Loss Of Interest In Activities Research Articles

A novel approach to investigate depression symptoms in the aging population using generalizability theory.

As depression is common in older people and confers significant risk for dementia, its accurate assessment is essential. The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) is a widely used assessment tool for measuring depression in aged populations, and its psychometric properties have been recently improved using Rasch analysis. However, its temporal reliability and ability to distinguish between dynamic and enduring symptoms of depression have not been examined using the appropriate methodology. Generalizability theory (G theory) is a suitable method to distinguish between enduring and dynamic symptoms of depression and to evaluate the reliability of the GDS-15 scores and sources of measurement error. We applied G theory to the longitudinal GDS-15 data of 354 participants from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study, collected biennially over 10 years, from individuals aged 70 years and older. The GDS-15 demonstrated strong reliability and generalizability of its test scores in measuring enduring symptoms of depression (Ga = 0.82, Gr = 0.90) across the sample population and occasions, and indicated that depression scores significantly increased over time. In addition, three identified dynamic symptoms of depression, namely helplessness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, did not affect the overall reliability of the GDS-15. Thus, the GDS-15 is a reliable measure for assessing enduring symptoms of depression and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of depression treatments and monitor depression levels over time in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

THE PREHENSIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STUDENTS WHO ARE DEPRESSED AND THOSE WHO ARE NOT. A STUDY OF TEENAGER FROM AGE 15-19 YEARS OLD IN VARIOUS SCHOOL

Background: Depression (major depressive disorder ) is a common and serious medical illness that causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities. In todays world Most people are aware of the existence of depression. and pay attention to it But there are still some people who still dont understand depression. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate peoples understanding of depression and the difference in people with depression and non-depressive disorders. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a questionnaire. A total of 101 respondents participated. Depression-related knowledge, Medication, Related Conditions, and A experienced consultation with a psychiatrist. (another method). Results: most respondents, one hundred and one people from many schools are interested, and they help us to inform the information. We separate two types of people. The first is the depressed person who has an official certificate from their doctors. There are 12 students. However, there are 89 children who do not have an official depression. What is more, a few of them may have other symptoms, such as stress or mental health problems. Conclusion: Our hypothesis is correct. People who have the disease has more knowledgeable than normal people because they educate about their symptoms. We can know that lots of people misunderstand some of the correct clues. There are many sources of depression illness where we can find out, but now there is some error information that appears everywhere. To illustrate, there are also many factors that can be hazardous to us. Therefore, we should help each other not let them have bad mental health. Lastly, there is a lack of psychiatrist and our society usually blame those who go to see the psychiatrist. They do not accept so this is a big challenge to change the mindset of our community.

A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on Anti-Stress Effects of Nelumbinis Semen.

Introduction: Depression is a serious and common mental disease that causes low mood and loss of interest in activities. Nelumbinis semen (NS) has been widely used as a treatment for depression for hundreds of years in many Asian countries. Water extract of nelumbinis semen (WNS) is a standardized herbal medicine made from NS. Methods: The objective of the present research was to perform a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to estimate the efficacy of WNS for improving depressive and stress symptoms using Beck depression inventory (BDI) and the stress response inventory (SRI) in 45 adults diagnosed with major depression or other forms of depressive disorders. They were randomized to either a placebo-treated group, a 2.4 g per day WNS-treated group, or a 4.8 g per day WNS-treated group. BDI and SRI were determined in order to evaluate changes in depression before and after two weeks of WNS treatment. Results: The average BDI and SRI of the 2.4 g WNS-treated group were significantly (p < 0.05) improved compared to those of the placebo-treated group. Their BDI subscale A (negative attitudes towards self) and subscale C (somatic disturbances), SRI E, and depression subscale of SRI were substantially shorter (p < 0.05). In addition, an analysis of collected EEG data of participants showed a significant increase in alpha/beta activity in the 4.8 g WNS-treated group, which might be explained as an advancement of their depression symptoms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that WNS treatment can decrease depression. Our study provides preliminary evidence for the safety of WNS and its potential to decrease depression.

