Losses Research Articles

Luck, skill, and depth of competition in games and social hierarchies.

Patterns of wins and lo sses in pairwise contests, such as occur in sports and games, consumer research and paired comparison studies, and human and animal social hierarchies, are commonly analyzed using probabilistic models that allow one to quantify the strength of competitors or predict the outcome of future contests. Here, we generalize this approach to incorporate two additional features: an element of randomness or luck that leads to upset wins, and a "depth of competition" variable that measures the complexity of a game or hierarchy. Fitting the resulting model, we estimate depth and luck in a range of games, sports, and social situations. In general, we find that social competition tends to be "deep," meaning it has a pronounced hierarchy with many distinct levels, but also that there is often a nonzero chance of an upset victory. Competition in sports and games, by contrast, tends to be shallow, and in most cases, there is little evidence of upset wins.

The 0.38 kV electrical networks unbalancing operating modes optimization

The equipment 0.38 kV low-voltage electrical networks is not a satisfactory level. Such electric networks operating modes management is carrying out save energy measures and electricity supply improve efficiency in general largely allows. As a result, the electric energy supplied parameters obtaining actual nature information about to consumers through these electric networks is the developing the power transmission requirements measures basis comply. The article presents results current unbalancing modes objective studies in 0.38 kV an electrical network that feeds Irkutsk multi-storey residential building electric consumers. The analysis electric energy parameters, power quality indicators changes as well as electricity lo sses caused by the currents unbalance in the studied electric network are presented. The calculate parameters and using results of balancing device efficiency as well as its influence on the quality indicators studied and electrical energy loss in the studied electrical network are presented.

Multilevel level Single Phase Inverter Implementation for Reduced Harmonic Contents

Selective harmonic elimination technique SHE is adopted in this work to reduce the harmonic contents in single phase cascaded multilevel inverter. The firing instants for the electronic switches MOSFETs in the inverter are calculated off line for five level to thirteen level inverter. An Arduino microcontroller is programmed to cope with different topologies of the multilevel inverter. The implemented multi-level (MLI) inverter results are compared with Simulink simulation program and are found very close to each other. SHE technique works at system frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) and the switching losses are very small. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation SPWM requires a carrier frequency not less 20 times the system frequency so SHE approach is found to be superior compared with SPWM. Also, SHE technique shows significant reduction in THD as the number of levels increased. Results for the output voltages and currents along with their frequency spectrum are shown and compared with traditional SPWM.

Zeolit Uygulamasının Toprakta Nitrat Miktarı ve Mısır Bitkisinin (Zea Mays L.) Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Tarım alanlarında azot kayıpları çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bitkisel üretimde verimi düşürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı zeolit ve azot uygulamalarının mısır bitkisinin gelişimi üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bir diğer amaç topraktaki nitrat değişimlerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada Everest mısır çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Zeolit dozları olarak 0, 125, 250 ve 500 kg/da toprağa uygulama yapılmıştır. Toprağa azot dozları olarak 5, 10, 15 ve 20 kg/da uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Çalışmada zeolit ve azot uygulamaları mısır bitkisinin bitki boyu, koçan ağırlığı ve yeşil ot verimi istatiksel olarak artırmıştır. En yüksek yeşil ot verimi Z3N3 uygulamasında 6563 kg/da iken en düşük yeşil ot verimi 4021 kg/da Z0N0 uygulamasında tespit edilmiştir. Azot dozlarının artışı topraktaki nitrat miktarını istatiksel olarak %1, zeolit uygulamaları ise istatiksel olarak %5 arttırmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları azot kayıplarının azaltılmasında ve bitkinin azottan daha fazla yararlanması için toprağa zeolit uygulaması yapılması faydalı olacaktır.

