Loss Of Workforce Research Articles

Küresel kamusal bir mal olarak salgın hastalık krizleriyle mücadele küresel salgınların ekonomik etkileri

Public goods which have the features of nonrivalry in consumption and nonexcludability have positive externalaties spreading the large masses, and also cover negative externalaties (public bads) not to damage the environment, health and so on. Cross-border spillover effects of externalaties actually make the public goods convert to global public goods. In this sense, struggling the pandemics is a most crucial global public good which does not only impact human life but also prevents the collapse of national economies. Pandemics slow the pace of economic growth as well as increasing the loss of workforce. Governments employ a balance between the increase in spread of disease and mortality, and economic stability. This paper attempts to explain the whole story of the pandemics and their economic implications by giving examples from literature. Main finding resulted from the papers written on this issue is that pandemics exacerbate the national economies through different channels. Developed and developing countries should take the pandemics into account as a regressive power or obstacle in front of economic growth and stability of state budgets, strongly collaborate against pandemic as a naturel disaster, support their healthcare systems and be ready for these kinds of disasters.

ERGONOMIC CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT OF A BUS FACTORY


 Eventhough the production technology and capacity have been improved, manpower is indispensable. Coach production industry is one of the heavy industries. Production processes are mostly manpower in addition to automation and mechanization in these factories. Ergonomics is the one of the most important subject to increase the production efficiency and job security in heavy industry factories which use manpower heavily. Ergonomics is the field which aims to reduce the accidents and job related illnesses, anatomic problems in human body, psychological and physiological fatigue and minimize the workforce loss. Ergonomic statement evaluation is possible with providing ergonomic criteria such as anthrometric, environmental condition, and work place.
 
 In this study, some experimental studies are done in order to evaluate the ergonomical conditions in chassis frame production, cataphoresis, paint shop, assembly, and quality inspection processes. The experimental studies include static and dynamic anthrometric measurements on a choosen process and experimental subject workers. The environmental conditions namely, temperature, humudity, lightening, air quality, and noise level are periodicly meausured with proper measuring devices and these data are recorded. The results are used to make an inference with comparing literature. Furthermore, inconvenient results are studied in order to determine the relation with work accidents, work related illnesses and total efficiency parameters in the factory. This study is considered to be a guidance for the effects of ergonomical conditions on workplace safety and health, work accidents and occurences, and production efficiency.

The early diagnosis of fibromyalgia in irritable bowel syndrome patients

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder worldwide, but the diagnosis is often overlooked. This study aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics of IBS patients and the relationship between IBS and fibromyalgia. 202 patients with gastrointestinal system complaints who were admitted to Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Trainnig and Research Hospital, Family Medicine Clinic were included in the study. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Fibromyalgia was associated with IBS in 26.7% of the participants. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of fibromyalgia and use of medication due to IBS, change in stool frequency, generalized pain, frequent illness, headache, excessive stress cancer anxiety , workforce loss due to IBS symptoms and fibromyalgia (p < 0.05). The presence of generalized pain, among IBS symptoms, caused the most robust increase in the likelihood of fibromyalgia (80%). The symptoms which were increasing the possibility of fibromyalgia were mostly generalized pain, high WHOQOL total score, family history of cancer, and loss of workforce at admission. IBS is a condition that affects the daily life quality of individuals and is often a condition that can be confused or associated with other diseases. Primary care physicians should approach patients holistically, especially in patients with generalized pain, family history of cancer, loss of workforce at admission, and more careful about fibromyalgia in patients with high WHOQOL total score. This awareness will increase the chances of early diagnosis and treatment of patients and will provide less cost but more effective treatment.

