Lost Potential Research Articles

Customer Relationship Management and Machine Learning Technology for Identifying the Customer

Customer Relationship Management needed for the company to know their customer more closed, and make two-way communication between company and customer. in CRM solutions are multi-criteria decision-making analysis tools that do not require prior assumptions to explore the weights and performances among project risk, project management and organization performance, based on research framework of stimulus-organism response model. in this study, Machine learning with Support Vector Machine algorithm is currently for classification task due to its ability to model nonlinearities CRM Solutions. With Machine Learning and CRM, Bank X optimize their profit, with manage their more benefit customer or find a new customer or get their lost potential customer back.

A Radical Faith: The Assassination of Sister Maura by Eileen Markey

Reviewed by: A Radical Faith: The Assassination of Sister Maura by Eileen Markey Michael E. Lee A Radical Faith: The Assassination of Sister Maura. By Eileen Markey. New York: Nation Books, 2016. 336pp. $26.99. Recalling El Salvador of the 1970s and 1980s, the legacy of martyrs carries important symbolic weight. In the United States, the “four American churchwomen,” who were raped and murdered by Salvadoran soldiers on December 4, 1980, possess that symbolic power. Yet, decades later, there is a danger in how symbols (and collective labels like “churchwomen”) can gloss over real lives. Jean Donovan, Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel, and Maura Clarke have an important legacy. [End Page 82] Thankfully, Eileen Markey provides not just Maura Clarke’s remarkable story in these pages, but also a thought-provoking study on the kind of faith that would inspire her courageous life’s journey. This book demonstrates that Maura Clarke’s faith was “radical” in the fullest sense of the word. While she dedicated her life to participation in progressive and even revolutionary social change, Clarke did so deeply rooted in family and a desire to respond to God’s calling. The text is a conventional biography that begins with Clarke’s childhood in New York, through her formation in pre-Vatican II religious life, and into her pastoral work in the United States, Nicaragua, and finally El Salvador. Each location provides Clarke an opportunity to connect her rich personal faith to a commitment to serve others and better the world she lived in. These locations also provide the author a way to pose a central question to Christianity today, “What if following God means not so much attempting to order one’s life into fidelity to rules, but working to change the circumstances of a world that insults the sacredness of most men and women?” (10) Of course, that question has been the source of much debate, and one of the great contributions of this book is to demonstrate how radical political commitment can blossom from an authentic faith. The book begins with an account of Clarke’s childhood that offers readers a lively portrait of Irish immigrant Catholicism. It functions as a social history of a period that will surprise those who think Catholic engagement with the world begins only after Vatican II. Though bordering on heavy-handed, the numerous references to the Irish revolutionary struggle foreshadow the circumstances that Clarke would deal with in Central America. More importantly, they interrogate the blurry line between one person’s freedom fighters and another’s godless communists. Despite these impulses to transform the world that were present, the description of pre-conciliar religious life makes clear the rigidity and lingering influence of the fuga mundi (flight from the world) ideal. As the book moves from Clarke’s work in an urban U.S. parish to [End Page 83] forming base communities in Nicaragua, the reader gets a vivid sense of her widening horizons and deepening commitments. Several times, the phrase “changing sides” is used to describe her work. The stories of Clarke’s involvement in Nicaragua bring rich characters to life, and more significantly, demonstrates how committed Christians could find themselves participating in a revolutionary struggle without leaving their faith behind. These are committed people of faith inspired by rich prayer lives who understood their faith demanding their participation in social change. In contrast, the account of El Salvador feels a bit anticlimactic, but this is no surprise since Maura lived there only months before her murder. One only perceives the sense of lost potential for what her commitment there would have meant long-term. The book is more a journalistic piece than a scholarly one, which presents strengths and weaknesses. The prose is crisp, and the book never gets bogged down in theoretical flights of fancy. It is engaging, readable, and well-suited for the undergraduate classroom. The numerous footnotes demonstrate that Markey has done her homework. Yet those notes also reveal why it is not an academic book. It never engages the scholarship—historical, social-scientific, or theological—about El Salvador’s civil war and the role of the Catholic Church. Rather than present a new way of...