Crescimento e rendimento da cultura do trigo com aplicações de boro

A deficiência do micronutriente boro (B) se destaca pelos prejuízos relativos à formação e qualidade da colheita, sendo importante a compreensão de seu manejo e de sua aplicação no cultivo de grãos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e o rendimento da cultura de trigo em resposta a doses e formas de aplicação de boro. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, e os quatro tratamentos avaliados foram: testemunha sem adição de B; fertilização via sulco (octaborato de sódio 20,5% de B, 1,0 kg.ha-1); fertilização via foliar (octaborato de sódio 2% de B, 150 mL.ha-1) e fertilização via sulco mais foliar (1,0 kg.ha-1 de octaborato de sódio 20,5% de B + foliar 150 mL.ha-1 de octaborato de sódio 2% de B). Foram avaliados o comprimento do sistema radicular e da parte aérea, bem como massa seca da planta e rendimento de grãos. A fertilização com B via sulco e foliar proporcionou incremento de 56,5% no rendimento de grãos em relação às plantas que não receberam esse micronutriente. A aplicação de B favoreceu o crescimento e rendimento do trigo, sendo recomendada sua aplicação via sulco e via foliar na adubação da cultura.

Obesity and GLP-1.

Obesity is an important public health issue that has been on the rise over the last decades. It calls for effective prevention and treatment. Bariatric surgery is the most effective medical therapy for weight loss in morbid obesity, but we are in need for less aggressive treatments. Glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists are a group of incretin-based drugs that have proven to be productive for obesity treatment. Through activation of the GLP-1 receptor they not only have an important role stimulating insulin secretion after meals, but with their extrapancreatic actions, both peripheral and central, they also help reduce body weight by promoting satiety and delaying gastric emptying. Liraglutide in a dose of 3 mg is currently the only drug of this group that is approved by the FDA to treat obesity, with weight losses up to 8.5 kg in relatively short periods of time. Here we review the data so far collected of GLP-1 use for obesity with and without diabetes, including the recent data of oral semaglutide.

Designing a cryptosystem for data at rest encryption in mobile payments

ABSTRACT Since the evolution of m-commerce, security and entrustment of digitized transactions have become of captious concern to financial institutions. Card information hacking has caused money losses around the world, therefore it is imperative for financial institutions to get rid of such losses. Currently, the number of mobile payment schemes have been purposed but primarily the schemes aim attention at transaction security, fraud detection and prevention, not on data at rest encryption in mobile payments. Therefore, this work aims attention to encrypt sensitive static data residing at database server in mobile payments. Data at rest is the static data i.e., card details of the users which resides at the server. It is essential to ensure that the sensitive data of the payment users stay protected so as to prevent the adversaries looking for unauthorized access to the data. The encryption of data at rest is accomplished at the database level in this work. Cryptography is increasingly being used to combat against the security of sensitive data to guarantee data confidentiality and data integrity. In this work a cryptosystem is proposed which describes the management of cryptographic keys of the sensitive data at rest, in a mobile payment system with symmetric cryptographic implementation, the keys involved are identical for both encrypting and decrypting the sensitive data.

Fruit Leather: Preparation, packaging and its effect on sensorial and physico-chemical properties: A review

Fruits are the most important part of the diet. They are rich in vitamins, proteins, minerals, phyto-compounds and other essential components which play a major role in developing immunity. Although India being known as the second ranked country in the fruit production but results in the 15-20% of post harvest losses. And so processing and value addition of the fruits is much more necessary to prevent this loss. Fruits are processed to juices, jellies, jams, nectar, wine, leather etc and other such value added products. Leather is one of the best product which is liked by the people of all age kinds. Leathers were made either by single fruit or by blending of different fruits. Different fruits like Apple, Pineapple, Papaya, Mango, Sapota, Grapes, Strawberry, Pomegranate etc. are used in processing of leather. The leathers were dried under different drying methods which results in variations in the quality of the leather. Studies were made by different researchers on the best proportion in blending of different fruits in the processing of mixed leather as well as effects of different methods of drying and temperatures of drying on the organo leptic as well as physio chemical attributes of the leather and also the effects of different packaging materials and storage were reviewed in this work.