Трудова міграція в Закарпатті (на основі опитування студентів)

The article is devoted to the research and analysis of the migratory moods of students of higher education institutions during studies as an important factor of their life prospects. In recent years, Central and Eastern Europe has been experiencing particularly acute problem of labor migration processes that are going in one direction. Young working population is leaving the country and is not coming back. It should be noted that such a vector of economic migration is always directed from the periphery towards the center, and from developing to more economically developed countries. At present, there is an intensification of migration processes in the world, and these processes increasingly involve the population with high level of human capital (people with university and post-university education). In the scientific literature, this process is referred to as "elite migration" and implies mass migration of highly skilled professionals, which is associated with an increase in the role of multinational corporations and, consequently, a decrease in the role of the national economy in the global economy.Countries that are interested in "brain gain" and know their economic cost are pursuing an active and purposeful migration policy to attract highly qualified specialists from developing countries. The purpose of the article is to carry of the migratory moods of higher education institutions in Central and Eastern Europe as an important factor of their life prospects. Because of the special political, social and economic situation in Ukraine caused by the conflicts in the Eastern regions of the country and the economic crisis the study puts more emphasis on Ukraine. According to expert estimates, migration of individuals with high level of social capital is determined not only by social and economic problems that are characteristic of countries in a transitional economy, but also by political and sometimes cultural factors. Often, the migration of the social elite is a response to the systemic crisis that these countries are experiencing in the process of democratic formation. Facade democratic regime, the general inefficiency of the economy, the decline in the level of culture and education in society, as well as the lack of clear prospects, all become push-factors that determine the departure of such individuals. We characterized the migratory moods in the context of possible emigration, identified and compared the prerequisites and motives of the students‟ paid and volunteer work, as well as found the connection between the students' field of study and their type of work. Based on the results of the research, we can state that the respondents' professional plans are directed towards external labor migration, which will negatively affect the economic development of the regions due to the loss of promising workforce.

EVALUATION OF CHALLENGES IN SOFA MANUFACTURING BY THE BAUA METHOD

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ülkemizdeki mobilya imalatında çalışanların yatay ve dikey olarak parça taşımaları esnasında karşılaştıkları zorlanmaları araştırmak ve çalışanlar üzerindeki etkilerine dikkat çekmektir. Zorlanma sınır değerlerinin ölçümü için mevcut yöntemler araştırılmış, Federal Almanya İş Güvenliği ve İş Hekimliği Kurumu (BAUA)’nun geliştirmiş olduğu yöntem seçilmiş ve kas iskelet sistemindeki zorlanmalar için hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Mobilya sektöründe üretim, makine parkı ve insan gücüne dayanmaktadır. Mobilya sektöründe insan gücü kullanımı parça taşımanın yanı sıra makineye parça verme, makineden parça alma, kaldırma ve indirme işlemlerini kapsamaktadır. Bu süreçteki taşıma ve kaldırma işlerinin ergonomik koşullara uygunsuzluğu iş kazalarına ve meslek hastalıklarına yol açmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak işletmede iş gücü kaybı yaşanmakta, üretim aksamakta ve işletme açısından maliyetler artmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları ile, mobilya üreten işletmelerde, iş kazalarının ve meslek hastalıklarının engellenebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu şekilde mobilya üretim tesislerinin çalışma standardının yükselmesi ve verimliliğin artırılması sağlanabilir.

Learning or leaving? An international qualitative study of factors affecting the resilience of female family doctors.

​BackgroundMany countries have insufficient numbers of family doctors, and more females than males leave the workforce at a younger age or have difficulty sustaining careers. Understanding the differing attitudes, pressures, and perceptions between genders toward their medical occupation is important to minimise workforce attrition.​AimTo explore factors influencing the resilience of female family doctors during lifecycle transitions.​Design & settingInternational qualitative study with female family doctors from all world regions.​MethodTwenty semi-structured online Skype interviews, followed by three focus groups to develop recommendations. Data were transcribed and analysed using applied framework analysis.​ResultsInterview participants described a complex interface between competing demands, expectations of their gender, and internalised expectations of themselves. Systemic barriers, such as lack of flexible working, excessive workload, and the cumulative impacts of unrealistic expectations impaired the ability to fully contribute in the workplace. At the individual level, resilience related to: the ability to make choices; previous experiences that had encouraged self-confidence; effective engagement to obtain support; and the ability to handle negative experiences. External support, such as strong personal networks, and an adaptive work setting and organisation or system maximised interviewees’ professional contributions.​ConclusionOn an international scale, female family doctors experience similar pressures from competing demands during lifecycle transitions; some of which relate to expectations of the female's ’role’ in society, particularly around the additional personal pressures of caring commitments. Such situations could be predicted, planned for, and mitigated with explicit support mechanisms and availability of workplace choices. Healthcare organisations and systems around the world should recognise this need and implement recommendations to help reduce workforce losses. These findings are likely to be of interest to all health professional staff of any gender.