Symptoms and risk factors for depression among college Freshmen students

Introduction: Depression is an illness with a combination of associated symptoms of which the dominant one is a depressed mood of mind accompanied by the feeling of sadness and/or anxiety and/or irritability. It is a lengthy illness (lasting at least 2 weeks). Objective: The study aimed to describe the symptoms and risk factors for depression among adolescent males and females of college freshman students. Methodology &amp; results: this is a descriptive observational and cross-sectional community–based study that was conducted on 200 college freshmen students in 4 medical colleges (medicine, dentistry, pharmacology and nursery) at the International University of Africa at Khartoum state in 2014. The age group was 16 – 19 years. The study revealed that 20 (10%) students felt sad, 16 (8%) felt anxious, 57 (28.5%) felt empty, 64 (32%) felt hopeless, 49 (24.5%) felt guilty, 24 (12%) felt worthless, 70 (35%) felt helpless, 21 (10.5%) felt irritable and 39 (19.5%) felt restless. Also, one or more of the following; loss of interest in activities 68 (34%), lack of energy 90 (45%), problem concentrating, remembering information or making decisions 75 (37.5%), problems falling asleep or sleeping too much 102 (51%), loss of appetite or eating too much 46 (23%), thoughts of suicide or suicide attempts 9 (4.5%) and aches, pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problems that do not go away 30 (15%). The risk factors include fear of failure, demands on time, financial pressures, low self-esteem, separation of their usual network support and poor coping strategies. Recommendations: It was recommended to provide each college with a social worker/psychiatric nurse to early recognize the symptoms and risk factors for depression in first-year college freshmen, observe their behavior, educate them and their teachers and families about the symptoms and risk factors for depression and early recognition/prevention of depression and suicide.

DEPRESSION RELATIONSHIP WITH BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE ELDERLY AT THE TRESNA WERDHA KHUSNUL KHOTIMAH SOCIAL HOME PEKANBARU IN 2018

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by constant sadness and loss of interest in activities that are usually liked, accompanied by an inability to carry out daily activities. The Elderly group experiences depression due to physical changes and environmental social conditions. Other risk factors that can cause depression in the elderly include biological factors, marital status, and psychosocial factors. Biological and psychosocial factors have a relationship with changes in the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the body. Changes in hormone levels and neurotransmitters can cause changes in blood pressure. Blood pressure is normal if the systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mmHg and high blood pressure if the systolic blood pressure is more than 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is more than 90 mmHg. Objective: To determine the relationship of depression to blood pressure in the elderly at the Tresna Werdha Social Home Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru in 2018. Research Methods: The method used in this study is analytic observation with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used the total sampling method, where in this study, the population was a sample, but after the exclusion, the number of samples obtained was 41 respondents. Data collection was carried out by observations made by interviewing respondents using questionnaires and blood pressure measurements using a Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Results: Obtained p values (Sig.) Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure showed several 0.021 and 0.019. This p (Sig.) The value is small of 0.05, and this indicates a significant relationship of depression to blood pressure in the elderly at the Tresna Werdha Khusnul Social Home Khotimah Pekanbaru in 2018. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between blood pressure depression in the elderly at PSTW Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru in 2018.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Depression among Public Secondary School Females Students in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Depression is a state of low mood for more than two weeks associated with feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and home. Depression is more common among females than males and many risk factors contribute to depression. Objectives: To study the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city in the duration of 2019-2020. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional institutional-based study among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city was performed from 2019-2020. The sample was 400 students, randomly selected from 6 secondary schools, and the consent form was taken from each participant. The permission was taken from the ethical committee in the university. Result: There were 400 students involved in this study, based on findings shows that 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression .It was found that most of the students had the risk factors that could be associated with depression such as losing an important person in their life, 38.8% (n=155); life stress, 26.5% (n=106); previous episodes of depression or anxiety, 26.8% (n=107); problems at school or with friends, 20.5% (n=82); family problems, 14% (n=56); and exposure to bullying, 11.3% (n=45). Conclusion: Based on findings, 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression. The majority of them had mild depression 36.50%, 17.75 % had moderate depression, 11.75% had moderately severe depression, and 2.75% had severe depression.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Depression among Public Secondary School Females Students in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Depression is a state of low mood for more than two weeks associated with feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and home. Depression is more common among females than males and many risk factors contribute to depression. Objectives: To study the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city in the duration of 2019-2020. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional institutional-based study among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city was performed from 2019-2020. The sample was 400 students, randomly selected from 6 secondary schools, and the consent form was taken from each participant. The permission was taken from the ethical committee in the university. Result: There were 400 students involved in this study, based on findings shows that 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression .It was found that most of the students had the risk factors that could be associated with depression such as losing an important person in their life, 38.8% (n=155); life stress, 26.5% (n=106); previous episodes of depression or anxiety, 26.8% (n=107); problems at school or with friends, 20.5% (n=82); family problems, 14% (n=56); and exposure to bullying, 11.3% (n=45). Conclusion: Based on findings, 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression. The majority of them had mild depression 36.50%, 17.75 % had moderate depression, 11.75% had moderately severe depression, and 2.75% had severe depression.

The effectiveness of yoga therapy to reduce the level of depression among elderly in the community

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Background&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; : Depression is one of the most common diseases among the elderly. Depression indicates disturbances in mood, physical and cognitive symptoms. Depression symptoms related to mood disorders include sadness, loss of interest in activities, worthlessness, and death, and suicidal thoughts. Early detection of depression in elderly can be noticed if the elderly have been known to possess factors that may cause depression. Yoga is a non-pharmacological therapy used to treat depression. Yoga movements consist of three stages, pranayama (breath control), asana (body temperature), and meditation (relaxation of the mind), these movements are very important to overcome stress and depression problems. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objectives&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; : To purpose the effectiveness of yoga therapy in reducing depression in the elderly in the community. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; : This research uses the quantitative research method with quasi-experimental with pre-test post-test design without control. The research site was in Gedongan Village, Baki Sub district, Sukoharjo, Central Java, in March-May 2021, with a total of 47 elderly using the purposive sampling method. Inclusion criteria include 60 years old, GDS score minimum 5, no extremity disorders, and Muslim. Screening for depression employed the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The media used were videos and booklets, using Islamic religious classical music and data analysis used the Wilcoxon test. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; : The average depression level of respondents during the pre-test was 8.40 while the post-test decreased to 4.77 or a mean difference of 3.63 with a p-value of 0.001 (p &amp;lt;0.05). Yoga therapy and breathing program have a remarkable and refreshing effect. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusion&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; : The conclusion is that the level of depression in the elderly resulted in a higher pre-test average value than the post-test value, which means that the level of depression after yoga therapy has decreased.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The Emotional Response to Pandemic of Middle- and High-School Students of an Italian Northern Province: The ERP Study.

The COVID-19 outbreak variably affected people’s mental reactions worldwide but was only episodically investigated in healthy Italian teenagers. Our aim was to investigate the emotional responses of Italian middle and high school students to the pandemic. An anonymous 10-item questionnaire was distributed in pre-selected school samples. Responders had to score their perceived extent for each reaction from 0 (lowest perception) to 10 (highest perception). A group of adults was selected as control. Generalized linear models were used to estimate differences among adults and students, high school (HS) and middle school (MS) students, and urban (U) and rural (R) MS students. Comparisons were presented as mean difference (Δ) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 1512 questionnaires (635 adults, 744 HS, 67 UMS, and 66 RMS) were analyzed. Students appeared more indifferent (Δ = 1.97, 1.52–2.41), anxious (Δ = 0.56, 0.07–1.04), aggressive (Δ = 2.21, 1.72–2.70), and depressed (Δ = 1.87, 1.40–2.34) than adults did, and claimed a higher loss of interest in their activities (Δ = 1.21, 0.72–1.70). Students were less disbelieving (Δ = −0.93, −1.50–0.35) and feared for their loved ones (Δ = −0.89, −1.40–0.39). MS students were less affected by the outbreak than HS students were. Furthermore, R-MS students were significantly less aggressive and depressed, but more indifferent and disbelieving than U-MS. Female sex was an independent factor associated to almost all the questionnaire domains. The pattern of the psychological responses to the pandemic in Italian students proved multifaceted. In addition to anxiety, loss of interest in activities, and depression, aggressiveness emerged as the most characterizing mental attitude in response to the pandemic.

DEPRESSION RELATIONSHIP WITH BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE ELDERLY AT THE TRESNA WERDHA KHUSNUL KHOTIMAH SOCIAL HOME PEKANBARU IN 2018

