Loss Of Connective Tissue Attachment Research Articles

An Overview of Gingival Diseases in Childhood

The restoration of GH post-treatment for gingivitis or periodontitis is critical, and specific diagnostic criteria are outlined for these conditions. Importantly, even patients with a history of well-managed periodontitis remain at risk for recurrence, necessitating vigilant monitoring and management. Gingivitis, commonly observed in children and teenagers, is a reversible inflammatory condition of the gingival tissue (GT) that does not involve clinical attachment loss (CAL). It serves as a precursor to more severe periodontal diseases characterized by the loss of connective tissue attachment and bone. Controlling gingival inflammation is key to preventing periodontitis and its recurrence. The etiology of childhood gingival diseases is multifactorial, with factors like poor oral hygiene, sugary diets, limited dental care access, and systemic conditions such as diabetes and immunodeficiency playing significant roles. Clinicians must effectively manage gingivitis across all age groups, recognizing the broad categories of gingival diseases: dental plaque biofilm-induced gingivitis and non-dental-plaque-induced gingival diseases.

Impact of the host response and osteoblast lineage cells on periodontal disease

Periodontitis involves the loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Single cell RNA-seq experiments have provided new insight into how resident cells and infiltrating immune cells function in response to bacterial challenge in periodontal tissues. Periodontal disease is induced by a combined innate and adaptive immune response to bacterial dysbiosis that is initiated by resident cells including epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which recruit immune cells. Chemokines and cytokines stimulate recruitment of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis in response to TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL and other factors. Inflammation also suppresses coupled bone formation to limit repair of osteolytic lesions. Bone lining cells, osteocytes and periodontal ligament cells play a key role in both processes. The periodontal ligament contains cells that exhibit similarities to tendon cells, osteoblast-lineage cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Bone lining cells consisting of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts are influenced by osteocytes and stimulate formation of osteoclast precursors through MCSF and RANKL, which directly induce osteoclastogenesis. Following bone resorption, factors are released from resorbed bone matrix and by osteoclasts and osteal macrophages that recruit osteoblast precursors to the resorbed bone surface. Osteoblast differentiation and coupled bone formation are regulated by multiple signaling pathways including Wnt, Notch, FGF, IGF-1, BMP, and Hedgehog pathways. Diabetes, cigarette smoking and aging enhance the pathologic processes to increase bone resorption and inhibit coupled bone formation to accelerate bone loss. Other bone pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and bone unloading/disuse also affect osteoblast lineage cells and participate in formation of osteolytic lesions by promoting bone resorption and inhibiting coupled bone formation. Thus, periodontitis involves the activation of an inflammatory response that involves a large number of cells to stimulate bone resorption and limit osseous repair processes.

Effects of the Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Experimental Periodontitis and Estrogen Deficiency.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease resulting from a complex polymicrobial infection that causes tissue destruction in susceptible individuals. Osteoporosis has been associated with greater clinical attachment loss in patients with periodontitis. Experimental studies have shown positive results in the treatment of osteoporosis through pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PEMF in the presence of estrogen deficiency associated with periodontitis, verifying its role in bone metabolism and in the inflammatory response. Sixty rats were divided into four groups: Sham surgery + ligature-induced periodontitis (P); Sham surgery + ligature-induced periodontitis + PEMF therapy (P + PEMF); Ovariectomy surgery + ligature-induced periodontitis (P + OVX); Ovariectomy surgery + ligature-induced periodontitis + PEMF therapy (P + OVX + PEMF). The area of bone loss in the furcation region (BL), connective tissue attachment loss (CTAL) and alveolar bone loss (ABL), BV/TV and BMD were evaluated. In addition to immunohistochemical labelling of RANKL, OPG, and TRAP and the inflammatory response of interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor. P + OVX showed significant BL in relation to P + PEMF and the greatest CTAL and ABL. P + OVX and P + OVX + PEMF showed a significant reduction in BV/TV (%). P and P + PEMF showed a significantly lesser amount of Tb.Sp (mm) while P + OVX and P + OVX + PEMF showed a lesser of Tb.N. P + PEMF had the greatest BMD. P + OVX presented higher RANKL and lower OPG immunolabeling than other groups. P + PEMF and P + OVX + PEMF showed a reduction on all biomarkers evaluated. The application of PEMF seems to attenuate the effects of bone loss in the presence of periodontitis and ovariectomy. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Role of TNF-α in Periodontal Disease & Its Implication on Systemic Health