A morphometric evaluation of the humerus in relation to shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundThe shoulder prosthesis design resulted in significant reductions in loss of work force and mortality if industries manufacturing prostheses design and manufacture prostheses according to the morphometric data of the population of their own country.ObjectivesThis morphometric evaluation was proposed to find a correspondence of the anthropometric parameters measured at the proximal and distal humeral parts of humerus.Materials and MethodsThe claims of this study were appraised on radiographs of dry bones. In this study, (20) dry bones available in the anatomy museum of the department of human anatomy/College of medicine/ Al-Nahrain University were used. The parameters measured on the X-ray of dry bones at the proximal and the distal parts of humerus were statistically compared and evaluated.ResultsSignificant and high significant correlations found for the parameters provide regression equations for them; these equations allow extraction of missing limit from an available one. Accordingly, statistical regression equations has been concluded for the parameters of the proximal part of the x-ray of dry bone from the values obtained from comparable parameter of the distal part of the x-ray of dry bone.ConclusionsThe statistical evaluation upraised the theory of "recapitulation" and introducing a scheme for mathematic reprocessing of approximate estimation for the proper choice of humeral head arthroplasty depending on plain X-imaging to the proximal and distal part of the humerus.

РОЗВИТОК МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ЗМІН СУЧАСНИХ ДЕМОГРАФІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

The article is devoted to research for interaction in labor productivity level and demographic processes in Ukraine. It considers the essence in concept of productivity management. It emphasizes the significance of purpose oriented improvement in productivity to provide with the successful operation of national companies and stable development of the country. It grounds the choice for parameters of assessment for current level in labor productivity at different economical levels. It studies the modern situation and dynamics in labor productivity all over the world. It defines the place of Ukraine due to labor productivity labor among the countries all over the world. We performed the correlative comparison for change in labor productivity in Ukraine for recent decades with different countries. The paper mentions that the demographic situation in the state performs the significant impact on productivity level not only in the country but in some companies. The substantiated reasonability for detailed analysis of threats to demographic processes, directed to slow down the rates in labor productivity increment in Ukraine that will allow significantly increasing the efficiency of actions, being elaborated. We defined the main components of demographic factor that slow down the increase in labor productivity. It emphasizes that the national economics faces the problems on work force loss as a result from demographic crisis in general and high skilled emigrants in particular. Let’s pay attention to the absence of uniform system for collection of data about labor migration in Ukraine. It was found out that the population aging in the country influences on labor productivity level not only at macro level but in some companies. It was proved that the demographic processes within the long term perspective will restrain the increase in labor productivity level and, accordingly, the competitiveness of national companies. Let’s pay your attention that no clear guidelines for labor productivity management have been designed in Ukraine until now, as well as for establishment of favorable conditions for its improvement, stoppage of demographic crisis. It grounds the necessity for national companies to develop the actions to improve the labor productivity, taking into consideration the modern tendencies in demographic process, based on the best staff technologies and advanced experience of national and foreign companies.

Leptospirosis onboard afloat unit: Case report of an underreported infectious disease

Rat-borne diseases including leptospirosis have been of historical importance in the military. With the risk of human–rat encounters onboard ships and vessels, encountering such an illness at sea is not rare for a primary care physician. Thus, it becomes important for those at the front, to be aware of its presentation and management. Leptospirosis must always be considered as a differential diagnosis of febrile patients, in an environment with positive risk factors. We present the case of a 30-year-old sailor managed and evacuated at sea, who presented with fever and abdominal pain. Our patient was found to have hypotension with oliguria and was administered fluid resuscitation along with broad-spectrum antibiotics while at sea, with a provisional diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis and differential diagnosis of leptospirosis. He was evacuated to a tertiary care center where he was evaluated and managed as anicteric leptospirosis. Our patient had an uneventful recovery. It is essential for primary health-care workers to have a high level of suspicion, to ensure the successful management of such atypical infections. Earliest initiation of empirical antibiotic therapy and symptomatic management along with fastest means of evacuation is suggested to ensure best outcome. The availability of rapid diagnostic tests at primary care centers is a must, to ensure early diagnosis and treatment. Although curable, prevention by rodent control and hygiene maintenance continues to be the most effective and economical methods to minimize the loss of workforce, morbidity, and mortality due to leptospirosis.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE PATTERN OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF NECK INJURIES IN CASES UNDERGONE AUTOPSY

