Loss Reduction In Distribution System Research Articles

Multiplexing Power Converters for Cost-Effective and Flexible Soft Open Points

The feasible set of real powers that can be transferred by a three-terminal Soft Open Point (SOP) can be increased by selecting non-uniform power ratings for each of the three ac/dc legs of the SOP, then connecting a multi-terminal switch (multiplexer) to the ac side of each of those converters to facilitate reconfiguration. This paper generalizes this concept, considering the real and reactive power that n multiplexed ac/dc converters can transfer at an m-feeder bus. The performance of the device is studied numerically for a number of ac/dc sizing strategies through the volume of the feasible set of power transfers (the `capability chart volume', CCV) and distribution system loss reduction benefits (as an exemplar network service). Upper bounds on device performance are defined by considering the performance of a novel, idealised SOP consisting of a continuum of infinitesimal reconfigurable converters. Results demonstrate that the CCV can be more than doubled, with 99% of the relative performance improvement of the idealised converter achieved with designs consisting of as few as four converters. SOP equipment costs reductions of 24% are reported, with it concluded that reconfigurable, judiciously sized ac/dc legs can yield flexible and lower cost SOPs than conventional, hard-wired approaches.

Optimising the size and placement of embedded energy generators for distribution system loss reduction and voltage improvement

Optimising the size and placement of embedded energy generators for distribution system loss reduction and voltage improvement

Optimising the size and placement of embedded energy generators for distribution system loss reduction and voltage improvement

Optimising the size and placement of embedded energy generators for distribution system loss reduction and voltage improvement

Distribution System Reconfiguration with Soft Open Point for Power Loss Reduction in Distribution Systems Based on Hybrid Water Cycle Algorithm

In this paper, the role of soft open point (SOP) is investigated with and without system re-configuration (SR) in reducing overall system power losses and improving voltage profile, as well as the effect of increasing the number of SOPs connected to distribution systems under different scenarios using a proposed hybrid water cycle algorithm (HWCA). The HWCA is formulated to enhance the water cycle algorithm (WCA) search performance based on the genetic algorithm (GA) for a complex nonlinear problem with discrete and continuous variables represented in this paper by SOP installation and SR. The WCA is one of the most effective optimization algorithms, however, it may have difficulty striking a balance between exploration and exploitation due to the nature of the proposed nonlinear optimization problem, which mostly causes slow convergence and poor robustness. Consequently, the HWCA proposed in this paper is an efficient solution to improve the balance between exploration and exploitation, which in turn leads to improving the WCA’s overall performance without the possibility of getting trapped in local minima. Several cases are studied and conducted on an IEEE 33-node and the IEEE 69-node to investigate the real benefit gained from using SOPs alone or simultaneously with the SR. Based on the obtained results, the proposed HWCA succeeds in enhancing the performance of the proposed test systems considerably in terms of loss reduction (e.g., 31.1–63.3% for IEEE 33-node and 55.7–82.1% for IEEE 69-node compared to the base case) and voltage profile when compared to the base case while maintaining acceptable voltage magnitudes in most cases. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed method based on the HWCA is validated when compared with the GA and WCA separately for both test systems. The obtained results show the outperformance of the proposed HWCA in attaining the best optimal solution with the least number of iterations.

A Two-Stage EV Charging Planning and Network Reconfiguration Methodology towards Power Loss Minimization in Low and Medium Voltage Distribution Networks

The topic of power loss reduction in distribution systems has gained significant attention over recent years. Despite the efforts of the European Union towards the minimization of power losses, the decarbonization of the transport sector has raised several concerns, since charging overlaps of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can cause extensive power losses and power quality issues. Considering these, the present paper proposes a two-stage EV charging planning and Network Reconfiguration (NR) methodology, addressing the problem of power loss minimization in both Low-Voltage (LV) and Medium-Voltage (MV) Distribution Networks (DNs), respectively. In the first stage, considering the key role of the aggregator, the EV charging planning is applied to LV DN. In the second stage, the NR technique is applied to the MV DN, by taking into account the hourly power demand of LV DNs as obtained by the aggregators. The proposed methodology has been applied on a benchmarked MV network for which each node is represented by a real LV network. The results indicate that the proposed methodology could yield up to a 63.64% power loss reduction, in respect to the base scenario, i.e., no charging planning and no NR are applied.