Assessment of pollen rewards by foraging bees

Summary The removal of pollen by flower‐visiting insects is costly to plants, not only in terms of production, but also via lost reproductive potential. Modern angiosperms have evolved various reward strategies to limit these costs, yet many plant species still offer pollen as a sole or major reward for pollinating insects. The benefits plants gain by offering pollen as a reward for pollinating are defined by the behaviour of their pollinators, some of which feed on the pollen at the flower, while others collect pollen to provision offspring. We explore how pollen impacts on the behaviour and foraging decisions of pollen‐collecting bees, drawing comparisons with what is known for nectar rewards. This question is of particular interest since foraging bees typically do not eat pollen during collection, meaning the sensory pathways involved in evaluating this resource are not immediately obvious. Previous research has focussed on whether foraging bees can determine the quality of pollen sources offered by different plant species, and attempted to infer the mechanisms underpinning such evaluations, mainly through observations of collection preferences in the field More recently experimental research has started to ask whether pollen itself can mediate the detection of, and learning about, pollen sources and associated floral cues. We review advancements in the understanding of how bees forage for pollen and respond to variation in pollen quality, and discuss future directions for studying how this ancestral floral food reward shapes the behaviour of pollinating insects. A lay summary is available for this article.

Potent effects of peracetylated (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in human epidermal melanocytes via attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Damage to melanocytes induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. A polyphenol found in green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), exhibits certain antioxidative effects in the treatment of various diseases. The major problem that limits the clinical application of this polyphenol is its low bioavailability and stability. Peracetylated EGCG (AcEGCG), a fully acetylated derivative of EGCG, is more stable and bioavailable than EGCG, but the effects of its action on human epidermal melanocytes have not been elucidated. To compare the protective effects of AcEGCG and EGCG on hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced damage to human melanocytes. Effects of AcEGCG and EGCG on human melanocytes were examined by measuring cell viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)and protein levels of caspase-9, caspase-3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Both AcEGCG and EGCG decreased ROS generation, restored lost mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced H2 O2 -induced apoptosis in melanocytes. All of these effects were more pronounced with AcEGCG than with EGCG. Furthermore, AcEGCG effectively suppressed H2 O2 -induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, which has been suggested to contribute to melanocyte damage. AcEGCG is a more potent agent than EGCG for protection of melanocytes from oxidative damage.

C. G. Jung’s Memories, Dreams, Reflections as a Source for Doris Lessing’s Briefing for a Descent into Hell

Doris Lessing was conversant in Jungian psychology, and her novel Briefing for a Descent into Hell includes more Jungian elements than previous critics have identified. In particular, it is likely that she borrowed from Jung’s Memories, Dreams, Reflections when crafting her protagonist Charles Watkins’s descent into madness and return to sanity. This essay argues that the autobiography’s chapter 6, “Confrontation with the Unconscious,” and chapter 10, “Visions”—Jung’s encounter with madness and his near-death experience—provided Lessing with not only a successful nekyia by which to evaluate Watkins’s less successful inner journey but also a series of images that she reworked in the novel. Considered in light of MDR, Briefing conveys a sense of lost potential: Watkins regains his memory but, unlike Jung, forgets his vision of the collective unconscious.

Mental health therapists consider the relevance of spirituality in their work with addiction and trauma.

Over a 12-month period, a series of discussions were held with a group of nine mental health professionals working in a residential centre with clients who had alcohol and substance addictions. The group's initial aim was to explore the significance of spirituality for clients and to identify ways of addressing clients' spirituality in their own professional practice. In their work with their clients, they shared the perspective that addiction can develop from people's attempts to cope with the effects of trauma. They also experienced tension between institutional expectations influenced by the medical model and the need they perceived to incorporate spirituality in their work with clients. As group members explored their own spirituality in the context of their professional relationships with clients and the institution, they discovered some of the benefits of their own non-denominational counselling practices. Although addiction was conceived by the group as a false or unwelcome outcome of the struggle for meaning following trauma, it could also be seen as an adaptive process of recovery as well as a spiritual quest that might reconnect clients with their lost potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of New Zealand Journal of Counselling is the property of New Zealand Association of Counsellors and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reviving a Lost Potential of the Chicago School of Sociology?

This paper traces the effects of anti-Asian politics and immigration exclusion in shaping early studies of Asian migration in the Pacific region, in particular within the United States, Canada, and Australian. Yu argues that there are collaborative community research approaches that marked early 20th century studies of Asian migrants to North America that should be recovered, a lost potential of early survey research work of the Chicago school of sociology in general.

Guiding the Talent and Career Development of the Gifted Individual

The lost potential of academic talent can far-reaching implications for society; thus, one might assume that there would be great interest in developing the talents of the brightest students in the United States and a stronger commitment to attending to their career development needs. Because increasing the pipeline of students entering the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a priority among U.S. educators and policy makers (National Science Board, 2014), it may seem puzzling that the education and research and policy communities been generally resistant to addressing academic giftedness in research, policy, and practice. The resistance is derived from the assumption that academically children will be successful no matter what educational environment they are placed in, and because their families are believed to be more highly educated and hold above-average access to human capital wealth. (Subotnik, Olszewski-Kubilius, & Worrell, 2011, p. 3) Although some educators are attuned to the needs of their most advanced learners, many teachers view the students in their classrooms nothing more than peer-tutoring candidates who are ahead of the game ... not ... as children being handicapped by an unchallenging educational environment or [their own] lack of awareness (Berman, Schultz, & Weber, 2012, p. 24). One reason that educators may be reluctant to expose learners to more challenging course work is the belief that individual educational need is less important than equal for students. They may fail to recognize the distinction between equity and sameness and may believe that students should have the same curriculum at the same time. This is a violation of equal opportunity (Colangelo, Assouline, & Gross, 2004, p. 9). According to Benbow, all kids deserve to learn something new every day--including the gifted (as cited in Colangelo et al., 2004, p. 39). The widely held belief that individuals require (or merit) little or no guidance with educational and career planning is a myth noted in the education literature (e.g., Greene, 2006; Maxwell, 2007). In essence, this belief implies that students intuitively understand the process of career development and can pursue any career pathway(s) they wish and achieve a fulfilling work life because of their high-level abilities and interests. On the contrary, the academically individual requires long-term academic and career planning that should be approached systematically. Educators need to incorporate academic and career planning activities into the curriculum for every school-age child (Schenk, Anctil, Smith, & Dahir, 2012), including the academically student. Researchers acknowledge that an individual's abilities are a necessary condition for career achievement; however, occupational and career decisions are also influenced by a whole range of additional factors, including one's interests, values, social influences, and cultural considerations, and therefore require the skillful and knowledgeable approach of a counselor trained in career counseling (Jung & McCormick, 2011; Lubinski & Benbow, 2006). Effective career interventions with individuals need to be proactive and intentional (Greene, 2006; Sampson & Chason, 2008). Although these interventions clearly fall within the purview of the school counselor to assist children, career development is an ongoing and continuous process throughout one's lifetime. Thus, counselors employed in community mental health centers, private practices, and other clinical settings may also encounter highly intelligent clients of various ages struggling with career-related concerns. This article examines the unique challenges and barriers individuals may face in their academic and career development and proposes a theory-informed career counseling framework for providing guidance to this population. …

Dewey and Video Games: From Education through Occupations to Education through Simulations

AbstractCritics like Leonard Waks argue that video games are, at best, a dubious substitute for the rich classroom experiences that John Dewey wished to create and that, at worst, they are profoundly miseducative. Using the example of Fate of the World, a climate change simulation game, David Waddington addresses these concerns through a careful demonstration of how video games can recapture some of the lost potential of Dewey's original program of education through occupations. Not only do simulation games realize most of the original goals of education through occupations, but they also solve some of the serious practical problems that Dewey's curriculum generated. Waddington concludes the essay with an analysis of Waks's critiques and some cautionary notes about why it is important to be temperate in our endorsement of educational video gaming.

Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries

This paper estimates the long-term effects of the global recession of 2008–2009 on output in 23 countries. I measure these effects by comparing current estimates of potential output from the OECD and IMF to the path that potential was following in 2007, according to estimates at the time. The losses in potential output range from almost nothing in Australia and Switzerland to more than 30 percent in Greece, Hungary, and Ireland; the average loss, weighted by economy size, is 8.4 percent. Most countries have experienced strong hysteresis effects: shortfalls of actual output from pre-recession trends have reduced potential output almost one-for-one. In the hardest-hit economies, the current growth rate of potential is depressed, implying that the extent of lost potential is growing over time.

Lost confidence and potential: a mixed methods study of underachieving college students’ sources of self-efficacy

This study investigated the sources of self-efficacy of college students enrolled in a learning frameworks course, whom we identified as underachievers. Through weekly journal entries, the group of underachievers (\(n=13\)) cited the factors that made them feel confident or not confident. Students’ responses to open-ended prompts were coded according to Bandura’s (Self-efficacy: the exercise of control, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1997) four hypothesized sources of self-efficacy and an additional emergent theme of self-regulated learning. After, through student responses on a self-report survey, we compared the group of underachievers to a group of achievers (\(n=36\)) on their self-efficacy and its sources. Both quantitative and qualitative results underscored the importance of mastery experiences for underachievers. The underachievers had significantly less mastery experiences and verbal persuasions despite having similar levels of self-efficacy. Implications for how to cultivate mastery and to provide efficacy-supportive feedback as well as psychological mechanisms regarding high potential underachievers are discussed.

Inverse optimization for assessing emerging technologies in breast cancer screening

Identifying the optimal screening strategies for breast cancer, the second leading cause of female cancer deaths in the US, is a major societal problem creating much controversy. The optimal screening strategies significantly depend on the sensitivity and specificity of the screening modality used. While the current state-of-the-art screening technology is mammography, its sensitivity or specificity may increase over time, or mammography may be replaced by another technology such as tomosynthesis in the near future. The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal use of the next generation of breast cancer screening modalities, whose sensitivity and specificity in clinical practice are either yet unknown or keep improving over time. Contrary to the prior literature that focuses on finding the optimal screening policy for given sensitivity and specificity values, we take an inverse optimization approach and focus on finding the range of sensitivity and specificity values, for which a given screening policy is optimal. To replicate breast cancer progression in the US population under various screening policies, we develop a parametric Partially Observable Markov Chain (POMC) model, which accounts for unobservable and age-specific disease progression, age-specific mortality, and the possibility of detecting cancer without a screening exam (either via self-detection or a clinical breast exam). We then formulate a nonlinear program (NLP) to identify the range of sensitivity and specificity values that optimize a particular screening policy. We show that this NLP is nonconvex for some parameter values, and hence difficult to solve. We prove several structural properties of the model, and by exploiting these properties, we propose a complete solution algorithm for this problem. We use real data in our numerical analysis and show that with the current technology, biennial breast cancer screening is slightly better than annual screening for the average-risk population. We also find that an improvement only in sensitivity (but not in specificity) will not change the current optimal policy. Furthermore, we characterize the lost potential quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) due to suboptimal practice, and show that biennial screening is more robust than annual screening in the sense that it results in fewer lost QALYs due to choosing a suboptimal screening policy. Given that the design of multicenter clinical trials may be prohibitively expensive and lengthy, our findings may be especially valuable to policymakers in deciding about the optimal use of an emerging breast cancer screening modality, and adapting a new technology in different settings.

Infantile Trauma, Therapeutic Impasses and Recovery

Throughout his writings Ferenczi examines the role of the mother-infant relationship in healthy development as well as the difficulties that occur when that relationship is problematic. This paper using Ferenczi and Bion as theoretical background explores the clinical development of impasse in the treatment of hard to reach patients. These patients present special difficulty for analysis because they are not self reflective although they can be addicted to "processing," which is in lieu of emotional connection. Impasse occurs when the analyst does not detect the mimicry involved in processing. The paper offers the idea of recovery, rather than repair, in that such patients have "gone missing" in infancy. Recovery of lost potential can be found in relationship with the analyst and with significant others.