It is learnt from literature that neck injuries are encountered with different manner (suicide, homicide, accident). Sometimes homicidal neck injuries are pleaded or disguised as suicide e.g. murdered victims placed on railway track and even accidental neck injuries are disguised as homicidal to bring false charge of offence on enemies. Meticulous examination of neck injuries can give clues to settle these challenges (Suicidal, homicidal or accidental). Over all, suicide is the major cause of neck injury because of social, economic, work pressure, love failure; failure in exams, unemployment, marital disharmony and depression etc. Accidental deaths are an unplanned event occurring suddenly unexpectedly as unforeseen circumstance. The exponentially increasing number of automobile vehicles, poor adherence to traffic rules and regulations, abuse of alcohol and drug are the cause of accidents. Accidents tragically are not often due to ignorance, but are also due to carelessness, thoughtlessness and due to over confidence. Incidence of road traffic accidents has been increasing at the alarming rate throughout the world. Hence based on these reported data the present study was planned for the clinical evaluation of the pattern of different types of neck injuries in cases undergone autopsy.&#x0D; The present study was planned in Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr. Panjabrao Alias Bhausaheb Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Shivaji Nagar, Amravati. Total 50 cases of the neck injuries undergone autopsy were evaluated in the present study.&#x0D; The data generated from the present study concludes that Neck injuries constitute a potential factor in increasing the amount of morbidity and mortality; therefore proper attention should be paid towards their accurate diagnosis and satisfactory management. Death in young due to neck injuries causes heavy loss of valuable work force and human resources.&#x0D; Keywords: Manner, Agents and Cause of death, Neck, etc.

Development of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease and becomes one of the major causes of disability and work force loss. The presence of abnormal B cell and autoantibodies produced by most RA patients, primarily ACPA and RF, indicate that the function of B cell was involved in the development of RA disease. Accordingly, the drug targeting B cell has become a hot spot in the treatment of RA. Studies have shown that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is involved in the regulation of B cell proliferation and activation process. Some small molecule BTK inhibitors have shown excellent inhibition in biological activity analysis and animal models. Therefore, this review will briefly introduce BTK and its role in cell signaling and overview recent progress of BTK inhibitors for RA treatment.

Living with Burden of Migraine: The Analysis of "My Migraine Voice" Survey Results in Turkey.

Migraine is a common, chronic neurologic disease which causes serious social and economical disability at both the individual and the community level. The aim of this study was to interpret the data for Turkey from "My Migraine Voice," an online survey of individuals suffering from frequent migraine attacks (≥4 days/month with migraine headaches) who had not benefited from existing prophylactic therapies, conducted in 31 countries to investigate the burden of migraine for the individual and the society. Based on a set of predetermined criteria (90% of the patients must have used prophylactic therapy, and 80% of them must have needed to change therapy), patients who had ≥ 4 days in a month with migraine headache in the past 3 months were asked to take an online survey of 88 questions. The study included questions aimed at determining the burden of disease during not only the headache phase, but also the prodrome and postdrome phases, as well as a questionnaire for determining the Reduction of Overall Activity and Productivity at Work ((WPAI: GH). A total of 237 patients from Turkey were included in the study. 62% of the patients stated that they were severely or very severely disabled in their daily activities during the headache phase of migraine, and 31% and 34% of the patients reported that they were disabled during the prodrome and postdrome phases, respectively. 28% of the patients stated they had been receiving prophylactic therapy for more than 2 years, and only 84% of these patients reported complete or partial satisfaction with their current therapies. This value was as low as ~70% in patients in whom 2 or more previous drug treatments or therapies had failed. Actively-working patients reported that they had lost 21% of their time at work due to migraine, and the overall loss of workforce was 67%. This study showed that migraine can cause disability in an individual's private and professional lives during every stage of migraine, including the prodrome and postdrome phases. This finding will be important for designing future treatments aimed at enhancing the quality of life and productivity of patients who cannot adequately benefit from existing therapies.