Optimal H2 Production and Consumption for Improved Utility Operations: Path to Net-Zero Emission Energy Production

Due to population growth, electricity demand increases significantly, and a continued reliance on fossil fuels will contribute to the global warming crisis. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, electricity production accounts for 33% of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of which 65% of this amount is produced by large-scale coal and natural gas power plants [1]. As a consequence, the global temperature is estimated to rise about 1.5°C to 2°C on average by the year 2050. To that end, the U.S. government set a nationwide Net-Zero Emission goal by the year 2050 in which the power sector, especially utilities and generation companies must supply their load with green energy by 2035, and the transportation sector must be electrified completely by 2050 [2]. Additionally, due to the advancements in distributed energy resources (DERs) technologies, such as solar, wind, storage, hydrogen (H2), and demand response programs, the capital costs of these technologies will drop by 60%-70% until 2050 according to the National Renewable Energy Lab’s (NREL) reports, accelerating the growing trend of utilizing more DERs [3].In recent years, H2 energy has demonstrated a great potential for large deployment from economic, environmental, and technical viewpoints. Generally, H2 energy can be produced, compressed, stored, and consumed using an electrolyzer, a compressor, a storage tank, and a fuel cell (FC) [4]. There are various technologies for water electrolysis such as alkaline, proton exchange membrane (PEM), and solid oxide electrolysis, in which electricity is used to separate water into oxygen and hydrogen. The generated H2 can then be compressed and stored in a storage tank, in the form of cryogenic liquid or high-pressure gas. The most important applications of H2 energy are 1) power generation with stationary/mobile FC units; 2) transportation fuel for light- and heavy-duty FC vehicles; 3) fuel for residential and commercial buildings (e.g., space and water heating); 4) feedstock for ammonia production, etc., 5) assist utilities with technical concerns such as PV smoothing, voltage, and frequency regulations, etc. [5] [6].In this study, we consider the perspective of the distribution system operator (DSO) that manages the DERs, especially H2 production and consumption by H2 systems, to reach the goal of net-zero emission energy production. It should be mentioned that a vertically integrated design is considered for the operation of the distribution network. To have realistic analysis of distribution network considering the power flow and voltage challenges, a standard 33-node distribution network [7] based on Fig. 1 including utility-operated natural gas power plants (combined cycle units and combustion turbine units), PV units, Battery energy storage (e.g., Li-ion batteries, Vanadium Redox flow batteries, etc.), and H2 systems (including electrolyzers, compressors, storage tanks, and FC units) are considered. Different types of voltage-dependent loads are considered such as critical, moderately critical, and non-critical loads to resemble load types like hospitals, offices, grocery stores, etc. The goal of normal operation from grid operators' (utilities) perspective is to operate these assets to minimize the total operational and investment costs and maximize the green energy production for the power sector. Interested readers are encouraged to check [8] for more information.Simulation results for different case studies assume costs for the year 2050, and demonstrate that with considering H2 systems and Redox flow batteries, the net-zero emission energy production for electricity demand supply is achieved in high PV penetration levels while addressing the technical and physical network constraints.[1] “U.S. Energy Information Administration,” [Online].https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=77&t=11.[2] “International Energy Agency,” [Online].https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050.[3] L. J. Vimmerstedt, C. R. Augustine, P. C. Beiter, W. J. Cole, D. J. Feldman, P. Kurup, E. J. Lantz, R. M. Margolis, T. J. Stehly, C. S. Turchiet al., “2018annual technology baseline (atb),” National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States), Tech. Rep., 2018.[4] H. Haggi, W. Sun, J. M. Fenton, and P. Brooker, “Risk-averse cooperative operation of PV and hydrogen systems in active distribution networks, ”IEEE Systems Journal, 2021.[5] A. Kovaˇc, M. Paranos, and D. Marciuˇs, “Hydrogen in energy transition: A review,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021.[6] “Road Map to US Hydrogen Economy,” [Online].http://www.fchea.org/us-hydrogen-study.html.[7] M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing,” IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 101–102, 1989.[8] H. Haggi, W. Sun, J. M. Fenton, and P. Brooker, “Proactive scheduling of hydrogen systems for resilience enhancement of distribution networks,”2021IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference (KPEC), 2021. Figure 1

An effective network reconfiguration approach of radial distribution system for loss minimization and voltage profile improvement

Distribution system represents a crucial portion of power system as it is the connection between the bulk power transmission network and the customers connected at load point. Distribution networks are increasing in size and are spread too far. Low reactance to resistance ratio and large size of network leads to higher power losses in lines and low node voltage at customer end. High power losses reduce the efficiency and affect the economy. Therefore, in this paper an algorithm for reconfiguration of distribution system for loss reduction and voltage profile enhancement is proposed. The proposed reconfiguration approach has been applied to 16 bus radial distribution system (RDS).