Maize response to water, salinity and nitrogen levels: soil and plant ions accumulation

In the present study, some nutritional imbalances, specific ion toxicity and yield-ion concentration relationships in maize under water, nitrogen (N) and salinity stresses were assessed. Effect of different levels of irrigation water (I1=1.0ETc+0.25ETc as leaching, I2 =0.75I1 and I3 =0.5I1) as main plot, salinity of irrigation water (S1=0.6, S2= 2.0 and S3=4.0 dS m-1) as sub-plot and N fertilizer rates (N1=0, N2=150 and N3=300 kg N ha-1) as sub-sub-plot on maize (cv SC 704) were investigated in a split-split-plot design with three replications during 2009 and 2010. Results showed that salts accumulated in soil were 28.4% higher in I2 compared with other irrigation treatments. Soil nitrate concentration was statistically higher under I3 and S1 treatments (83% and 10%, respectively) compared with other irrigation and salinity levels. There was no K+ deficiency caused by salinity; however, salinity resulted in statistically lower K+/Na+ compared with no saline conditions. Plants took up 25% higher N in I2 compared with other irrigation levels. Furthermore, N uptake by plants decreased by an average of 18% under salinity condition indicating that higher N application rate above the required level under saline water application put the environment at the risk of groundwater N contamination. Results of this study confirmed the fact that Na+ accumulation in soil was more detrimental than Cl- accumulation for maize irrigated with saline water. Besides, according to threshold values for soil ions, the optimum levels of irrigation and N fertilizer for maize might be lower under saline water application. Furthermore, based on the grain yield reduction coefficient, maize required a higher level of K+ and K+/Na+ under deficit saline water irrigation for avoiding yield losses.

Multi-environment trial and spatial analysis for yield performance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids in dry lowland sorghum growing areas of Ethiopia

Sorghum is one of the most widely preferred and cultivated crops in Ethiopia. It is grown for food and feed components. In the developed world, exploitation of heterosis in most crops (Maize, Sorghum, Rice, etc.) is high. There is a clear need to develop sorghum hybrids in Ethiopia to improve their livelihood by increasing sorghum production and productivity. One of the strategies for increasing sorghum yield is through the exploitation of heterosis because sorghum hybrids are high yielder than OPV lines. Properly selected sorghum hybrids can help growers to increase yield, use less water, reduce lodging losses, increase feed quality, and manage maturation time. In Ethiopia, the National Sorghum Research Program runs a multiple technology development work in Ethiopia with the collaboration of International and National Institutions and Universities. One of the oversea collaborative Universities is Purdue University and the Sorghum program received sorghum hybrids to evaluate their performance across sorghum growing dry lowland areas. A total of 35 sorghum hybrid genotypes were introduced and evaluated at six sorghum growing lowland areas of Ethiopia including two recently released hybrid check in 2014. Based on the experimental data submitted to national variety releasing committee, candidate 9187 has been approved for farmers and commercial seed producers in 2018; it is named ESH-5. This hybrid variety is released with a merit of seed color, over all agronomic performance, head shape and yield superior to the recently released hybrid check by 11% yield advantage. Key words: Hybrid, heritability, sorghum, stability.

APPLICATION PROBABILISTIC ECONOMIC MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR OPTIMIZATION PLANNING OF AN IRREDUCIBLE STOCK AND IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LOGISTICS SUPPLY MANAGEMENT OF THE STATE DEFENCE FORCES WITHOUT REDUSING THE LEVEL OF RELIABILITY