The effect of pregabalin treatment on balance and gait in patients with chronic low back pain: a retrospective observational study

Background: Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal problem, and is a major cause of loss of workforce. Chronic low back pain associated with radiculopathy often includes nociceptive and neuropathic components. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first choice for the nociceptive component, pregabalin is preferred as the neuropathic component.Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 48 patients (26 women, 22 men) who had chronic low back pain associated with radiculopathy. A follow-up chart was used to collect data from February 2017 to November 2017. The patients characteristics (age, gender, initial daily dose of pregabalin), neuropathic pain (DN4 scale; Douleur Neuropathique, 4 questions), and balance and gait (Tinetti Balance and Gait Test) were assessed.Results: The DN4 scores in the fourth (p < .001) and 12th (p < .001) weeks were significantly lower in patients. The Tinetti total test scores (23.2 ± 3.9) in the first (p > .001) week were significantly lower. There was no significant difference between the Tinetti test scores (balance, gait, and total scores) at baseline and in the 12th week (p > .001).Conclusion: Pregabalin is effective on neuropathic pain and may have adverse effects on balance at initial doses and dose increments. Tolerance develops to these effects at maintenance doses.

Evaluation of the Demographic Features of Eye Loss in Turkey.

Objectives:To investigate the causes of eye loss in different age groups and the distribution of age and sex among these patients.Methods:The medical records of 816 patients (504 men, 312 women) with eye loss due to different etiologies were evaluated retrospectively for this study. Patients were divided into four age groups (preschool, school, adolescence and adulthood) and causes of eye loss were grouped as follows: trauma, postoperative and other causes (infection, tumor, congenital diseases). Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to compare the causes of eye loss with age sex and the affected side of the patients.Results:The mean age was 12.6±13.6 (range, 0-76) years. There were 317 patients (38.8%) in group 1, 214 patients (26.2%) in group 2, 107 patients (13.1%) in group 3, and 178 patients (21.8%) in group 4). The most frequent etiologic factor of eye loss among all the patients and individually in each group was trauma (p<0.001). The percentage of trauma tended to increase by age until the age of 20 years. After that, the predominance of other causes of eye loss increased. Fortunately, the overall number of patients with eye loss tended to decrease by age. Traumatic etiologies were more frequently seen in male (68%) population, whereas other causes (infection, tumor and natal diseases) of eye loss were seen more in the female population (57.7%) (p<0.001).Conclusion:The young adult males are more prone to work-related accidents resulting in eye loss. Thus, the preventive measures are very important to reduce the traumatic eye injuries leading to workforce loss.

Evaluation of the Correlation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electrodiagnostic Findings in Chronic Low Backache Patients.

Background:Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common medical complaints and leading cause of workforce loss in many countries. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly sensitive method for the detection of lesions in the spine because of its excellent imaging of anatomical detail. However, MRI does not provide information about physiological nerve function and has relatively low specificity. Electrodiagnostic (EDX) study, including needle electromyography (EMG), is a specific test to assess the physiological functions of nerve roots or peripheral nerves. The aim of the present study was to correlate the electrophysiological and MRI findings in chronic low backache patients.Materials and Methods:Fifty patients (26 males and 24 females) with mean age 33.54 ± 8.33 years with a history of LBP of minimum 3 consecutive months were evaluated with MRI and EDX (bilateral nerve conduction study of three nerves [tibial, peroneal, and sural nerve] and bilateral EMG of three muscles [paraspinal, tibialis anterior, vastus medialis]) studies.Results:Twenty-seven patients showed disc involvement on MRI and 23 MRI were normal. Mean conduction velocity was mildly decreased in tibial and sural nerves in all the patients either with normal MRI or disc involvement on MRI. In disc involvement conduction velocity, decrease was more as compared to normal MRI. About 39% patients with normal MRI and 78% patients with disc involvement showed abnormal EMG. This data represented statistically significant association of EDX study with MRI (P < 0.05).Conclusions:In patients with LBP, EDX studies are significantly more correlated with clinical data than MRI. Therefore, EMG may be a useful diagnostic tool to establish management protocols and prevent unnecessary interventions. EDX gives a better representation of physiological status of nerve and muscle, a supra added benefit which MRI lacks. However, MRI gives better visualization of anatomic parameters and structural details which may or may not be associated with chronic LBP.