Optimum Topology of Power Distribution Networks Using Sunflower Optimizer for Loss Reduction.(Dept.E)

The network reconfiguration can aid in loss reduction in distribution systems. A neoteric optimization method, Sunflower Optimizer (SFO), is suggested for addressing the reconfiguration of power distribution networks case. The main problem is to determine the network's optimal topology, which satisfies the objective function by considering the problem constraints. The fitness function is formulated to achieve the maximum percentage of active power loss decrease. To obtain the load flow solution, an efficient approach is applied called Backward/forward sweep. Besides, an improved graph theory is developed to address the configuration variations problem. The suggested optimization approach is executed on three power distribution networks: IEEE 33, 69, and 119 bus networks. The efficiency of the suggested SFO is verified by evaluating its operational characteristics. The obtained test results show that the percentage of active power loss reduction is maximized to 31%, 56%, and 33% for the IEEE 33, 69, and 119 bus networks, respectively. Finally, the introduced SFO approach's superiority is also confirmed by measuring its outcomes with other approaches..

Loss Reduction in Distribution System using Best Practices

This paper talks about the implementation of the best practices to reduce the losses related to Transmission and Distribution (T&D) system. Distribution system is one of the major areas where the distribution companies (DisComs) face huge losses, therefore, reduction of T&D losses may bring profit to the DisComs. In this work, various technical losses are identified and tackled accordingly. This paper also discusses the measures to be taken to reduce the losses and hence increase the overall efficiency of the network.

Comprehensive impact analysis of ambient temperature on multi-objective capacitor placements in a radial distribution system

Shunt capacitor banks (SCBs) are used in distribution systems for loss reduction, voltage stability improvement for the system nodes, and system capacity release. However, the size of these capacitors and their placement locations are design factors that have been considered as single or multi-objectives to derive maximum benefits from their installation. To find the optimal location and size of the SCBs, this study proposes the application of multi-objective salp swarm algorithms, considered at ambient temperature, in radial distribution systems. Additionally, a fuzzy-based mechanism has been utilized to identify the best-fit solution of three different objective functions. The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 15-bus and 33-bus radial distribution systems, as well as on real data taken from the Saudi Electricity Company. The results indicate improved effectiveness and higher capability of the proposed method.

On the effect of optimal size and location of D-STATCOM in loss reduction of distribution system

On the effect of optimal size and location of D-STATCOM in loss reduction of distribution system

Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique

Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.

Optimal Placement of DG Units for Loss Reduction in Distribution Systems Using One Rank Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Optimal Placement of DG Units for Loss Reduction in Distribution Systems Using One Rank Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Genetic Algorithm Based Feeder Reconfiguration and Control of Reactive Power for Loss Reduction

Power distribution network consists of a group of radial feeders which can be connected together by several tie-switches and tie-lines. The power loss reduction in the network is a major concern of electric distribution utilities. Among conventional methods, optimal reconfiguration and capacitor placement are two effective methods which can be applied on the network. In this paper a feeder reconfiguration algorithm is build and present for
 the purpose of power loss reduction in distribution systems. The methodology developed combine optimization technique. The network reconfiguration problem is formulated as single objective optimization problem with equality and inequality constraints. The proposed solution to this problem is based on a general combinatorial optimization algorithm known as genetic algorithm, and the load flow equations in distribution
 system. The GA optimizes the system-switching pattern for losses reduction. Decides the system topology, and considered taken the size and location of capacitor placement in the radial distribution networks. The two selection method used in genetic algorithm, first method roulette wheel
 selection and second method tournament selection. Tests show the different in execution time of the program to arrive the best fitness function.
 The proposed algorithm has been implemented in technical MATLAB package and tested for practical network (48-bus) which is taken from the distribution system of Palestine Street in Baghdad city. Tests show that GA is suitable algorithm as optimization technique, high accuracy, and avoid local minimum by searching in several regions to arrive to the global optimum solution. Thus, the outcome of the study shows an efficient technique to solve the problem of network reconfiguration for loss reduction in the distribution power system.