Предметом вивчення в статті є логістичне забезпечення сил оборони держави. Метою дослiдження є розробка ймовірнісної економіко-математичної моделі управління запасами для планування незнижувального запасу засобів матеріально-технічного забезпечення сил оборони держави. Завдання дослідження: сформулювати задачу визначення розміру незнижувального (резервного) запасу матеріально-технічних засобів за умови, що максимально можливе значення ймовірності його вичерпання протягом визначеного періоду не перевищить граничного значення у термінах економіко-математичної моделі Уілсона; шляхом статистичної обробки даних спостережень дій сил оборони держави при виконанні ними завдань за призначенням представити задачу визначення оптимального незнижувального запасу за видами витрат засобів матеріально-технічного забезпечення без зниження рівня надійності як задачу перевірки багатоальтернативних статистичних гіпотез; на підставі розв’язання задачі континуального лінійного програмування визначити оптимальний незнижувального запасу відповідно характеру витрат з метою підвищення ефективності управління логістичним забезпеченням сил оборони держави засобами матеріально-технічного забезпечення. Методологічною основою дослідження стали загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи наукового пізнання. Отримані такі результати . Витрати запасів матеріально-технічних засобів при виконанні силами оборони держави завдань за призначенням протягом певного періоду часу є нормально розподіленою випадковою величиною з математичним очікуванням та середнєквадратичним відхиленням, обрахованими за результатами статистичної обробки даних. Задача визначення оптимального незнижувального запасу за видами витрат матеріально-технічних засобів без зниження рівня надійності сформульована як задача перевірки багатоальтернативних статистичних гіпотез та розв’язана як задача континуального лінійного програмування. Висновки. Визначення розміру незнижувального (резервного) запасу матеріально-технічних засобів підрозділів сил оборони держави при виконанні ними завдань за призначенням за умови, що максимально можливе значення ймовірності його вичерпання протягом визначеного періоду не перевищить граничного значення доцільно сформулювати у термінах економіко-математичної моделі Уілсона. Припущення про те, що витрати запасів матеріально-технічних засобів при виконанні силами оборони держави при виконанні завдань за призначенням, є випадковою величиною, підкореною нормальному закону розподілу, дозволить скористатися відомим апаратом теорії імовірності та перевірки багато альтернативних статистичних гіпотез та робити розрахунки за даними існуючої статистичної вибірки. Статистична обробка даних, отриманих при виконанні силами оборони держави завдань за призначенням дає змогу отримати вихідні дані та обрахувати прогнозовані оптимальні ймовірності розподілу витрат матеріально-технічних засобів відповідно до поточного, середнього, капітального ремонту та безповоротних втрат.

Antagonistic effects of biocontrol agents against Phytophthora infestans and growth stimulation in tomatoes

Late blight disease is a major cause of economic losses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) production in eastern Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma species in controlling late blight disease and their role on the growth of tomato. Trichoderma asperellum and T. harzianum were isolated from two commercial products containing the antagonistic species. Culture-based and molecular approaches, genomic DNA isolation and amplification, using ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers, and sequencing, were used to characterise the products. Trichoderma antagonistic effects against Phytophthora infestans (causative of tomato late blight) experiments were conducted in vitro and in the greenhouse. The greenhouse experiment had five treatments; namely, a negative control, Metalaxl-M, T. asperellum, T. harzanium and mixture of the two biocontrol agents, laid out in a randomised complete block design. The experiment was carried out for 12 weeks, with 3 weeks measurements intervals. Morphological and molecular characterisation confirmed the organism in most of the commercial products as T. harzianum and T. asperellum. An inhibiting action was observed on the P. Infestans mycelial growth, by the effect of T. asperellum (30.7%), and T. harzianum (36.9%).Trichoderma spp. suppressed late blight disease in the greenhouse experiment. These effects were specific to soil type, with the higher effectiveness realised in Ferralsols (27% disease severity) and least in Nitisols (36% disease severity). Trichoderma harzianum and T. asperellum resulted in higher above ground biomass of tomato of 31 and 19% increase over the control, respectively. There is potential of biocontrol agents in reducing P. infestans effects in tomatoes and in stimulating growth.

Advantages and advances of smart energy grid: A technology review

Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.

Impactos da COVID-19 no trabalho e saúde mental dos trabalhadores da saúde

Os impactos globais na saúde pública e na economia provocados pela pandemia da COVID-19 salientaram as fragilidades dos sistemas de preparação para crises e emergências tanto do Estado como das empresas. O trabalho, emprego e renda foram notadamente afetados e a insegurança pelo futuro devido às perdas econômicas, temor pelo contágio, mudanças na rotina e aumento de estressores ambientais afetaram os trabalhadores, especialmente os profissionais da saúde na linha de frente do combate à pandemia. Este artigo se propõe a discutir os impactos da COVID-19 no trabalho e na saúde mental dos trabalhadores da saúde. Para isso, analisou-se a produção do conhecimento mais recente sobre os impactos da COVID-19 no trabalho e renda e sua relação com evidências de sintomas de agravos à saúde mental entre os trabalhadores, em especial os profissionais da saúde. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, lastreada em bases de dados internacionais, relatórios de agências internacionais e legislação pertinente. Os resultados demonstram que a exposição prolongada ao agente patogênico, temor pelo contágio, jornadas de trabalho intensivas, estressores ambientais e ocupacionais, necessidade de lidar com as demandas psicológicas dos pacientes e os dilemas éticos na tomada de decisão tornam os profissionais de saúde susceptíveis a uma perda na qualidade de vida durante e após a pandemia.