Lost potential of kidney and liver donors amongst deceased intracerebral hemorrhage patients

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has high acute mortality. The number of potential kidney and liver donors amongst deceased ICH patients was estimated to improve our institutional guidelines on acute care of neurocritical patients to increase organ donation. A chart review was carried out by a multi-professional team for consecutive ICH patients admitted to the emergency department at Helsinki University Central Hospital and dying within 14 days between 2005 and 2010. In all, 955 patients had follow-up data, of whom 254 (27%) died within 14 days and eight ended up as organ donors. An additional 51 potentially suitable donors not different from actual donors were identified: nine suitable for kidney donation, 11 for liver and 31 for both. In 49/51 (96%) cases prognosis seemed non-existent and do-not-resuscitate orders were issued early, which led to refrainment from intensive care in 76.5%. These potential donors differed from those ICH patients surviving a whole year (n = 529) by male preponderance, more severe symptoms (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 25 vs. 6 and Glasgow Coma Scale 7 vs. 15), larger hematoma volumes of 24.8 cm(3) (vs. 6.7), and frequent finding of midline shift and intraventricular rupture of the hemorrhage in admission brain CT. Based on the results, our guidelines were revised towards more active treatment including mechanical ventilation for neurocritical patients at the emergency department for at least 48 h, resulting in an increase in organ donations in 2012. A considerable number of ICH patients are potential organ donors if the evaluation takes place on arrival and organ donation is considered as part of usual end-of-life care.

Lost therapeutic potential of monocyte-derived dendritic cells through lost tissue homing: stable restoration of gut specificity with retinoic acid

Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) (MoDC) are utilized for immunotherapy. However, in-vitro immunological effects are often not mirrored in vivo. We studied the tissue-homing potential of MoDC. Circulating monocytes and DC expressed different tissue-homing markers and, during in-vitro development of MoDC, homing marker expression was lost resulting in a ‘homeless’ phenotype. Retinoic acid (RA) induced gut-homing markers (β7 and CCR9) and a regulatory phenotype and function [decreased human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and increased ILT3 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-dextran uptake) in MoDC]. RA-MoDC were less stimulatory and primed conditioned T cells with a gut-homing profile (β7+CLA−). Unlike the normal intestinal microenvironment, that from inflamed colon of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients did not induce regulatory properties in MoDC. However, RA-MoDC maintained their regulatory gut-specific properties even in the presence of UC microenvironment. Therefore, MoDC may be ineffectual for immunotherapy because they lack tissue-homing and tissue-imprinting specificity. However, MoDC rehabilitation with gut-homing potential by RA could be useful in promoting immunotherapy in pathologies such as UC.

Corruption, Justice and Violence in Democratic India

Institutionalized corruption is pervasive in India. It requires individuals and businesses to negotiate bureaucratic mazes, pay off government servants, and break laws merely to acquire the basic elements of governance. With nearly half of India’s economic activity in the informal sector, ‘shadow economies’ permeate the lives of every citizen. What on the surface looks like a dysfunctional or broken system operates smoothly and beneficially for the politicians, businesses, and connected individuals who use it with ease. For the average Indian citizen, however, access is challenging, and corruption is a visible reminder of the failed promise of democracy. This article broadens the anti-corruption agenda in India by recognizing how corruption carries with it ingrained structural components that cannot be disentangled from the formal sector. In some cases, what is thought of as ‘corruption’ actually improves operational efficiency for citizens when compared to India’s overworked judiciary and extensive bureaucracy. Any serious attempt to ‘fix’ corruption must also account for the rationalizations of individuals and companies that engage in what are commonly seen as corrupt activities. n the surface, the presence of widespread corruption throughout India conjures notions that the country is inherently dysfunctional or ‘broken.’ But for the politicians, businesses and well-connected individuals who use the system with ease, it operates exactly as intended, with wellunderstood rules of engagement and mutually beneficial frameworks. The scale of graft over the past decade has surprised even those already jaded from depressing headlines: US $30 billion lost to government coffers in coal scams, US $25 billion forfeited in underpriced telecom auctions, and US $10 billion of smuggled conflict diamonds mark some of the bigger scandals that have splashed across newspapers and TV channels. It is not just the lost potential revenue, but the brazenness and seeming universality of these activities throughout the Indian government that drive frustration with sectors as varied as international adoption, real estate, and the medical

University Counselling Services in Australia and New Zealand: Activities, Changes, and Challenges