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by constant sadness and loss of interest in activities that are usually liked, accompanied by an inability to carry out daily activities. Elderly is a group that experiences depression due to physical changes and environmental social conditions. Some other risk factors that can cause depression in the elderly include biological factors, marital status, and psychosocial factors. Biological and psychosocial factors have a relationship with changes in the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the body. Changes in hormone levels and neurotransmitters can cause changes in blood pressure. Blood pressure is categorized as normal if the systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mmHg and high blood pressure if the systolic blood pressure is more than 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is more than 90 mmHg. Objective: To determine the relationship of depression to blood pressure in the elderly at the Tresna Werdha Social Home Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru in 2018. Research Methods: The method used in this study is analytic observation with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used the total sampling method, where in this study the population was a sample, but after exclusion the number of samples obtained was 41 respondents. Data collection was carried out by observations made by interviewing respondents using questionnaires and blood pressure measurements using a Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Results: Obtained p values (Sig.) Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure showed a number of 0.021 and 0.019. This p (Sig.) Value is small of 0.05, this indicates a significant relationshipof depression to blood pressure in the elderly at the Tresna Werdha Khusnul Social Home Khotimah Pekanbaru in 2018. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between blood pressure depression in the elderly at PSTW Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru in 2018.

An embedded LSTM based scheme for depression detection and analysis

Depression also known as depressive disorder is a serious and common medical condition that has an adverse impact on how you feel, think, and behave. But it can also be treated. Depression causes feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities once you enjoyed. It can impair your ability to perform at work and at home and cause a number of mental and physical issues. Therefore, it is important to provide some solutions to overcome the depression problem. These days’ information and communications technology (ICT) is used in various domains to sort out their problems. In this paper, we propose an embedded long short-term memory (LSTM) based scheme for depression detection and analysis. It is a brain health mapping based system for the detection of depression. It is a first of its kind interdisciplinary brain cognition tool (software), which acts as a personalized support intelligence mechanism. It incorporates psychological traits for determining a user's mental health state. The proposed scheme utilizes natural language processing techniques to provide a novel framework to predict the sentimental and emotional state of the user based on the user's behavior in their interaction with the designed model. In order to actively track the user's mental state, proposed scheme analyses their text and identify specific keywords through the text that they input in different applications that the user utilizes in their machine. The practical implementation of the proposed scheme is provided and important results (i.e., accuracy and F1 score) are estimated. During the performance comparison, it has been observed that proposed scheme achieved better accuracy than the other existing schemes.

Workplace Bullying and Harassment among Health Care Professionals

Aim: To determine prevalence of workplace bullying and its effects on doctors at LUMHS Jamshoro. Study design: Cross sectional survey. Place and duration of study: Liaquat University of Medical &amp; Health Sciences Jamshoro from 1stJanuary 2021 to 31stMarch. Methodology:Seventy five postgraduate residents, house officers and medical officers were selected randomly, all were interviewed by questionnaire. Questions were asked regarding any incident of bullying, aggression, violence, and harassment during hospital duty hours. Which behavior they faced and what was the reason of that behavior; asked from participants. The data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS 22. Results: Seventy four (98.66%) were females and 1(1.33%) was male with mean age of 27.3±4.7 years. 51 [68%] have been subjected to being bullied. Main source of harassing was by administration in 12%, faculty in 34.66%, senior colleagues in 42.66% colleagues 16%, paramedics15%, and patient’s attendants in 13%. Effects noticed on personality/ behavior were sadness in 41.33%, aggression 32%, confrontation change in sleep 12%, health complaints in headache/ palpitations 34.66%, loss of interest in activities 41.33%, poor performance at work 18.66%, lack of confidence 46.66%, fear to go to work place 20% and avoiding bullier in 29.33%. Conclusion: Prevalence of bullying was 68% among health care professionals interviewed in this study. Violence towards medical caretakers is expanding day by day.Serving in safe and healthy surroundings is the basic right of every health care worker to take healthy decisions to give quality patient care. Keywords: Bullying, harassment, Violence, Doctors, Heath care worker

Suicidal Ideation among People with Depression in Mental Hospital, Kabul-Afghanistan

Depression affects one's feeling and thinking, leading to a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. Depression could lead to suicidal ideations, decrease a person's ability to functions and quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted to 143 samples to determine the relationship between demographic variables, depression, suicidal ideation, social support and distress. The findings show that the level of suicidal ideation is high, and there is a relationship between variables under study. The main predictors of the suicidal ideation were the high level of distress and low social support level among the study participants. Keywords: Depression; suicidal ideations; mental health eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2619

Tracking and Monitoring Mood Stability of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder by Machine Learning Models Using Passive Digital Data: Prospective Naturalistic Multicenter Study.

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental illness characterized by persistent sadness and a loss of interest in activities. Using smartphones and wearable devices to monitor the mental condition of patients with MDD has been examined in several studies. However, few studies have used passively collected data to monitor mood changes over time.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of monitoring mood status and stability of patients with MDD using machine learning models trained by passively collected data, including phone use data, sleep data, and step count data.MethodsWe constructed 950 data samples representing time spans during three consecutive Patient Health Questionnaire-9 assessments. Each data sample was labeled as Steady or Mood Swing, with subgroups Steady-remission, Steady-depressed, Mood Swing-drastic, and Mood Swing-moderate based on patients’ Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores from three visits. A total of 252 features were extracted, and 4 feature selection models were applied; 6 different combinations of types of data were experimented with using 6 different machine learning models.ResultsA total of 334 participants with MDD were enrolled in this study. The highest average accuracy of classification between Steady and Mood Swing was 76.67% (SD 8.47%) and that of recall was 90.44% (SD 6.93%), with features from all types of data being used. Among the 6 combinations of types of data we experimented with, the overall best combination was using call logs, sleep data, step count data, and heart rate data. The accuracies of predicting between Steady-remission and Mood Swing-drastic, Steady-remission and Mood Swing-moderate, and Steady-depressed and Mood Swing-drastic were over 80%, and the accuracy of predicting between Steady-depressed and Mood Swing-moderate and the overall Steady to Mood Swing classification accuracy were over 75%. Comparing all 6 aforementioned combinations, we found that the overall prediction accuracies between Steady-remission and Mood Swing (drastic and moderate) are better than those between Steady-depressed and Mood Swing (drastic and moderate).ConclusionsOur proposed method could be used to monitor mood changes in patients with MDD with promising accuracy by using passively collected data, which can be used as a reference by doctors for adjusting treatment plans or for warning patients and their guardians of a relapse.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900021461; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=36173

Health Humanities: Dealing with Depression and the Power of Books to help sustain the Journey- Reviews &amp; Inferences

Clinically, Depression can be defined as, “A mental health disorder characterised by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.” The causes may vary from biological, psychological, environmental to lifestyle reasons. The complex interactions between all the above mentioned factors can lead to depression. Life style alterations like loss of a loved one,personal habits etc., can also trigger depression. Psychological and pharmacological remedies exist for different stratas of depression, However, In countries like India there is very less awareness in the view of it. People in the villages still lack the awarenss and blame it on witchcraft or the inhabiting of bad spirits. Inlow- and middle-income families treatment and support services for depression are often inattentive or below advanced. An projected range of 76–85% of people suffer from mental disorders in countries that lack access to the treatment they need. On a clinical angle, there are plenty of perspectives to deal with it depending on the harshness of the finding. It first needs to be understood as a disease that could be cured leading to the aplenty treatment methodologies, though the role of books that deal with depression, and a healthy way out is less comparatively. This research article deals with this particular branch of health humanities and analyses some of the books that could be powerful curatives in dealing with depression. It tries to identify the importance of reading these books and tries to bring an alternative method of dealing with depression on the whole.

Unfolding the Role of BDNF as a Biomarker for Treatment of Depression.

Depression is a well-known disabling mental illness characterized by sadness, loss of interest in activities, and decreased energy. The symptoms of depression are usually recurrent in vulnerable individuals, and persistence of symptoms significantly impairs individuals' quality of life. The exact pathophysiology of depression remains ambiguous, though many hypotheses have been proposed. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has recently been reported to play a vital role in the pathophysiology of depression. BDNF is an important neurotrophic factor found in the human brain and is involved in neuronal growth and proliferation, synaptic neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity. The neurotrophic theory of depression proposes that depression results from reduced BDNF levels in the brain, which can be treated with antidepressants to alleviate depressive behavior and increase BDNF levels.The aim of this review is to provide broad insight into the role of BDNF in the pathogenesis of depression and in antidepressant therapy.The studies mentioned in this review article greatly support the role of BDNF in the pathogenesis of depression and treatment of this disorder with antidepressants. Since abnormalities in BDNF levels lead to the production of diverse insults that amplify the development or progression of depression, it is important to study and explore BDNF impairment in relation to depression, neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis, and increasing BDNF levels through antidepressant therapy, showing positive response in the management of depression.

UNDERSTANDING OF DEPRESSION: A CASE STUDY

Depression is common disorder and contributes largely to nonfatal health loss characterized by feeling of sadness or loss of interest in activities which can be correlated to kaphaja Unmada. In Ayurveda, choice of treatment for Kaphaja Unmada is Vamana with Satwavajaya Chikitsa, Shamana Aushadhi, and Medhya Rasayana. A treatment protocol was designed based on signs and symptoms of the patient and was administered Sarvanga Udvartana with Bashpa Sweda, Sirotalam, Vamana, Patent medicine (Composed of Jyotishmati Taila, Shuddha Gandhaka, Shankhapushpi, Vacha, Jatamamsi and Bhringraja) and Saraswatarishta. This treatment was helpful in reducing the intensity of symptoms and improving his quality of life of an extent. This helps us to understand the scope of Ayurvedic intervention for mental disorders. Ayurveda provides various effective solutions to various diseases which come under the umbrella of Unmada.

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in caregivers of pediatric neurosurgical patients.

Having a child receive a neurosurgical diagnosis creates significant stress and anxiety in caregivers. The stress of these life-threatening and emotionally charged diagnoses may put caregivers at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While PTSD has been studied in a variety of caregivers of pediatric populations, to the best of our knowledge, it has yet to be examined in caregivers commonly seen in general pediatric neurosurgical practices. This study was designed to gain an understanding of the prevalence of PTSD within this population. A cross-sectional survey method was utilized. Participants completed both a survey to provide demographic information, and the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) which is used to make a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. Surveys were distributed both in person and online between December 2018 and April 2019. One hundred sixty-eight surveys were included in the study. According to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, 44.6% (n = 75) of caregivers screened positively for a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. The specific neurosurgical diagnosis (p = 0.002), number of surgeries (p = 0.008), and category of the last surgery (p = 0.026) impacted the rate of PTSD symptoms in this population. Most caregivers who screened positive for PTSD experience a high level of disturbing memories and physical reactions to the events and avoid reminders of the medical experience. Caregivers also report a loss of interest in activities, feel distant from other people, and have difficulties with concentration and sleep. There was no significant relationship between caregivers who identified having a high level of anxiety before their child was diagnosed and who screened positive for PTSD. This study has identified a higher number of caregivers screening positive for PTSD within pediatric neurosurgical patients, than previously reported in other populations. Specific neurosurgical diagnosis, number of surgeries, and category of last surgery all impact a positive screen for the condition. Caregivers who avoid remembering events surrounding their child's diagnosis are at a higher risk of having the condition. The results highlight the need to identify ways to decrease the impact of a pediatric neurosurgical diagnosis on the mental health of caregivers. Future research focused on early mental health intervention for caregivers of pediatric neurosurgical patients may be helpful in reducing the long-term impact of this difficult condition.

Дистанционное обучение в условиях пандемии: проблемы и риски

the article presents generalized materials for analyzing the problems of digitalization of the educational space in the context of the pandemic. The key research method was a questionnaire survey of students (N = 146 people) conducted online. The study allowed to establish the presence of a number of problems associated with the decline of students’ motivation and loss of interest in activities. Communication via gadgets allowed students to reduce their responsibility for organizing their workplace, move away from the practice of taking notes, and listen to lectures in the background. It is concluded that the control function of the teacher is reduced in the conditions of online learning, which together creates the risks of excluding the student from the educational process. It is also concluded that there are risks associated with a lack of communication channels and feedback dysfunctions in the “teacher – student” system. The risk of reducing the quality of professional training of students due to insufficient assimilation of material, weak development of flexible skills (creativity, self-presentation skills, etc.) in online learning is identified.

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and their Potential in Alzheimer's Disease Management.

Alzheimer's disease is a neuropathological disease with symptoms such as language problems, confusion as to place or time, loss of interest in activities, which were previously enjoyed, behavioral changes, and memory loss. Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia affect almost 46.8 million people globally and are estimated to strike about 131.5 million people in 2050. It has been reported that Alzheimer's is the sixth main cause of mortality. The most used drugs, which are currently approved by the Food, and Drug Administration for Alzheimer's disease are donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and the combination of donepezil and memantine. However, most of the drugs present various adverse effects. Recently, the transdermal drug delivery route has gained increasing attention as an emerging tool for Alzheimer's disease management. Besides, transdermal drug delivery systems seem to provide hope for the management of various diseases, due to the advantages that they offer in comparison with oral dosage forms. Herein, the current advancements in transdermal studies with potent features to achieve better Alzheimer's disease management are presented. Many researchers have shown that the transdermal systems provide higher efficiency since the first-pass hepatic metabolism effect can be avoided and a prolonged drug release rate can be achieved. In summary, the transdermal administration of Alzheimer's drugs is an interesting and promising topic, which should be further elaborated and studied.