Ground surface changes detection using interferometric synthetic aperture radar

Disasters, including earthquakes and landslides, have enormous economic and social losses besides their impact on environmental disruption. Iran, and particularly its Western part, is known as an earthquake susceptible area due to numerous strong ground motions. Studying ecological changes due to climate change can improve the public and expert sector's awareness and response to future disastrous events. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technologies are appropriate tools for modeling and surface deformation modeling. This paper proposes an efficient approach to detect ground deformation changes using Sentinel-1A. The focal point of this research is to map the ground surface deformation modeling is presented using InSAR technology over Sarpol-e Zahab on 25th November 2018 as a study case. For surface deformation modeling and detection of the ground movement due to earthquake SARPROZ in MATLAB programming language is used and discussed. Results show that there is a general ground movement due to the Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake between -7 millimeter to +18 millimeter in the study area. This research verified previous researches on the advanced image analysis techniques employed for mapping ground movement, where InSAR provides a reliable tool for assisting engineers and the decision-maker in choosing proper policies in a time of disasters. Based on the result, 574 out of 682 damaged buildings and infrastructures due to the 2017 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake have moved from -2 to +17 mm due to the 2018 earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3 Richter. Results show that mountainous areas have suffered land subsidence, where urban areas had land uplift.

Resíduos sólidos industriais: compósito com resíduos de plástico reforçado com fibra de vidro

A utilização dos compósitos poliméricos, pela indústria, se dá pela sua leveza e versatilidade em adaptarem-se a designs complexos. No entanto podem ser geradores de resíduos de difícil reciclagem, que muitas vezes são colocados em aterros sanitários, o que causa a necessidade de ações que venham minimizar a quantidade desses resíduos gerados. Diante disso, esse trabalho visa avaliar a resposta mecânica e física do compósito de fibra de vidro-E com a matriz poliéster, quando incorporado resíduo gerado de plástico reforçado por fibras de vidro (PRFV). Para tanto, foram fabricadas, mediante laminação manual, três placas, todas produzidas em vidro-E/poliéster, porém, em duas delas foram incorporados, em peso de resina, 10% e 15% dos resíduos de PRFV. Os ensaios de densidade, de umidade, de tração uniaxial e de flexão em três pontos foram realizados com base nas normas ASTM D792, ASTM D5259, ASTM D3039 e ASTM D790, respectivamente, buscando a caracterização e a avaliação da resposta mecânica após inserção dos resíduos no compósito. Os resultados demostraram que as amostras com resíduo absorveram mais umidade e tornaram-se mais leves. No entanto, houve uma perda da resistência mecânica, tanto na tração como na flexão, para as duas composições com resíduos adicionados, em comparação com amostras do compósito sem resíduo. Porém, a característica da fratura se deu de forma semelhante para os três compósitos avaliados. Destaca-se que as perdas nas propriedades não inviabilizam o uso dos resíduos nesses compósitos, uma vez se conhecendo as solicitações mecânicas e as condições de serviços em que serão expostos.

Prediction of frictional pressure losses in annulus with artificial neural network modeling

Pressure loss of single phase in annular flow for non-Newtonian drilling mud have been predicted utilizing an artificial neural network (ANN). Based on statistical study, an optimization procedure was performed to choose the optimum of ANN technique. With Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation training algorithm, six variables as input and once as outcome were modeled and trained using a three-layer feed forward neural network. Three neurons, the log sigmoid transfer function in the hidden layer and the linear transfer function inside the result layer were introduced in this article. Simulated results of ANN technique are been demonstrated that there is an outstanding agreement among predicting values and measuring pressure drops in annulus for test data and training sets. Additionally, typical model used (power law model) that were applied to calculate the performance of ANN model and comparison the three wells results. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is shown that the ANN method outperforms other models significantly and delivers excellent predictions, the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999 average absolute relative error (AARE) equal to 0.00001.