A Scoring System to Demonstrate the Risk for Bone Injury in Patients with Clinically Suspected or Occult Scaphoid Fracture.

Background:It is important to diagnose a scaphoid fracture accurately and start the correct treatment in the shortest time possible. However, the fracture of bone may not be visible on x-ray. In such cases, patients are clinically diagnosed with suspected or occult scaphoid fractures. The aim of this study was to define a scoring system based on physical examination to demonstrate the risk for bone injury in patients with clinically suspected and occult scaphoid fractures with negative radiographs and anatomical snuff box tenderness and to decrease the costs and workforce loss due to unnecessary treatment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and Methods:Patients were initially evaluated by the attendant orthopedic physician in the emergency service with X-ray of the wrist, and ten wrist physical examination techniques were used. The X-rays of patients were evaluated by three orthopedic surgeons. Finally sixty patients, who were diagnosed as having no fracture by all three orthopedic surgeon, were included in the study. The wrists of these patients were evaluated with MRI.Results:There were 46 male (77%) and 14 female (23%) patients with a mean age of 21.5 years (range 7–61 years). About 3.3% had triquetrum fracture, 15% had bone edema in the scaphoid and radius, 18.3% had distal radius fracture, 31.6% had scaphoid fracture, and 31.8% had no bone injury. A scoring system was also proposed. It can be predicted that in the physical examination of the wrist if the total score is higher than 6.5, the probability of fracture is 2.87 (positive likelihood ratio) fold compared to scores below 6.5.Conclusions:Proposal of this new scoring system was thought to be useful for predicting the risk for bone injury in patients with clinically suspected scaphoid fractures and making decision regarding therapeutic options.

Beliefs, attitudes, and activities of healthcare personnel about influenza and pneumococcal vaccines

ABSTRACTObjectives: Vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) is an effective measure for preventing the spread of influenza among at-risk patients. This study was conducted to determine influenza vaccination rates and activities among HCP working at a tertiary healthcare setting. Methods: This study included 470 HCP (85 physicians, 134 nurses, 53 healthcare assistants, 44 paramedics, 47 medical secretaries, and 107 auxillary staff members) working at the emergency, cardiology, chest diseases, and internal medicine departments with the largest volume of patients with vaccination indication of two large university hospitals with similar medical practices and work environment. Each participant completed an anonymous questionnaire form. Results: A total of 470 HCP participated in the survey. The compliance rate of the HCP to participate in the survey was 93.6%. Of these, 26.7% had been vaccinated against influenza. Vaccination in the survey year was significantly associated with having regular influenza vaccinations (OR 48.66; 95% CI:[25.09-94.369]; P<.01); having an educational level of college or higher (OR 2.07; 95% CI:[1.03-4.15]; P<.05); being a physician (OR 4.25; 95% CI:[1.28-14.07]; P< .05); and a professional experience of more than 5 years (OR 2.02; 95%CI:[1.13-5.62]; P< .05). Physicians recommended and prescribed the influenza vaccine significantly more frequently than the pneumococcal vaccine (37.6% vs 30.6%, P = .03, 25.9% vs 17.6%, P = .001, respectively). Among all HCP, the reasons for vaccination included having the opinion that the vaccine provides a partial protection against the infection (75.2%), reduces work force loss (48.8%), reduces the rates of death and severe conditions like pneumonia (43.2%), and reduces hospitalization (40.8%). The HCP had been vaccinated to protect family members (81.6%), people around (51.2%), herself/himself (47.2%), and patients (28%) fom infection. The reasons of not getting vaccinated against influenza among HCP included fear of vaccine's adverse effects (31.0%), doubts about its efficacy (28.9%) and safety (22.3%), and lack of adequate knowledge about vaccination (16.2%). Conclusion: Our results indicated that influenza vaccination rates are low in our whole HCP sample, with physicians having a slightly better rate than other HCP. Getting regularly vaccinated, having an educational level of college or higher, being a physician, and having a professional experience of more than 5 years positively affects the rate of future vaccinations. Physicians significantly more commonly recommended and prescribed the influenza vaccine than the pneumococcal vaccine. The most important reasons for getting vaccinated included having the opinion that the vaccine provided partial protection and intending to protect family members from infection. In our whole HCP sample, the reasons of not getting vaccinated against influenza included fear of vaccine's adverse effects and doubts about its efficacy and safety. Training meetings should be held for HCPs to underscore the importance of the influenza vaccine for protection of patients against the influenza.

MATURATION PYRAMID OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Occupational Health and Safety System (OHS) is important for governments, employers and workers. Recently, OHS program has developed day by day and tried to secure working environment. For this purpose, it is necessary that the written job security rules in the workplace should be internalized by employees, and employers, and government system. Workers can comply from the top to the bottom of organization and contribute to development of rules through their own personal knowledge, experience, and in-house training. In addition, they are complying with job security rules without requiring an audit, which is thus called as an occupational safety culture. Many employees are affected by accident and their health is deteriorated year by year, which inevitably leads to loss of work force thus countries suffering from economic and social damages. Moreover, OHS is not only enough for improving security culture but also requires collateral training and maturation processes. The purpose of OHS activity is to reduce job accidents that declines rate of work harm, economic loss and social problems in the government. Furthermore, occupational safety researches are associated with engineering techniques, in particular. To add, it includes human social and dependent sciences. Maturation and evolution in companies and countries are included in this concept. T he present study emphasizes the new model as an approach to fatalism, formalism, prescriptivism, internalization, participation, and awareness.

Dyslipidemia and obesity management; lifestyle modification: an Indian perspective

In India, obesity is an emerging health problem, along with its co morbidities. This is due to change in life style and dietary patterns of people in developing world. In India, there is rapid rise in number of deaths due to CVD and its prevalence in society is at an alarming rise. Around half of these deaths are of the people in there productive years leading to loss of productive workforce. This has occurred not only due to reduction in physical activity but also due to increased intake of saturated fats and decreased intake of staple foods. There is a rapid increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels while HDL levels are low. This can be curbed at an early stage by changes in lifestyle and diet. Though various diets have been advised and are being used in western individuals but it is a less looked upon topic in Indians, so in this article we try to look upon physical activity guidelines and dietary patterns advised for Indian population.

Hair Transplantation in Migraine Headache Patients.

Background:Migraine headache is a primary neurologic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. As a consequence, quality of life is diminished, productivity suffers (through loss of work force), and treatment costs are substantial. The occurrence rate in the general population is quite high, with women accounting for 3 of every 4 cases.Methods:Between January 2011 and May 2012, a total of 221 patients received hair transplants. Another 590 patients underwent hair transplantation between June 2012 and December 2016. Initially (first interval), patients were not questioned on migraine headaches in preoperative visits, but questioning was regularly done thereafter. Overall, 150 patients given transplants in the first period were surveyed by phone regarding preoperative migraine headaches. Aside from the 1 incidental discovery, no other instances of migraine emerged. Headache origins were occipital-frontal in 2 patients, occipital-temporal in 2 patients, and occipital-temporal-frontal in the 2 others. Donor/receiver areas in hair transplantation and migraine trigger zones shared locations. Headache frequencies ranged from 4 to 8 days per month (average, 6 days), and pain scores were 5–8 (10 being highest). Duration of pain was 3–5 hours (average, 4 hours). All six patients had used various medications, such as triptans, ergot, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, before hair transplantation. The 1 female patient was a 32-year-old seeking treatment for alopecia, with a 6-year history of migraine headaches. The male patients presenting with androgenetic alopecia (grade 4–5 by Norwood classification) had 6- to 20-year migrainous histories.Results:After hair transplantation, each migraine sufferer was checked once in the first month and then once every 3 months. Those who could not appear in person after the first year were evaluated by phone every 3 months. Migraine headaches had ceased in all 6 patients, none of whom used medical treatments for migraines thereafter. The postoperative improvement each patient experienced was dramatic (P < 0.001). Overall, the mean intensity of headaches declined from 6.6 ± 1.47 to 0, on an analog scale of 1–10 (P < 0.001); and mean headache frequency was reduced from 5.83 ± 1.03/month to 0/month (P < 0.001). Likewise, the migraine pain index fell from a mean of 149.33 ± 19.21/month to mean of 0/month (P < 0.001).Conclusions:This report details 6 patients who experienced abatement of migraine headache symptoms following hair transplantation. The positive effects of hair transplantation on migraine headache and potential mechanisms of action are also discussed.