Mean Loss Research Articles

Good Enough Care of Israeli Therapists Following the October 7 Attack

Objective. The aim of this study is to reflect the particular experience of therapists striving to assist and establish meaning for their patients, as well as for themselves and their own families, in the wake of the horror and atrocities of Hamas terrorist attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, and during the ensuing war. Method. This qualitative study analyzes the responses of 201 Israeli therapists three weeks following the massacre. The therapists were asked to share their experiences in light of their recent interventions. Results. The findings reveal six core categories that emerged from the questionnaires:(1) Powerlessness and guilt versus competence and a sense of mission; (2) Compassion fatigue versus compassion satisfaction; (3) Loss of meaning and shattered core beliefs versus a search for meaning and resilience; (4) The “falling wall” and emotional contagion versus feelings of unity and community; (5) Emotional flooding versus self-compassion and self-care; and (6) Horror of the evil that accompanied the massacre versus the search for the good and kindness. We found these categories to parallel three theoretical concepts relating to caregivers and caring in general: compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and self-compassion. Conclusions. The results are interpreted leaning on the inclusive theoretical concepts “Good enough caring” and a “Good enough self-care.” The findings and conceptualization can contribute to the theoretical knowledge associated with shared trauma and to a new perspective on interventions and supervision aimed at helping therapists to cope with shared trauma.

Community-level responses and environmental fate of metformin in freshwater mesocosms.

The type 2 diabetes drug metformin is among the most frequently prescribed, dispensed, and consumed pharmaceuticals worldwide; and its heavy use and poor breakdown means it is consequently detected in various wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface waters. The resulting environmental concentrations of metformin can have adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. An 8-week in-lake mesocosm experiment was conducted in a freshwater boreal lake at the IISD-Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada) to determine the environmental fate and effects of metformin. Mesocosms were assigned to nominal concentrations of 0, 5, or 50 μg L-1 metformin, in replicates of four. Biotic communities (i.e. microbial, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrate) were assessed and complementary Lemna gibba and Daphnia magna bioassays were conducted in the laboratory. Metformin was extremely stable during the 8-week experiment, with mean measured concentrations of 0.00, 5.42, and 42.79 μg L-1 in mesocosm surface waters for the 0, 5, and 50 μg L-1 treatments, respectively. While trace amounts of metformin were detected in mesocosm sediments, the compound was primarily found in the water column. After over 1 year following metformin additions, the mean loss of metformin from surface water was 94.0 % and 91.0 % for the 5 and 50 μg L-1 treatment groups, respectively. No adverse effects of metformin treatment on the diversity, abundance, or biomass of microbial, phytoplankton, zooplankton, or benthic macroinvertebrate communities were found. Additionally, no survival or reproductive effects were observed in the 21-d Daphnia magna bioassays and no significant effects were observed in the 7-d Lemna gibba growth assays. No substantial metformin transformation to guanylurea was observed in mesocosm surface waters or sediments, likely due to a lack of bacterial degradation occurring within mesocosms relative to WWTPs.

Compensation as a Means of Proper Names Adaptation to Preserve a Humorous Effect Using the Example of Russian and English Translations of Comics about the Adventures of Asterix

Introduction. The article considers the adaptation of proper names in English and Russian translations of French comics about Asterix. The series of comics is entertaining and relies mainly on non-verbal humor and verbal humor, come out in the symbolism of names. The relevance of the study is associated with the growing number of content in which proper names and the meaning invested in them by the authors are symbolic. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how compensation helps to preserve or, if preservation is impossible, having a different meaning, to convey the effect in a proper name so that the translation fits harmoniously into the text. Methodology and sources. The main research methods are semantic analysis by means of which the semantic content of the name in the original langauage is detrmined, and the comparative method, with the help of which the common properties and differences of proper names in the original and translations are identified, and how compensation helps to compensate for the loss of meaning, if it occurs. The empirical basis of the study was five issues of comics about the adventures of Asterix and their translations into Russian and English. Results and discussion. The most significant examples of proper names are examined in details, which includes: firstly, the linguistic techniques used by the authors of the original texts, and secondly, the decisions made by the translators, which depends both on the nature of the target language (English and Russian) and on the relationships between the image and text. The overwhelming majority of proper names have undergone semantic transformation, due to the impossibility of conveying the semantic content of the name using TL. Transformations were made either with an emphasis on the visual component or the personal qualities of the character. Conclusion. In the comics about Asterix, proper names play a important role, emphasizing the uniqueness of the works and their humorous tone. Considering the large number of comics, the analysis of these categories of language cannot be called comprehensive, but we can highlight the general principle according to which the adaptation took place. Thanks to compensation, the translators managed to maintain this tone, using it when transferring names.