As agências reguladoras em resposta à crise da COVID-19

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as respostas das agências reguladoras federais para o enfrentamento da crise de saúde pública gerada pelo novo coronavírus. Parte-se do entendimento de que a avaliação empírica dos padrões de resposta evidenciados pelas agências durante a crise da COVID-19 cumpre um papel importante no aprimoramento da função pública. Em primeiro lugar, porque oferece subsídios para que a própria atividade regulatória se adapte de forma mais célere às necessidades do atual momento de crise. Em segundo, porque o contexto excepcional gerado pela pandemia coloca em evidência alguns traços essenciais da atividade regulatória: suas condições de exercício e funcionalidades, suas limitações e potencialidades e, sobretudo, sua importância para a minimização de danos em cenários marcados por instabilidade estrutural. Os dados utilizados no presente estudo foram extraídos do Diário Oficial da União (DOU) e dos sítios eletrônicos das 11 agências reguladoras federais. Para a presente análise, foram selecionadas apenas as medidas com efetivo impacto regulatório sobre o setor regulado. Identificamos uma significativa heterogeneidade no volume de respostas das agências, em parte relacionada a diferenças setoriais, mas sobretudo decorrente de assimetrias na capacidade institucional desses órgãos. Identificamos também uma heterogeneidade no conteúdo das respostas das agências a problemas regulatórios semelhantes, evidenciando falhas de coordenação regulatória que precisam ser urgentemente solucionadas.

Optimal Design and Sizing of Solar-assisted CHP System Based on Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis

This work develops a method for the optimal design of a solar-assisted combined heat and power (CHP) system, in which the solar thermal central receiver subsystem and the steam power cycle subsystem are integrated to meet the real-time requirements of steam and power from production process. A mathematical model with the objectives of minimum total annual cost (TAC) and environmental impact (EI) is formulated to optimize the configuration and the size of the major equipment units, and schedule the dynamic operation of entire system. This model accounts for the hourly variability of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and the electricity load in a typical day, as well as the power losses caused by the partial load operation of steam turbines. Based on the presented model, the optimum level of solar capacity is determined through a comprehensive analysis considering the trade-off between TAC and EI of the system. At last, a case study is illustrated and the results are elaborated to demonstrate that the desired system configuration can be obtained by application of the proposed model.

Molecular characterization of viruses causing maize lethal necrosis disease in South-Rift region, Kenya

The first report of Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease in Africa was in Bomet, Kenya, nine years ago. It has since spread in East and Central African (ECA) countries, causing massive yield losses. Currently, 90% of the preferred commercial maize germplasm grown by farmers in Kenya is susceptible to MLN disease. As such, the disease has continued to pose a serious challenge to food security in the ECA region. This study sought to characterize the MLN, causing viruses present in the maize leaf samples collected from the South-Rift region. Using total RNA extracted from 60 leaf samples collected from Bomet, Kericho, and Kisumu Counties, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out. The PCR products with the strongest bands were purified and sequenced using the Sanger sequencing technique. The results showed that samples from the three counties were positive for maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) (MH645622 and MH645621) and sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) (MH645623, MH645624 and MH645625) and negative to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). The coat protein (CP) sequences of MCMV isolates were closely related to the sequences of MCMV isolates, which had been previously reported from Eastern and Sub-Saharan Africa. For the CP sequences of SCMV isolates, only one sequence of the isolate KCO59 was similar to the sequence of a Kenyan isolate (JX286708). Sequences of isolates KCO5 and KCO24 were not identical to those of the Kenyan isolate (JX286708). Based on these results, in the surveyed counties, isolates of SCMV are genetically diverse, while those of MCMV are not. There exists a new variant of SCMV, which appears to be the main potyvirus in synergism with MCMV in causing MLN disease in Kenya. Key words: Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV), sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV).