylopectin-type starch), part-waxy, and bird-resistant endosperm sorghum grains, regular yellow dent corn and high-oil corn. The grains ( 9 hybrids in each of 2 years and 3 hybrids replicated between years) were produced in the same field, and conditions were similar for each year and each hybrid. Each year, 15 head of steers were fed 126 days on each hybrid. Digestibilities were determined with 5 head of steers fed per hybrid in sheltered concrete lots, using chronic oxide.