Spirituality, Spiritual Distress and Experiences of Joy, Meaning and Growth Among Parkinson's Disease Caregivers in the United States.

Caregiving challenges of Parkinson's disease can result in loss of faith, meaning, and spiritual distress. The purpose of this study is to describe Parkinson's disease caregivers' perceptions and experiences related to spiritual distress, sources of spiritual and religious support, acts, and experiences of growth, and finding meaning and joy in the midst of spiritual distress. We conducted semi-structured interviews with caregivers of persons with Parkinson's disease (n = 16) and identified five themes: (a) Bearing witness to suffering underlies spiritual distress; (b) Prayers are pleas for "soul help"; (c) Spiritual guidance and support are important; (d) Faith and community are sources of spiritual support; and (e) Joy, meaning, and growth help to transcend spiritual distress. Interventions that target sources of spiritual distress and joy are needed.

Expressing Ideas: AI-Integrated Paraphrasing to Students’ Writing Skills

<p style="text-align:justify">The main thrust of the study was to explore the third-year English student’s sentiments on the application of the artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated paraphrasing tools. Specifically, it aimed to investigate the benefits and drawbacks brought by AI paraphrasing tools towards the writing skills of the students. The investigation utilized a semi-structured interviews with an open-ended questionnaire using an audio-video recorder. The data gathered were interpreted using the Thematic Analysis of Braun and Clarke. The study was carried out at one of the campuses of a state university located at Candijay, Bohol, Philippines. Using the Purposive sampling technique, twelve (12) respondents provided information on the research endeavor. The findings revealed that students had a positive opinion of AI-integrated paraphrase tools: they saw them as helpful resources that significantly improve their academic writing process; it includes plagiarism reduction, efficiency, and timesaving, and aids in rephrasing text. The findings also revealed the risks and issues of using AI-integrated paraphrasing tools, such as Prone to plagiarism, automated suggestions dependency, and loss of original meaning and context. With that, the students showed how they deal with those risks and issues, including as responsible users and thorough editing and reviewing. In accordance with the study, students are encouraged not to rely excessively on AI-integrated paraphrase tools, even though they can improve their writing abilities. This research emphasizes that students play a pivotal role in ensuring the appropriateness of texts generated by AI-integrated paraphrasing tools by mastering the art of proper paraphrasing.</p>

MULTUM IN PARVO-THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE

Introduction Coma assessment scales have been developed to facilitate ease of communication between emergency team members and to facilitate ease of clinical assessment for patients with severe impairment of consciousness. In 1974 Graham Teasdale and Bryan Jennett published in the Lancet a scale which theoretically helped physicians get a quick and accurate status of comatose patients. The scale they described assessed patient behaviour regarding three key aspects – motor reactivity, verbal communication and eye opening. As the two authors were working in Glasgow, the scale was dubbed the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) a name which all neurologists and neurosurgeons are well-accustomed with. Material The use of the GCS is based on the patient’s capacity to react using language and motion to external stimuli. Eye movement (1-4 points), Speech (1-5 points) and Motion (1-6 points) for a maximum total of 15 points or a minimum total of 3 points. A patient with a Glasgow Coma Score of 3 is completely non-reactive, while a patient with a Glasgow Coma Score of 15 is perfectly aware. This scale introduced in neurotrauma has simplified enormously the communication in neurosurgery, accompanying neurotrauma to the whole spectrum of neurosurgical pathology. Despite its wide use today, the GCS has been seriously criticised due to its incapacity to determine the functional status of brainstem structures. Therefore, various improvements and updates were performed for the Glasgow Coma Scale. Conclusions Over the years, the use of the GCS extended in the entire medical meme despite its criticism. The simplicity and ease of use which characterize the GCS made it a very useful instrument for neurological examination since the first moment a patient is seen by a medical professional. The Glasgow Coma Scale which recently reached its 50th birthday became a universal language for physicians. Since it has been in use neurological status can be expressed with great ease and without loss of meaning.