Periodontal disease is a polymicrobial infection, characterized by gingival inflammation, pocket formation, loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting alveolar bone. Though the etiology of periodontal disease has been established and micro-organisms have been implicated, pathology of these inflammatory lesions have been attributed not only to bacterial products, that have adverse effects on the tissues, but also to chemical mediators released by the host cells, as a result of inflammatory and immune reactions. Oral micro- organisms trigger the endogenous pathways of tissue degradation by activating host cells to produce and release inflammatory mediators and cytokines. These inflammatory mediators and cytokines manifest potent pro-inflammatory and catabolic activity and may play a key role in local amplification of the immune response as well as in periodontal tissue breakdown Apart from playing an important role in periodontal destruction, systemic elevation of TNF –  levels is extremely toxic to the host and hence has been termed as the “Suicide hormone”. TNF – , has been postulated to mediate wasting during chronic infections. This review aims to explore the role of TNF –  in periodontal disease & its implication on systemic health.

Bacteria and oral cavity: a new story to tell.

Periodontal diseases include a mild and reversible form named gingivitis (GI), and periodontitis (PD) that is the main cause of tooth loss in adults. GI, that affects gums and coronal junctional epithelium, as well as periodontitis, that is characterized by loss of connective tissue attachment, are caused by a persistent inflammatory response promoted by alteration of periodontal biofilm. The aim of the study was to test whether the prevalence of each species was associated with a particular clinical condition. Periodontal evaluation of 756 unrelated patients was performed by the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) system. Subgingival samples were obtained from the site with the worst PSR score. A selection of eleven bacterial species was evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. Quantitative and qualitative analyses help to better understand the microbial changes associated with different stages of periodontal disease.

Prevalence of Pathologic Migration in Patients with Periodontitis: A Retrospective Analysis

Periodontal disease is characterised by gingival inflammation loss of connective tissue attachment and bone loss. These changes are associated with pathologic tooth migration. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of pathological migration in patients with periodontitis. Retrospective data collection was conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 among 157 patients with generalised chronic periodontitis who reported to the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. Both clinical and radiographic images were used to assess the presence and type of pathological migration and the results were analysed. Among the various types of pathological migration studied like diastema, crowding, spacing, mesial tilt and distal tilt, it was found that spacing between the teeth (53 sites) was the most common and the distal tilt of the tooth (5 sites) was the least common type of pathologic migration.

Periodontal predicaments and associated risk factors among patients with schizophrenia

AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate association between periodontal health including loss of connective tissue attachment with schizophrenia and to estimate the associated risk factors. MethodsA total of 156 schizophrenic patients based on ICD-10 criteria participated in the study. Dental examinations were conducted as per WHO (1997) criterion. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and loss of connective tissue attachment (LOA) was used to assess the periodontal health. Chi Square and Mann – Whitney U test were used to compare between two or more groups for categorical and quantitative variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine association of independent variables with periodontal pockets and loss of attachment Significance was set at ≤ 0.05. ResultsPeriodontal pockets and loss of connective tissue attachment (LOA) were noted among 109 (69.8%) and 89 (57%) study participants respectively. Mean number of sextants with periodontal pockets were 2.76 ± 0.39 and 1.98 ± 0.45 among male and female study participants (p ≤ 0.001). Mean number of sextants with attachment loss were 1.47 ± 0.43 and 0.87 ± 0.37 respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Age, socioeconomic status, tobacco consumption, admission to psychiatric facility, duration of illness and co-morbidities were associated with periodontal pockets and loss of connective tissue attachment. ConclusionPatients with schizophrenia had poor periodontal health and were associated with high periodontal breakdown and loss of connective tissue attachment scores. Efforts need to be focused on strengthening the evidence of its association through further studies including cohort investigations. Clinical RelevanceThis is the first study to evaluate periodontal predicaments, specifically loss of connective tissue attachment among patients with schizophrenia.

The impact of predatory bacteria on experimental periodontitis.

This study evaluated the effects of topical administration of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 on experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into groups C (control), EP, C-HD100, and EP-HD100. At day 0, animals of groups EP and EP-HD100 received cotton ligatures around mandibular first molars (MFM). In groups C-HD100 and EP-HD100, 1 mL of suspensions containing B. bacteriovorus HD100 was topically administered in the subgingival region of MFMs at days 0, 3, and 7. Animals were euthanized at day 14. Gingival tissue, hemimandibles, and oral biofilm were collected. Data were statistically analyzed. Group EP-HD100 presented greater bone volume and lower connective tissue attachment loss (CTAL) than group EP (P<0.05). Group EP-HD100 presented greater proportions of Actinomyces and Streptococcus-like species and lower proportions of Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium polymorphum, Eikenella corrodens, Eubacterium nodatum, Campylobacter gracilis, Capnocytophaga sputigena, and Veillonella parvula-like species than group EP. Group EP-HD100 presented greater levels of osteoprotegerin and gene expression of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-10, and forkhead box P3 than group EP (P<0.05). Topical use of B. bacteriovorus HD100 promotes a protective effect against alveolar bone loss and CTAL in rats with EP.

