Lost Elements Research Articles

Особенности съемки и методика моделирования частично разрушенных архитектурных объектов по фотограмметрическим данным

Modern remote sensing technologies offer a range of solutions for creating various types of architectural heritage objects measurement models. Image processing algorithms allow not only to digitally recreate existing buildings, but also to make virtual reconstruction of partially destroyed architectural heritage. Photogrammetry is a relatively inexpensive and practically universal method for modelling architectural objects and creating their measurement drawings. The appearance of unmanned aerial vehicles with digital cameras on board in the photogrammetrist’s arsenal has greatly facilitated the process of photographing hard-to-reach, and even more valuable architectural objects. Nevertheless, in order to obtain the desired result, individual techniques, both for imaging and digital reconstruction, must be selected for each object. The study presents the work results on two partially destroyed architectural heritage. A complex survey of the interior and exterior was carried out to digitally reconstruct the lost elements and to create dimensional models. The first architectural object, the ruins of the 17th century Adu-Surkho castle, is located in the Chechen Republic. Its modelling was based on images obtained only from the UAV, and the reconstruction of lost parts was based on analogy with existing examples of historical buildings. The second object, the 18th century Stroganovs’ salt barn, is the oldest brick structure of Tutaev (Romanovskaya side). The modern state model was built based on the results of ground and aerial survey, and the reconstruction of the lost elements based on a set of multi-temporal images and drawings of the XVIII century. The results of the digital reconstruction will be used for restoration projects to restore the original appearance of the structures and increase the significance of these objects in the cultural and tourist activities of the regions.

Nochmals zu D. 19,1,23 (Iul. 13 dig.) = Iul. 221 Lenel

Summary Julian’s solution of a sales law case as transmitted in D. 19,1,23 has often been described as erroneous, leading to a purchaser’s double compensation ex empto. It has been suggested that the fragment is interpolated and Julian was originally talking about actio fiduciae. Avoiding both an error by Julian as well as the suspicion of interpolation, this article tries to give another explanation, reinforcing aspects that have already been emphasized within the long lasting scholarly discussion and proposing a reconstruction of a lost element of Julian’s text.

Искусственный интеллект и реставрация: как алгоритмы меняют подходы к сохранению искусства

The use of artificial intelligence and digital technologies expands the capabilities of art historians and restorers, offering new approaches to preserving cultural heritage sites and working with them. The article presents an overview of the world experience of using digital solutions to perform complex restoration tasks related to the recovery, identification and reconstruction of works of art and architecture. Particular attention is paid to projects that have become widely known outside the restoration eld. Among them are the reconstruction of fragments of Rembrandt’s «Night Watch», the digital reconstruction of fragments of Leonardo da Vinci’s «The Last Supper» and the restoration of the colors of Gustav Klimt’s «Faculty Paintings». In these projects, artificial intelligence algorithms presented the final image of the lost elements, which were very close to the authentic ones. The project «The Next Rembrandt» is mentioned, which demonstrated to the general public the ability of artificial intelligence to deeply analyze the author’s style and its interpretation. The principle of using neural networks in restoration practice to detect early images hidden under later paint layers is revealed using the example of studying the wings of the Ghent Altarpiece by the Van Eyck brothers. The projects of the British startup Oxia Palus are also considered, combining the capabilities of neural networks to analyze the author’s style and detect the original image under layers of paint, using the example of paintings by Pablo Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh. The article emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach that brings together art historians, archaeologists and engineers, as in the RePAIR project, aimed at recreating artifacts from ancient Pompeii. An example of the successful use of 3D scanning technologies in archaeological research is presented, such as digital reconstructions of architectural monuments in Palmyra and Mosul. Such significant successes in deciphering ancient texts as the study of scrolls from Herculaneum using tomographic scanning and machine learning algorithms are demonstrated. In addition, suggestions are made about the possibilities in the eld of cultural heritage preservation that could be provided by further improvement and integration of algorithms into restoration processes.

Применение современных цифровых технологий в реставрации предметов декоративно-прикладного искусства

The possibility of using modern digital technologies in restoration of decorative and applied art objects are analyzed in current article. From the analysis of publications in European journals, the relevance of the introduction of modern technologies in the restoration of decorative and applied art objects is obvious. The authors used in their research the next articles: “Technical and aesthetic considerations in the conservation of ancient ceramic and terracotta objects in the J Paul Getty museum: five case studies” (Elston M., 1990); “In situ virtual restoration of artifacts by imaging technology” (Qiao C., 2020); “e-Restoration of Faces Appearing In Cultural Heritage Artefacts” (Lanitis A., 2009), etc., which address the application of digital technologies in various fields of restoration, from architecture to decorative arts. The object of presented research was the “Сhest with samples of minerals and rocks from the Kherson province” (1888) from the collection of the St. Petersburg Mining Museum which, according to the inventory, has the following losses: “the coats of arms of Kherson province –Odessa and Nikolaev are lost on the chest”. Previously, the chest was in imperial family collection. The classification of digital restoration methods and perspective of their use in restoration of the cultural value from the point of view of preserving of the object of interest are analyses in this article. It is underlined that these methods should be compliance to the basic principles of restoration (reversibility, difference, etc.). By using as an example of the sculptural composition of the “Chest with samples of minerals and rocks from the Kherson province”, the application of digital technologies as an auxiliary tool and method with a practical orientation is discussed. The method of using modern modeling programs at the stage of collecting information and observing the principle of historicism as an auxiliary tool is described. The method of modeling the lost elements using AutoCAD, Mudbox and Photoshop programs are also presented. Thus, this article provides an example of visual implementation of several methods of modern restoration using digital technologies, in compliance with the laws and principles of traditional restoration. It was concluded, that modern digital and information technologies are promising research methods, but require further study of ways of their wider implementation in restoration processes.

The use of a combined flap in closed-type tympanoplasty

Introduction. Cartilage graft has been used in otosurgery since 1959. Cartilage resistance to pressure drops in the tympanic cavity and blood supply deficit in the early postoperative period favorably distinguish it from autofascia. When performing myringoplasty, it is important to create conditions for the formation of a neotympanic membrane that has the same three-dimensional spatial configuration as the native tympanic membrane with full contact of the membrane with the bone tympanic ring and the handle of the malleus. Also, the formation of the neotympanic membrane (myringoplasty) is a key step in tympanoplasty with ossiculoplasty, which ensures not only the restoration of the tightness of the tympanic membrane, but also the contact and proper fixation of the distal part of the prosthesis used to replace the lost elements of the auditory ossicular chain.Objective. Evaluate the effectiveness of closed-type tympanoplasty by using a combined autofascial-autocartilaginous flap.Materials and methods. A study group was formed, including patients who underwent tympanoplasty of types 1–3 according to M. Tos according to the proposed method of using an autofascial-autocartilaginous flap (343 patients), and a comparison group, including patients who underwent type 1 tympanoplasty with using autofascia (54 patients).Results. Long-term anatomical results showed greater stability of the neotympanic membrane formed by the proposed method (2% reperforations). Functional results in the range of speech frequencies had no significant differences. Comparison of functional results in the high frequency range demonstrated a significant advantage of the proposed technique.Conclusion. The conclusion is drawn that the proposed method of forming a neotympanic membrane close in configuration to the native tympanic membrane provides a high functional result with a reduction in the gap in sound conduction between the diseased and healthy ear to 5–10 dB at frequencies of 0.5–16 kHz.

Ring Silicates Cs4Tm2[Si4O12](OH)2 and Cs4(Tm,Tb)2[Si4O12](OH)2 As Merohedral Twins

New ring silicates Cs4Tm2[Si4O12](OH)2 and Cs4(Tm,Tb)2[Si4O12](OH)2 have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method. A structural analogy is revealed between them and the previously studied silicates K4Sc2(OH)2(Si4O12) and K2Sc[Si2O6]F. Their crystal structures are identified as orthorhombic merohedral twins by the lost element of tetragonal symmetry. The structures of new ring silicates are related to those of fresnoite and tetragonal melilite.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ГРАФІЧНОЇ РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ ДЕРЕВ’ЯНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ОБОРОННИХ ВАЛІВ ХVІ–ХVІІ СТ.

The remains of defensive structures are an important component of the holistic perception of the historical context of many settlements in Ukraine. Local administrations show interest in creating graphic reconstructions of monuments as one of the easiest means of popularizing the historical heritage of the area. Over the past decades, the technical capabilities of modeling historical defense objects in three-dimensional images have significantly improved, which has actualized the problem not only of creating realistic images in the transmission of the environment, but also of creating reliable models that can serve as an information base for scientific discussions and the basis of shaping the cultural development of the population. On the way to creating graphic reconstructions of defense structures, a number of problems arise related to the need to reconstruct lost elements about which there is insufficient information. The remains of wooden and earthen fortifications, although they are more numerous than those of masonry, are much worse preserved. Insufficient study of this type of fortifications, especially from the period of the 16th - 17th centuries, can lead to the selection of false analogues and the implementation of unreliable reconstructions. The article applies the methodology of studying defense structures based on the signs of belonging to a certain system of organization of defense structures. Differences in the solution of wooden shaft structures before and after the period of the spread of artillery are characterized. Problems of interpretation of information from written sources about the existence of shafts and their accompanying wooden structures in the 16th–17th centuries are highlighted. Examples of references to wooden elements of bastion fortifications in written sources are given. Treatises on fortification of the 16th–17th centuries have been analyzed. on the subject of determining the principles of strengthening shafts with wooden elements that were used for external equipment (stockade, paling, wattle, palisade, stakes, etc.). Results of our investigations can be applied in graphic reconstruction and visualization of defensive structures of the 16th–17th centuries, carried on according to the principles of the bastion and round bastion systems of fortifications.

Interactive Modelling of lost Landmarks – Qishla of Mosul A Case Study

The recent technological development in many fields has made a significant contribution to the reconstruction of a historical buildings. The matter becomes complicated when the buildings are destroyed, and it is required to collect as many different sources of information as possible. The research problem lies in the absence of studies on reconstructing the lost historical landmarks in the old Mosul city in an interactive 4D modelling. This study aims to develop a strategy to reconstruct historical cultural landmarks in an interactive digital way, based on the collection and integration of multiple sources of information, in addition to an attempt to extrapolate the lost elements based on similar data and various available information, and all this using available software techniques to create interactive environments. To produce documents that can be used in the process of restoring the real origin as an advanced engineering document, used for future periodic maintenance and preservation purposes. The study seeks to reconstruct the military Qishla building in the completely destroyed in Mosul, as a case study, using multiple tools and techniques, in parallel with the techniques Modern digital, and various CAD programs for engineering and parametric drawing and Ar-media augmented reality app.

Mapping Presence: An Exploration of Embodiment and Knowledge Transfers in Cyber-Mediated Classrooms

As teachers and students navigated the forced transition to online education, their physical and social interaction became possible only through technology. How did this mediated interaction affect learning outcomes, teacher presence, and their performance, in synchronous classroom spaces? What was lost in the translation of in-person instruction? What might this lost element tell us about the epistemology of embodiment, the transfer of knowledge in the classroom, and the roles of teachers and students within these knowledge frameworks? Through autoethnographical performative inquiry, this paper argues that embodiment—individual and collective—and multidimensional proximity construct sites of knowledge transfer.

БІЛОКАМ’ЯНА СКУЛЬПТУРА НЕПОРОЧНОГО ЗАЧАТТЯ ДІВИ МАРІЇ З СЕЛА ДОБРЯНИ ГОРОДОЦЬКОГО РАЙОНУ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МИСТЕЦЬКОЇ ПЛАСТИКИ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕСТАВРАЦІЇ

БІЛОКАМ’ЯНА СКУЛЬПТУРА НЕПОРОЧНОГО ЗАЧАТТЯ ДІВИ МАРІЇ З СЕЛА ДОБРЯНИ ГОРОДОЦЬКОГО РАЙОНУ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МИСТЕЦЬКОЇ ПЛАСТИКИ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕСТАВРАЦІЇ

GARDEN AND PARK ENSEMBLES IN THE TOWNS’ HISTORY

The narrative motive of the study is the fact of the infl uence of the garden and park ensembles’ construction on the development of cities. The historical periods of the highest fl owering of culture, philosophy, aesthetic ideas, and the development of construction skills have been selected for the work. The authors of the article draw att ention to the theoretical works of the 20th century in Western civilization, considering the city as a natural system. Their connection with the concepts of the 16th- 19th centuries in England, France, Italy, and France is affi rmed. The idea of the city as a natural system is revealed through images and metaphors, which help to understand the place of public landscapes in the history of civilization. The article presents the garden-park complexes, the creation of which changed the urban planning paradigm, initiated the construction of new cities, promoted the replacement of obsolete or lost elements of urban structure. The author suggests the classifi cation of landscape complexes according to their role in the development of urban planning and their infl uence on the artistic culture, architecture and morphology of the city.

WAYS OF ARCHITECTURAL REVALUATION OF ARCHITECTURAL SUBSTANCE IN THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CITY

Abstract. The multifaceted problem of the relationship between the old and the new in the structure of cities subject to reconstructive transformation covers not only the range of tasks for the integration of historically composed and new buildings, but also a number of ambiguous issues of architectural revaluation of historical architectural and urban planning substance. lost elements to improve the aesthetic value of the urban environment and further preserve its integrity. If the solution of issues of urban coherence of historical and new buildings is based on the variability of the respective location in the urban structure of urban formation, the ways of architectural revaluation are based on the principles of volumetric and tectonic perfection of historical substance. ensembles, often by means of finely tempered harmonization of old and new architectural solutions (Hereditary development of compositional and spatial features of the city center). European urbanism of the twentieth century. He also knows cases of architectural revaluation of large urban complexes, such as in the process of restoration after the military destruction of the historic areas of Warsaw and Gdansk, where the problem of restoring the architectural integrity of buildings was combined with issues of restoration, reconstruction, modernization and necessary rehabilitation. on the legitimacy of such revaluation measures, which were not based on the restoration of authentic historical heritage, but in fact on its reproduction "from the ground up", based not only on scientifically sound materials, but often on architectural conjecture, method of analogues, etc. The controversy over the architectural revaluation of historic buildings began in the late nineteenth century, when the issues of conservation and restoration in a set of reconstructive urban planning tasks began to require immediate resolution. Renowned British art critic John Ruskin, reacting sharply to the imperfections of restoration work that led to significant distortions and even distortions of valuable historical substance in various countries, said: «Reproduction from nothing of something that was once great and beautiful in architecture is as impossible as return to life…» (Рёскин 81–82).

Features of the reconstruction of the lost elements in the museum practice on silver items

The purpose of the article is to develop a methodological basis and solve the problem of the peculiarities of the addition of lost elements in works of precious metal in the restoration process. In practice, it has been established that the insulation of additions with materials that are widely used in modern museum restoration is not able to create a completely inert layer and insulate the anode-cathode system between the added parts and the original. As a result of corrosion caused by atmospheric influences, the metal is destroyed, galvanic corrosion is accelerated, the additions are eventually destroyed due to oxidation, and the original loses its historical appearance. The article organizes information on the study of epoxy resins, the use of which in the restoration of silver objects is not universal due to their complicated reversibility. The methodology is based on scientific and experimental methods, analytical – to reveal the essence of each of the functions, generalization – to clarify the international requirements for modern scientific restoration of metal works. The scientific novelty of the research is to develop a restoration technique and create a tool for the restoration of works of decorative and applied art from silver of non-archaeological origin in museum restoration. Conclusions. Restoration measures, such as the addition of losses on works of decorative and applied art made of silver in museum practice, need careful research and optimization. The use of lead and tungsten as a filler has a number of advantages in the chemical-physical, ethical and aesthetic fields of modern scientific museum restoration. The article has significant theoretical and practical significance, as it explores the features of the addition of losses, the possibility of using the tool as a material for casting the lost element, mastication of cracks and minor gaps. The study of the peculiarities of the addition of silver objects can have a successful practical implementation in museum restoration.

Actual problems of biodiversity conservation in the central Russian Plain forest-steppe

The relevance of the study is determined by the critical state and negative trends in the development of remained fragments of meadow steppe and upland oak forest ecosystems in the Nizhny Novgorod region, located in the center of the Russian Plain. The paper’s aim is to substantiate the activities required to conserve biological diversity on the northern border of the meadow steppes. It targets to assess the current state of endangered ecosystems of the forest-steppe zone of the region, to analyze their role in maintaining species diversity in the Nizhny Novgorod region, to substantiate approaches to the organization of nature management and territorial protection of the forest-steppe nature, ensuring the conservation of biodiversity. We provide the results of perennial surveys of meadow steppes and upland oak forests in 1982 – 2019, and analysis of these ecosystems as habitats for wildlife species listed in the Red Data Book of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Meadow steppes on the northern border of distribution are shown to encompass currently only 0.36% of the former area. Furthermore the modern area of old-growth upland oak forests of the region comprises 0.3% of the former one of broad-leaved forests. We have discovered 33.3% of wildlife species listed in the Red Data Book to associate with the zonal ecosystems remaining in the Nizhny Novgorod forest-steppe; and argued the necessity of a comprehensive solution to the problem of biodiversity conservation in the forest-steppe zone as well. Territorial protection of rare wildlife species and remained fragments of zonal ecosystems should be combined with elements of restorative economic impact. A complete prohibition of economic activities in protected areas is not advisable. The need for special programs for the restoration of certain lost elements of the biological diversity of the forest-steppe is discussed.

Revitalization of Residential Buildings Dating Back to the Late 19th and Early 20th Century on the Example of “Willa Halina” in Sopot (Poland)

Residential buildings dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century constitute an important element of the urban composition of many European cities, often determining their overall spatial expression. These buildings often require revitalization and sometimes also reconstruction or extension. Such activities make it possible to restore historical buildings to their former glory, but also to create new architecture, inscribed in the context of the place, yet bearing witness to modern times. Revitalization of historically and architecturally valuable but technically degraded residential buildings is one of the important elements of maintaining and sometimes rebuilding the image of modern cities and their sustainable development. However, revitalization activities require solving many problems of conservational nature, especially issues related to preserving the authenticity of the existing tissue, ways of reconstructing lost elements, and connecting historical architecture with contemporary architecture. Historic residential buildings of Sopot, a city located in Poland on the shores of the Baltic Sea, dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century, provide excellent research material for such considerations. In the article, the historical center of Sopot was examined, with particular emphasis on the historic Willa Halina from 1896 located there, which was revitalized (according to the design of the author of the article). Using such research methods as analysis of historical source material (iconography), observation (operationalization of preserved historical objects), comparative analysis of contemporary investments, and analysis of the revitalization design of “Willa Halina”, an attempt was made to present spatial and technical solutions leading to the desired effects in the revitalization process. This work aims to show (on the example of Willa Halina in Sopot) the author’s method of revitalizing valuable, historical residential buildings, complying with international conservation standards, including the Venice Charter, adopted in 1964 by the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments. The paper also aims to present spatial and technical solutions leading to desired effects in the revitalization process, consistent with the idea of sustainable development.

Dynamics of biochemical bone and endothelial parameters during the replacement of bone defects in dogs with hydroxyapatite ceramic doped with silicon

Metal structures for osteosynthesis available in veterinary orthopedics are not able to compensate for the lost elements of bone tissue in complex splinter fractures. It is prompt the use of hydroxyappatite materials that replaced bone defects for maintenance of osteoconductive function, and ideally would combine osteointegration and osteoinductive properties. However, their influence on the biological processes of fracture consolidation which go through a number of successive stages and end with the formation of bone tissue in the fracture zone identical to the maternal, is insufficiently substantiated according to the criteria of the molecular biological phase of reparative osteogenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of biochemical osteotropic parameters and the level of NO using silicon-doped ceramics for fractures heeling in dogs. Materials and methods. The animals suffering of fractures that were admitted to the faculty clinic were divided into control (n=7) and experimental (n=7) groups. In both groups, extracortical osteosynthesis was performed with a support plate from an unalloyed titanium alloy. In the control group, bone defects were left to heal under spontaneous blood clot, and in the experimental group, they were replaced with ceramic based on hydroxyapatite with β-tricalciumphosphate doped with silicon (HA/β-TCP/l-Si–3).Blood samples were taken after the injury no later than the 48th day, and on the 3th, 12th, 21th, 42th and 60th days after osteosynthesis. To increase the objectivity of the biochemical analysis, we additionally formed a group of clinically healthy dogs that were admitted to the clinic for routine vaccination (n=10). It included the spectrophotometric determination of the content of NO, BALP, TRACP, Ca, P, Mg, total protein in blood serum, and fibrinogen in blood plasma. Research results. A clinical study showed that in the case of using HA/β-TCP/l-Si–3for splinter fractures, the stages of reparative osteogenesis are more optimized in time, and their consolidation occurs on average 19 days earlier than in the control group. The results of the biochemical study showed that when using HA/β-TCP/l-Si–3, it is accompanied by a peak NO value already on the third day, which is significantly higher than in the control group and indicates early angiogenesis in the research group. In terms of TRACP, the period of osteoresorption in the control group was permanent with little expressed peaks of activity. However, in the research group, the peak of TRACP activity is limited to 12 and 21 days, which is evidence of an optimized inflammatoryresorptive phase. In parallel with this, the activity of BALP increases, which indicates the consistency of the stages of reparative osteogenesis and provides an optimized and accelerated consolidation of fractures in the research group. Conclusion. The dynamics of NO, BALP and TRACP pathochemically substantiates the optimized reparative osteogenesis when using HA/β-TCP/l-Si–3 for bone defects replacement in cases of splinter fractures of tubular bones. Key words: bone markers, bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase, NO, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, fibrinogen, calcium, phosphorus.

The use of image and laser scanner survey archives for cultural heritage 3D modelling and change analysis

Cultural heritage studies often require the analysis of buildings that have undergone several changes and alterations during their lifetime. This often implies the loss of architectural elements or the construction of new elements, which both change the characteristics of the former buildings. The recovery of lost elements or structures through virtual reconstruction is of paramount importance in both scientific and cultural applications. Novel procedures in surveying and photogrammetric processing including historical photogrammetry and historical terrestrial laser scanning offer powerful tools that enable the extraction of geometric information from historical documentation such as archival images. This paper presents the integration of a metric 3D model with information present in archival surveys of lost architectural volumes. The methodology implies the availability of historical plans representing the survey object at scales consistent with UAV surveys and featuring shared elements. The methodology used to frame these plans in the reference system of the UAV survey for an open source GIS environment is also described as well as the accuracy checks. Finally, the procedure followed for the virtual reconstruction of the Fortezza in a BIM environment, which produced a model derived from the integration of historic and current data, is described.

АРХИТЕКТУРА, РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ УСАДЬБЫ А.С. ШУМАКОВА В ГОРОДЕ КУРСКЕ

The research is based on identified archival and printed sources, field studies of the authors. The scientific novelty and significance of the study is based on the identification of archival and printed sources that allow for a more reasonable reconstruction of the figurative and material structure of the lost elements of the main manor house of the estate of A.S. Shumakov in Kursk. The research was carried out at the expense of the State Program of the Russian Federation "Development of Science and Technology" for 2021 within the framework of the Plan of Fundamental Scientific Research of the Ministry of Construction of Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences, topic 1.2.2.

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN RESOURCES AND STRUCTURES BY STATE ORDER

The imbalance associated with the dominance of supply over demand in the market of educational services, excess demand for certain specialties and its absence in others has a negative impact and worsens the staffing of government agencies and the economy of Ukraine as a whole. This is the motive for retrospective analysis of the experience of staffing by state order of the economy, mechanisms and structures that carry out individual processes at different stages from order formation to the distribution of specialists for the formation of modern educational policy. The factors influencing the orders of specialists, such as demography, the structure of economic sectors, priorities of economic development, deindustrialization of the economy, etc. are analyzed. The results of retrospective analysis of the system of training and placement of personnel with higher education for a period of more than 100 years, the need to develop long-term (at least 6-7 years) state policy and prioritize the training of specialists with higher education by state order. Tasks and measures have been identified, the solution of which will allow to create a regular approach to the mechanism of formation of the state order in the training of specialists with higher education and the influential levers of its management. The lost elements of the structure are given, which do not allow the existing system of staffing by the state order to function effectively. It is proved that state regulation of higher education should be carried out exclusively in accordance with state priorities, prospects of national economy and its branches, in accordance with modern conditions on the basis of the European educational space, as well as based on forecasting, planning needs, assessing demographic and economic situation. The conducted retrospective analysis allows to determine the need for long-term state policy and to determine priorities in the training of qualified specialists with higher education by state order.

THEORETICAL EXPERIENCE OF RESTORATION OF THE WOODEN TEMPLE OF THE KAZAN ICON OF THE MOTHER OF GOD IN POKROVKAVILLAGE, BORSKY DISTRICT OF SAMARA REGION

The key aspects of Russian wooden temple architecture a reconsidered. Analyzed are wooden churches of the XVIII-XX centuries of the Samara region. Examples of surviving temples are given, which had a great infl uence on the historical and cultural heritage of the region. A project is proposed for the restoration of the wooden church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Pokrovka. In order to identify the lost elements of the temple, the analysis of archival data and similar wooden temples of the Samara region is carried out. Similar temporal, stylistic, constructive, planning features of the temples are considered. Based on the analysis performed, a model of theoretical and graphic reconstruction of the temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Pokrovka is being built. The role of Russian Orthodox wooden architecture in world culture is determined.