Optimal network reconfiguration in distribution system for loss reduction and voltage-profile improvement using hybrid algorithm of PSO and ACO

Optimal network reconfiguration in distribution system for loss reduction and voltage-profile improvement using hybrid algorithm of PSO and ACO

Ant Lion optimization algorithm for optimal sizing of renewable energy resources for loss reduction in distribution systems

This paper mainly focused on the impact of distributed generation (DG) placement on distribution system. The integration of DG is transforming the traditional radial distribution system into a multi-source system. Distributed generation is a term that refers to the production of electricity near the consumption place. The effects of distributed generation are short circuit levels are increased, load losses change, reliability change and voltage profiles change along the network. The above advantages can be accomplished by ideal position and sizing of DG units. The ideal positions are obtained from index vector method. Ant Lion Optimization (ALO), a novel meta heuristic algorithm is used to determine the optimal DG size. ALO is modeled based on the unique hunting behavior of ant lions. The ALO algorithm is evaluated on IEEE 15, 33, 69 and 85-bus test systems. ALO algorithm was compared with different types of DG units and other evolutionary algorithms. When compared with other algorithms the ALO algorithm gives better results. From the analysis best results have been achieved from type III DG operating at 0.9pf.

Whale optimization algorithm for optimal sizing of renewable resources for loss reduction in distribution systems

Distributed generator (DG) resources are small scale electric power generating plants that can provide power to homes, businesses or industrial facilities in distribution systems. Power loss reductions, voltage profile improvement and increasing reliability are some advantages of DG units. The above benefits can be achieved by optimal placement of DGs. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA), a novel metaheuristic algorithm, is used to determine the optimal DG size. WOA is modeled based on the unique hunting behavior of humpback whales. The WOA is evaluated on IEEE 15, 33, 69 and 85-bus test systems. WOA was compared with different types of DGs and other evolutionary algorithms. When compared with voltage sensitivity index method, WOA and index vector methods gives better results. From the analysis best results have been achieved from type III DG operating at 0.9 pf.

A backtracking evolutionary algorithm for power systems

This paper presents a backtracking variable scaling hybrid differential evolution, called backtracking VSHDE, for solving the optimal network reconfiguration problems for power loss reduction in distribution systems. The concepts of the backtracking, variable scaling factor, migrating, accelerated, and boundary control mechanism are embedded in the original differential evolution (DE) to form the backtracking VSHDE. The concepts of the backtracking and boundary control mechanism can increase the population diversity. And, according to the convergence property of the population, the scaling factor is adjusted based on the 1/5 success rule of the evolution strategies (ESs). A larger population size must be used in the evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to maintain the population diversity. To overcome this drawback, two operations, acceleration operation and migrating operation, are embedded into the proposed method. The feeder reconfiguration of distribution systems is modelled as an optimization problem which aims at achieving the minimum loss subject to voltage and current constraints. So, the proper system topology that reduces the power loss according to a load pattern is an important issue. Mathematically, the network reconfiguration system is a nonlinear programming problem with integer variables. One three-feeder network reconfiguration system from the literature is researched by the proposed backtracking VSHDE method and simulated annealing (SA). Numerical results show that the perfrmance of the proposed method outperformed the SA method.

Optimal Capacitors in Radial Distribution System for Loss Reduction and Voltage Enhancement

The work presented in this paper is carried out with the objective of identifying the optimal location and size (Kvar ratings) of shunt capacitors to be placed in radial distribution system, to have overall economy considering the saving due to energy loss minimization. To achieve this objective, a two stage methodology is adopted in this paper. In the first stage, the base case load flow of uncompensated distribution system is carried out. On the basis of base case load flow solution, Nominal voltage magnitudes and Loss Sensitivity Factors are calculated and the weak buses are selected for capacitor placement.In the second stage, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to identify the size of the capacitors to be placed at the selected buses for minimizing the power loss. The developed algorithm is tested for 10-bus, 34-bus and 85-bus Radial Distribution Systems. The results show that there has been an enhancement in voltage profile and reduction in power loss thus resulting in much annual saving.

Adaptive differential search algorithm for optimal location of distributed generation in the presence of SVC for power loss reduction in distribution system

Optimal location and sizing of multi type of distribution generations in a distribution system is of great importance for experts and industries to achieve the desired technical-economic objectives. This paper aims to develop a new planning strategy for modern power distribution system using a flexible variant based differential search (DS) algorithm named adaptive DS. The proposed algorithm investigated for solving the optimal location and sizing of multi distributed generation (DG). The total power losses have been optimized considering the cost component of DG for real power, and the cost of energy losses. The robustness of the proposed planning strategy was validated on a two practical test system, 33-Bus and 69 Bus at normal situation and considering specific loading margin stability. The results show the importance of installing the suitable size of DG at the suitable location in the presence of SVC compensators.