Learning curve and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive correction and fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Retrospective analysis. This study sought to report the long-term outcomes of patients that underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS) correction for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) in terms of radiographic, clinical, and patient-reported outcomes. Furthermore, we examined the learning curve of MIS technique over the course of 13years. Both MIS and open techniques are used to surgically address AIS. MIS techniques are purported to preserve the midline spinal musculature and to decrease estimated blood loss (EBL) and hospital length of stay (LOS). Data were collected at a single tertiary care center of all consecutive AIS patients undergoing deformity surgery from January 2008 to October 2021. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were collected at various intervals. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. 70 AIS patients were included in the study. Mean patient age was 16.2years of which 95.7% were female, with a mean BMI of 21.7. The majority of the patients were Lenke type 1A (60%) followed by Lenke 1B (18.6%) with mean preop Cobb angle as 52.2°. The mean follow-up was approximately 6years with 35.7% of our cohort meeting the long-term follow-up landmark (> 5years, 2-11). The mean number of spinal levels treated was 9.3 with mean ASA score of 1.7. Overall, mean EBL was 151cc with mean OR of 308min. The mean LOS was 3.94days with postop Day 1 as the initiation of ambulation. Overall, the percent correction at the last visit was significantly greater than preop (Cobb: 77.6%, p < 0.05). Mean loss of correction on follow-ups was less than 5º. The overall revision rate was 2.9%. At 2years postop, 98.6% (69/70) of the patients achieved fusion with 100% (24/24) at 5years, and 96% (24/25) beyond the 5-year mark. Surgeon's technical proficiency in performing MIS for the treatment of AIS corrections was achieved after 23 cases. Based on our cohort's 2-11year follow-up data, we conclude that MIS provides an effective treatment option for AIS reconstruction. Our study indicates that MIS can achieve adequate deformity correction and positive long-term clinical outcomes as indicated by Cobb angle, VAS, ODI, and SRS-22r scores during follow-ups. If the individual goals of AIS surgery can be achieved, consideration should be given to less-invasive techniques. IV.

Conditional Variational Autoencoder and generative adversarial network-based approach for long-tailed fault diagnosis for the motor system

This study addresses the challenge of diagnosing motor faults in long-tailed data distributions, characterized by dominant healthy states and rare fault types. We propose the LT-CVAE-GAN model, which integrates a Conditional Variational Autoencoder (CVAE) with a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) to enhance long-tailed fault diagnosis. Initially, we train the CVAE-GAN model using traditional CVAE and CGAN losses such as Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence loss, reconstruction loss, and adversarial loss. Additionally, we introduce mean feature matching loss and pairwise feature matching loss to mitigate mode collapse and improve model stability, thereby enhancing the generation ability of less frequent fault samples under long-tail conditions. Subsequently, the pre-trained Generator is used to produce infrequent fault mode data to rebalance the dataset. Classifier parameters are fine-tuned in this step to improve fault diagnosis accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that our LT-CVAE-GAN surpasses state-of-the-art models in diverse long-tailed conditions.

Linguistic Obstacles Faced in Translating Some Unique Qur’anic Cultural Lexical Items into English: Reexploring Some Translation Approaches

This research paper aimed to identify the linguistic obstacles met in translating some unique Qur’anic cultural lexical items into English through the lens of translation approaches. The study used a qualitative descriptive method and Nord’s (1991) text analysis model in translation. The findings showed that the most used approach to translating the implication of Qur’anic cultural lexical items was that of word-for-word and verbatim translation, and this resulted in a deep meaning loss and manipulating the perfect translation. The study also found that Al-Hilali and Khan’s and Abdel-Haleem’s translation approach, contrastingly, seems to be predominantly translated text-oriented, and thus conforms to the strategy of free translation, putting pivotal descriptive details in brackets, footnotes, or as a paraphrasis. The study concluded that Pickthall was inclined to resort to a literal translation strategy, which often gives rise to obscurity and problems because it does not consider the idiomatic meaning and implicit meaning of the Qur’anic Cultural Lexical Items.

Complications of total knee arthroplasty in patients with prior anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared to a matched cohort

BackgroundCurrent literature reports a 500 % increase in reoperation in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ACLR on subsequent TKA. MethodsThis retrospective case control study included 30 patients that underwent TKA following an ACLR who were matched 3:1 to a control cohort at a single tertiary academic center between January 1, 2011 and January 1, 2021. The electronic medical records were queried for demographics, complications, history of ACLR, and range of motion (ROM) preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 months and 1 year. Student's t-tests and Fisher's exact tests were used for analysis (α = 0.05). ResultsThe mean ROM between the ACLR and control groups preoperatively, at 3 months and at 1 year postoperatively were 108.2° v 104.8° (p = 0.42), 114.0° v 111.8° (p = 0.51), and 115.3° v 115.8° (p = 0.88). At 1 year, 9 of 30 (30 %) ACLR patients decreased ROM versus 14 of 90 (15.6 %) control patients (mean loss of 21.4° v 11.9°, p = 0.076). No difference in complication rate was found (10 % v 11.1 %, p = 1). Complications in the ACLR group included open debridement and capsular release for stiffness after 2 failed manipulations under anesthesia (MUA), lysis of adhesions for patellar clunk, and revision surgery for flexion instability. No control patients required MUA. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that TKA following ACLR is without an increased risk of complications. However, ACLR patients should be followed closely since loss of ROM can be large.

Why is next-generation sequencing essential in modern virology?

A contaminated viral stock results in considerable loss of time, resources and financial means and is generally discovered only by chance after years of research. Thus, it is necessary to implement a technique that can detect contamination without prior knowledge or assumptions, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Here, we describe the discovery of a cross-contaminated viral stock from a biological repository of an African Zika virus isolate with Toscana virus after performing NGS on infected cells. In addition, we also describe the consequences that we faced using this contaminated stock. These included the economic and time loss to the lab that needed to repeat all previously performed experiments, the generation of biologically flawed results with a subsequent potential retraction and the severe risk of infection of lab members who manipulated the contaminated stock.

The The potential of words to become swearing: An ethno semantic study

This research aims to describe the potential of words as swear words through an ethno semantic study. This research differs from other swearing studies examining the form and meaning of swear words. This study presents the potential of words to become swear words. This research employs a phenomenological approach. Swear words are expressive words that convey emotions and are easily found in both oral and written forms, whether directly or on social media. The data collection technique for swear words is documentation. The steps in documentation include recording sentences that contain swear words and classifying them based on the characteristics of swear words. The analysis technique for swear words uses conceptual meaning analysis. Based on the classification of the data, the words are analyzed for their components of meaning, both lexically and in terms of meaning derived from cultural associations and societal thought. Thus, the findings reveal the potential of each lexical word to become a curse word using an ethno semantic approach. Through an ethno semantic study, two potentials exist for words to become swear words. First, conceptual meaning is added due to the speakers' ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and culture. Second, there is a loss of conceptual meaning in the form of functional components in the lexical meaning of a word.

Six-year course over time and predictors of suicidal ideation in depressed older patients

BackgroundIt is important to know predictors of long-term course over time of suicidal thoughts and ideation in depressed older persons. MethodsIn this study, 378 depressed older persons were interviewed at baseline, and after 2 and 6 years to evaluate the presence of depressive disorder. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) was administered every 6 months for 6 years. Latent Class Growth Analysis was performed on the IDS item on suicidal ideation to identify subgroups with different trajectories. ResultsFive subgroups with suicidal ideation trajectories were identified: 1) severe, transient (10.9 %), 2) severe, persisting (8.0 %), 3) mild, but increasing (14.9 %), 4) moderate, persisting (35.6 %), and 5) no thoughts (30.6 %). Mixed model analysis showed that trajectories were related to 6-year course of depressive symptoms. Yet, suicidal ideation or thoughts of loss of meaning of life were still present in 22.7 % and 17.4 % of those who remitted after 2 and 6 years. Independent of baseline depressive symptom severity, loneliness, childhood trauma, history of suicidal ideation or attempt, openness to experience, earlier age of depression onset, anxiety symptom severity and worse mastery predicted worse trajectories. Limitations47 % dropped out at 6-years follow-up, we did not distinguish between thoughts of death and suicide, we did not assess death by suicide. ConclusionsAlthough trajectories of suicidal ideation and thoughts of loss of meaning of life were strongly related to the course of depression severity, they also appear after remission. Clinicians should be vigilant for suicidal ideation or death wish, even after remission of depression.

SOME ASPECTS OF RESEARCHING THE PROBLEM RISKS IN INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION: US EXPERIENCE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the American accounting experience potential risks in the management of institutional transformations. Goal articles - to reveal some aspects of the US experience in taking into account risks in management institutional transformations in education. Theoretica research methods applied: study of scientific literature, analysis, systematization, comparison, specification, generalization of information. The implementation of transformations in the educational sector (of institutional transformations) is associated with the emergence of certain risks. There is set of potential risk factors with which any organization, including higher educational institutions, collides permanently or temporarily, including: threats from natural disasters such as hurricanes, fires from thunderstorms lightning, floods, etc.; failures and failures in the operation of service systems of the type interruptions and power outages, protection failure, failures equipment, etc.; malicious actions such as sabotage, terrorism, computer actions fraud; the so-called human factor, that is, errors due to negligence employees, their lack or lack of necessary knowledge and skills. Taking into account the peculiarities of educational organizations, it is suggested to divide all potential risks and the necessary institutional transformations associated with them into four main categories: strategic risks, financial, legislative, etc operating rooms Strategic risks involve long-term threats that can to influence the successful activity of a higher educational institution. Financial risks foresee the possibility of loss of material means and other assets. Legislative risks involve improper implementation of state laws and instructions, as well as local regulations when implementing institutional ones transformations Operational risks involve erroneous actions of individuals, cases of fraud in the university environment. In addition, one more is known a category of risk that is very important for educational institutions is the risk of losing reputation The reputation of the higher educational institution, its image and prestige have of great importance for the successful functioning of higher education institutions. Higher education institutions should participate in the evaluation of their propensity to risks and have a complete understanding of all the categories of risks they may face to meet The article analyzes some possible approaches to risk assessment, which are offered by American scientists. Expediency is emphasized the use of American experience in Ukraine, where they are taking place today significant institutional transformations in the field of education.

Where do all the ewes go? Ewe culling and mortality in 34 sheep flocks in New Zealand

ABSTRACT Aims To describe rates of and reasons for culling and mortality of ewes between breeding and mid-lactation on New Zealand sheep farms; to investigate associations of these variables with farm demographic variables; and to describe rates of and reasons for culling of ewes at weaning. Methods Participants were a convenience sample of 34 farms from across New Zealand. Demographic data were initially collected for each farm via a questionnaire administered in-person to the flock owner or manager. During approximately 8 months from breeding to mid-lactation, ewe tally, culling and mortality data were collected and used to calculate various parameters related to flock performance and to investigate associations. During the main ewe-culling event at weaning, ewe-culling data were collected from 29/34 flocks participating in the study. Results There was considerable variation between flocks, but the between-flock mean replacement percentage was 29.2 (SD 5.0)%. Overall, a between-flock mean of 10.5 (SD 4.6)% of ewes presented for breeding were culled or dead/missing by mid-lactation and thus did not rear any lambs. Additionally, from 27 flocks that reported data on ewes’ success at rearing lambs, a between-flock mean of 3.9 (SD 2.5)% of ewes that remained alive at mid-lactation failed to rear any lambs, resulting in an overall between-flock mean loss of 23.1 (SD 6.3) potential lambs per 100 ewes. Two-thirds of ewe mortalities between breeding and mid-lactation occurred during the lambing period. Model results showed flocks with higher pregnancy scanning percentages had lower rates of culling and mortality between breeding and mid-lactation. However, apart from farm contour, from breeding to mid-lactation there were no associations for culling and mortality with farm size, flock size, number of ewes per labour unit, whether ewe hoggets (7–9 months of age) were presented for breeding, or duration of the breeding period. A between-flock mean of 16.5 (SD 8.3)% of ewes present at weaning were culled, and among mixed-age ewes, the most common reasons for culling at this time were age, incisor teeth defects and udder defects. Conclusions To reduce unnecessary ewe culling and mortality, attention should be focused on maximising conception rates, ensuring judicious culling decisions, optimising body condition score, and identifying farm-specific causes of death over the lambing period to facilitate targeted intervention strategies. Clinical relevance Identifying why and when ewes exit flocks, and comparing it with the data presented here, will facilitate the development of flock-specific interventions to reduce ewe culling and mortality. Abbreviations BCS: Body condition score; NI: North Island; SI: South Island

Traduction et paratraduction en tant que stratégies de résistance à la réification à l’ère de l’Intelligence Artificielle (IA)

Philosopher Byung-Chul Han argues that we are living in a transition from the “era of things to the era of non-things”. According to his perspective, things do not determine the world we live in: information does. Consequently, the profession of translation has become increasingly mechanized to meet the high demand for “information”, turning readers into compulsive consumers of words. Thus, there is a significant risk of confusing the symbolic representation of words with essential reality, neglecting the importance of context and paratext in the construction of meaning. This phenomenon can lead to a loss of meaning in the act of translation, diminishing its role as a bridge between cultures and languages. Borrowing from the axiom of Portuguese intellectual Rui Pereira in a society of “non-thought”, it is crucial to reflect on how “translating in times of non-translation” operates. In this regard, the objective of this essay is to analyze how paratranslation, from the Vigo School, can be understood as a space of resistance against a process of reification of the other’s existence in the act of translating. In the “AI era”, where translation has become an increasingly mechanized act, the examination of the paratexts surrounding this process serves as a way to return to the fundamental condition of translation: the human condition.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Alveolar Bone Levels Around Dental Implants and Natural Teeth: A Prospective Study.

Dental implants' efficacy is influenced by the quality and quantity of the osseous tissue present at the site designated for dental implants. Therefore, this study was conducted with the primary objective of assessing marginal bone loss around mandibular posterior dental implants at six and 18 months after prosthesis placement, compared with the contralateral natural tooth. The secondary objective was to determine the correlation between various factors such as periodontal status, age, gender, duration between first and second-stage surgery, and marginal bone loss. This prospective, split-mouth study was conducted on 24 patients, consisting of two groups: group 1, with single tooth replacement by a dental implant in the posterior mandible, and group 2, a contralateral natural tooth. The bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), andmarginal bone loss were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography at six and 18months follow-up period after prosthesis placement. Significant bone loss was observed in both groups across all regions (p < 0.05). The mean marginal bone loss was greater at 18 months in group 1 than at six months of follow-up, whereas in group 2, it was not significant. The total mean marginal bone loss during the follow-up period of 18 months was 0.05 mm on the buccal and lingual side, whereas it was 0.5 mm on the mesial side and 2 mm on the distal side. Similarly, in the control group, the total mean marginal bone loss was 0.03 mm on the buccal and lingual sides, whereas it was 0.04 mm on the mesial and distal sides. The PD and duration of second-stage surgery were significant predictors and showed a significant correlation with marginal bone loss. PD and marginal bone loss were significantly higher in the implant group than in the natural tooth group over the follow-up period of 18 months, particularly on the distal side.

Unemployment and Personal Income Loss After Traumatic Brain Injury

Employment and personal income loss after traumatic brain injury is a major source of postinjury stress and a barrier to societal reintegration. The magnitude of labor market ramifications following traumatic brain injury remains largely unknown. To quantify the 3-year postinjury labor market consequences following traumatic brain injury in Canada. To also estimate the incurred national labor market cost over the study period. This retrospective quasi-experimental, pan-Canadian observational cohort study used linked administrative health and federal taxation data obtained between 2007 and 2017. Mixed-effects difference-in-difference regressions were constructed to estimate the annualized magnitude of the personal income and employment loss during each of the 3 years following injury, respectively, relative to preinjury baseline. Participants included tax-filing adult (19 to 61 years old) traumatic brain injury survivors. Traumatic brain injury. Coprimary outcomes were personal income loss and the proportion of newly unemployed individuals per annum. Secondary objectives were to quantify income and employment loss within mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury subgroups. A total of 18 050 patients with traumatic brain injury between 2007 and 2017 were identified (mean age, 38.0 [SD, 12.4] years; 13 360 male [74.0%]), each of whom was followed up with for 3 consecutive fiscal years. Mean income was CAD $42 600 (US $31 083) in the fiscal year prior to injury and 82% were employed at time of injury. The adjusted mean loss of personal income was CAD $7635 (US $5650) in the first year after injury (Y+1) and CAD $5000 (US $3700) in the third year after injury (Y+3) relative to uninjured controls. In each of the 3 postinjury years, 7.8% individuals were newly unemployed compared with the preinjury baseline. The adjusted average personal income loss for mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury subgroups were CAD $3354 (US $2482), CAD $6750 (US $4995), and CAD $17 375 (US $12 859), respectively, at Y+3; the proportion of unemployed individuals increased by 5.8%, 9.2%, and 20% across the same groups at Y+3 after injury relative to preinjury baseline. The estimated total reduction in personal income aggregated over the 3 postinjury years for the affected participants was CAD $588 million (US $435 million). This work represents national cohort data quantifying the labor market implications of traumatic brain injury. These results may be used to inform economic evaluations and social service resource allocation.

Examining the Hydration Status and Pulse/Oxygen Saturation of Underwater Hockey Players

Objectives: This study was planned to determine the hydration status and tissue oxygen saturation of underwater hockey players during exercise. Materials and Methods: Hydration status (fluid intake/loss amounts, repeatedly weight measurements) and tissue oxygen saturation measurements of 14 underwater hockey players were performed before and after the land/water training, separately. Hydration status was assessed by monitoring weight and urine specific gravity (USG) measurements, whereas tissue oxygen saturation was measured by using finger-type pulse oximeter. Results: The study was completed with14 elite players (age=19.4±6.2 years, female=4(29%), and male=10(71%)). The body fat percentage was calculated to be male:14.2±9.4%; female: 18.8±4.0%. The mean USG of athletes was determined to be 1020.1±5.6 g/cm3. During the water training, only 5 athletes consumed water (680±383.4 mL). All the athletes (except for 1 athlete [7.1%]) completed the training with loss of body fluid. Mean loss of water was 310±213.2 mL after land training and 723.1±501.9 mL after water training. Dehydration ratio was measured 0.97±0.64% after trainings. The first oxygen saturation was measured 96.1±1.6, that was decreased after water training (94.6±2.2; p=0.044, p=0.049). Pulse increased after water training in reverse proportion to oxygen saturation (p=0.004), but there was no difference between before and after land training (p=0.132). Conclusion: It was found that several Underwater hockey players began training dehydrated and loss of water continued since they didn’t consume enough water during training. Oxygen saturation significantly decreased after water training. Fluid consumption of underwater hockey players, especially during water training, should be monitored and adequate fluid consumption should be ensured.

Soil greenhouse gas fluxes partially reduce the net gains in carbon sequestration in mangroves of the Brazilian Amazon

There is interest in assessing the potential climate mitigation benefit of coastal wetlands based on the balance between their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon sequestration. Here we investigated soil GHG fluxes (CO2 and CH4) on mangroves of the Brazilian Amazon coast, and across common land use impacts including shrimp farms and a pasture. We found greater methane fluxes near the Amazon River mouth (1439 to 3312 μg C m−2 h−1), which on average are equivalent to 37% of mangrove C sequestration in the region. Soil CO2 fluxes were predominant in mangrove forests to the East of the Amazon Delta. Land use change shifted mangroves from C sinks (mean sequestration of 12.2 ± 1.4 Mg CO2e ha−1 yr-1) to net GHG sources (mean loss of 8.0 ± 3.3 Mg CO2e ha−1 yr−1). Our data suggests that mangrove forests in the Amazon can aid decreasing the net annual emissions in the Brazilian forest sector in 9.7 ± 0.8 Tg CO2e yr−1 through forest conservation and avoided deforestation.