Loss Of Movement Research Articles

Gubici pripadnika partizanskog pokreta iz zapadnog dela okupirane Srbije u ustanku 1941. godine

The geostatistical analysis of the losses of members of the partisan movement from the western parts of Serbia, who died in the uprising of 1941, was made on the basis of the partially revised census of "Victims of the War 1941-1945" from 1964. Dissatisfaction with the new situation, nonacceptance of the occupation, pronounced libertarian tradition manifested by a strong desire for freedom, geographical characteristics of the terrain suitable for guerrilla warfare, with propaganda and organizational work of the Communist Party on the ground, led to a nationwide uprising. Since the beginning of its existence and activities, the partisan movement in the western parts of Serbia has emerged as the best organized and the most militant part of the entire partisan movement in Serbia. The losses suffered in the uprising by members of the partisan movement from the region of Northwestern and parts of Western Serbia stood out from the beginning of the fighting in relation to the suffering of comrades from other parts of the occupied territory. There were differences in suffered losses within these two regions, as well as with other regions of occupied Serbia. Half of the losses of the partisan movement suffered in the uprising came from this part of the occupied territory (51.37%). Considering that 18.83% of the population lived in them, their loss was really 4.57 times higher than the loss of comrades from the other eight regions. Although these two regions had an almost equal share in losses, the real suffering of the partisans from a part of Western Serbia, given the population, was 1.75 times greater than the loss of their comrades from the region of Northwestern Serbia. The steady growth of the partisan losses from these two regions culminated in November when a third of the total losses suffered in 1941 was lost. Dominant in the movement's losses since its establishment, partisans from Northwestern and parts of Western Serbia accounted for three-fifths of the total number of partisans killed in occupied Serbia during September and November 1941 (57.19% and 55.12%, respectively). A quarter of all partisans killed in the region of Western Serbia (26.84%) lost their lives during 1941, which was 3.93 times more than the average loss in occupied Serbia that year. The total losses of the partisans of occupied Serbia who suffered in the uprising, given the periods of the existence and activities of the movement in them (six versus twelve months), were realistically 2.72 times higher than in the following year, but in the regions of Northwestern and Western Serbia they were 4.28 and 5.42 times higher, respectively. The uprising against the occupation, the establishment of a free territory, whose core was in the western parts of occupied Serbia, the struggle for its preservation, and also the struggle in the civil, revolutionary and ideological war with the monarchist movement, led to great losses of the partisan movement from this occupied territory. The scale of the suffering of the partisans from the Northwest and parts of Western Serbia clearly shows that these two regions suffered disproportionately greater losses in the fighting during the uprising and the initial phase of the civil war than their comrades from other parts of the occupied territory. The losses suffered in 1941 affected the weakening of the partisan movement in the next two years, but not to such an extent that it completely disappeared from this territory. During 1944, the partisan movement in these parts of occupied Serbia completely recovered, reorganized and strengthened, and became a significant part of the army that liberated Yugoslavia. Following the idea of freedom and the fighting path of the comrades from 1941, the movement emerged victorious from the war.

Automated Assessment of Loss of Consciousness Using Whisker And Paw Movements During Anesthetic Dosing in Head-Fixed Rodents.

The precise identification of loss of consciousness (LOC) is key to studying the effects of anesthetic drugs in neural systems. The standard behavioral assay for identifying LOC in rodents is the Loss of Righting Reflex (LORR), assessed by placing the animal in the supine position every minute until it fails to right itself. However, this assay cannot be used when the rodents are head-fixed, which limits the use of powerful techniques such as multi-electrode recordings, in vivo patch clamp, and neuronal imaging. In these situations, an alternative way to assess LOC is needed. We propose that loss of movement (LOM) in whiskers and paws of head-fixed animals can be used as an alternative behavioral assay in head-fixed animals. Unlike LORR, LOM in whiskers and paws is much harder to detect by visual inspection. Therefore, we developed a method to automatically assess for LOM of whiskers and paws in head fixed rodents during in vivo patch clamp recordings. Our method uses an algorithm based on optical flow and point-process filtering which can be run on images acquired on regular cameras at low frame-rates. We show that the algorithm can achieve at least comparable accuracy in detecting LOC when compared with consensus among human observers, as well as improved precision when compared with individual observers. In the future, we aim to to expand the method to detect more behavioral end-points during anesthesia such as paradoxical excitation. Eventually, we hope to enable multi-modal anesthesia studies, which incorporates behavioral and neurophysiological data.

Sevoflurane Induces Coherent Slow-Delta Oscillations in Rats.

Although general anesthetics are routinely administered to surgical patients to induce loss of consciousness, the mechanisms underlying anesthetic-induced unconsciousness are not fully understood. In rats, we characterized changes in the extradural EEG and intracranial local field potentials (LFPs) within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), parietal cortex (PC), and central thalamus (CT) in response to progressively higher doses of the inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane. During induction with a low dose of sevoflurane, beta/low gamma (12–40 Hz) power increased in the frontal EEG and PFC, PC and CT LFPs, and PFC–CT and PFC–PFC LFP beta/low gamma coherence increased. Loss of movement (LOM) coincided with an abrupt decrease in beta/low gamma PFC–CT LFP coherence. Following LOM, cortically coherent slow-delta (0.1–4 Hz) oscillations were observed in the frontal EEG and PFC, PC and CT LFPs. At higher doses of sevoflurane sufficient to induce loss of the righting reflex, coherent slow-delta oscillations were dominant in the frontal EEG and PFC, PC and CT LFPs. Dynamics similar to those observed during induction were observed as animals emerged from sevoflurane anesthesia. We conclude that the rat is a useful animal model for sevoflurane-induced EEG oscillations in humans, and that coherent slow-delta oscillations are a correlate of sevoflurane-induced behavioral arrest and loss of righting in rats.