The high prevalence of stress and psychological distress in university students highlights the need for adequate support services to enable students to achieve their goals. This study aimed to describe counselling services available to university students in Australia and New Zealand and to benchmark them against international services. Participants were five Australian and three New Zealand Counselling Services. Results showed that counselling services are using a variety of formats and e‐technologies to deliver services to students, but are hampered by limited resources compared with their international counterparts. These include very high counsellor student ratios, lower average number of consultations per student, and lower mental health qualifications of counsellors. This has even greater implications in the context of higher education reform in Australia that may further widen the gap between needs of students and available counselling services. Inadequate counselling support can negatively impact on students, universities, and the community through lost potential.

“Not Made Here”: Occupational Deprivation of Non-English Speaking Background Immigrant Health Professionals in New Zealand

This study sought to understand the experiences of mainly medical doctors and selected immigrant health professionals, who attempt to enter practice in New Zealand. The study utilized a modified participatory methodology underpinned by social critical theory and occupational science concepts to present the views of the 18 participants. The goal was to produce practical knowledge with the potential to inform policy. Data were gathered through individual interviews and one focus group, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. The key findings, presented from the perspective of the participants, are the lost potential, negative experiences and occupational constraints, emotional consequences, coping and survival strategies, and suggested solutions. The findings are considered in relation to the concepts of occupational deprivation and occupational apartheid, and as having implications beyond employment outcomes to settlement, health and occupational justice.

The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury: a case study approach

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired brain injury of sudden onset, caused by a significant impact to the cranium from a sudden external force. The energy exerted by the external force causes intracranial injury owing to distortion of the brain and initiates a cascade of changes at ionic, cellular, metabolic and inflammatory levels. TBI is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals under the age of 45 years worldwide ( Werner and Engelhard, 2007 ). It is considered a lifelong disease process, as those who survive significant TBI often experience long-term physical disability, neurocognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric sequelae (Masel and De Witt, 2010). It is associated with high socioeconomic costs in terms of both lost income potential and health-care provision, as many of those who survive significant TBI would otherwise be socially and financially self-sufficient. Caring for patients who have suffered a TBI requires nurses to have an in-depth knowledge and clear understanding of the pathophysiology of brain injury. However, there is evidence that nurses caring for this patient group do not perceive that they have a strong knowledge base ( Watts et al. 2011 ). This article aims to explain the complex pathophysiology that follows TBI using a case study approach. Fundamental concepts of intracranial physiology are presented with an explanation of altered cerebral haemodynamics and cellular changes following TBI.

How Teachers and Schools Contribute to Racial Differences in the Realization of Academic Potential

Background/Context The fulfillment of academic potential is an underdeveloped area of inquiry as it relates to explaining racial differences in academic outcomes. Examining this issue is important for addressing not only differences in the typical outcomes for African American and White students but also the severe underrepresentation of African American students among the highest achieving students. Whereas other studies have operationalized lost academic potential as unfulfilled expectations for educational attainment, this study takes a different approach, measuring whether students earn higher or lower grades than the grades predicted by earlier tests of academic skills. Students whose grades are equal to or exceed those predicted by their earlier test scores are said to have fulfilled their academic potential, whereas those whose grades are lower than predicted have not realized their potential. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This study finds that African American high school students are less likely than their White peers to realize their academic potential. The analyses test several explanations for the racial gap in the realization of academic potential, focusing on the students themselves, their teachers, and their schools. Research Design This study uses hierarchical linear modeling to analyze data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. Conclusions/Recommendations The results suggest that teachers perceive African American students as exerting less classroom effort than White students, which accounts for a substantial proportion of the racial gap in unrealized academic potential, even with several student characteristics held constant. At the school level, there are larger racial gaps in unrealized academic potential in segregated schools and schools with strict disciplinary climates. Strikingly, the negative effect of strict disciplinary climate exists net of students’ own receipt of disciplinary actions. That is, the negative association between strict disciplinary climate and the realization of academic potential for African American students applies to African American students regardless of whether they themselves have been in trouble at school. This study reveals that characteristics of schools that lack immediately obvious racial implications, such as a school's approach to student discipline, may be just as harmful as overtly racialized inequality within and between schools.