Evaluation of Hematocrit Level, Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells Counts in Blood from Patients with Different Severities of Periodontal Diseases

Background: Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) occurs in the presence of chronic infection, inflammatory conditions or neoplastic conditions despite of adequate iron and vitamins storage. Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gingiva, periodontitis is the inflammation in the periodontium that extend deeper with loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting bone. The main pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and ACD is immune activation. Aims of study: Determine and compare the clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)). Evaluate the hematocrit (Hct) level, red blood cells (RBCs) count and white blood cells (WBCs) count. Assess the correlations between the clinical periodontal parameters and hematological parameters at patients had gingivitis, chronic periodontitis (CP) with different severities (mild, moderate and severe) with healthy periodontium subjects. Materials and Methods: 35-50 years old, 150 male subjects were included in this study. They were divided into three study groups: group of 30 patients with gingivitis, group of 90 patients with CP which subdivided into (Mild CP=30 patients, Moderate CP =30 patients, Severe CP =30 patients) and control group 30 subjects with clinically healthy periodontium. Blood samples were collected then by automated blood analyzer the Hct, RBCs and WBCs were evaluated. Results: Comparisons among groups and subgroups revealed significant differences in Hct and WBCs, while RBCs was non-significant. Means values of RBCs count showed reduction in mild and severe CP subgroups. while, the Hct and WBCs mean values increased in patients with periodontal disease. The correlations between the clinical periodontal parameters with WBCs and RBCs were almost non-significant but, with Hct was mostly significant negative correlations. Conclusion: Inflammatory and immune responses in periodontal diseases caused change in different hematologic parameters which could contribute to the development of anemia of chronic disease.

Occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces: Narrative review, case definitions, and diagnostic considerations.

This narrative review determines the effects of occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces on the periodontium, including the initiation and progression of periodontitis, abfraction, and gingival recession. Case definitions, diagnostic considerations, and the effects of occlusal therapy are also reviewed and discussed. The role of occlusal trauma in the initiation and progression of periodontitis remains a controversial subject in periodontology. Because occlusal trauma can only be confirmed histologically, its clinical diagnosis depends on clinical and radiographic surrogate indicators which make clinical trials difficult. Investigations have generally agreed that occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces do not initiate periodontitis or loss of connective tissue attachment. When plaque-induced periodontitis and occlusal trauma are present at the same time, there is weak evidence that the occlusal trauma may increase the rate of connective tissue loss. Occlusal therapy is indicated as part of periodontal therapy to reduce mobility and increase patient comfort and masticatory function. Existing data do not support the existence of abfraction as a cause for gingival recession. Occlusal trauma does not initiate periodontitis, and there is weak evidence that it alters the progression of the disease. There is no credible evidence to support the existence of abfraction or implicate it as a cause of gingival recession. Reduction of tooth mobility may enhance the effect of periodontal therapy.

Occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces: Narrative review, case definitions, and diagnostic considerations.

This narrative review determines the effects of occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces on the periodontium, including the initiation and progression of periodontitis, abfraction, and gingival recession. Case definitions, diagnostic considerations, and the effects of occlusal therapy are also reviewed and discussed. The role of occlusal trauma in the initiation and progression of periodontitis remains a controversial subject in periodontology. Because occlusal trauma can only be confirmed histologically, its clinical diagnosis depends on clinical and radiographic surrogate indicators which make clinical trials difficult. Investigations have generally agreed that occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces do not initiate periodontitis or loss of connective tissue attachment. When plaque-induced periodontitis and occlusal trauma are present at the same time, there is weak evidence that the occlusal trauma may increase the rate of connective tissue loss. Occlusal therapy is indicated as part of periodontal therapy to reduce mobility and increase patient comfort and masticatory function. Existing data do not support the existence of abfraction as a cause for gingival recession. Occlusal trauma does not initiate periodontitis, and there is weak evidence that it alters the progression of the disease. There is no credible evidence to support the existence of abfraction or implicate it as a cause of gingival recession. Reduction of tooth mobility may enhance the effect of periodontal therapy.

Effectiveness of Platelet Rich Plasma and Bone Graft in the Treatment of Intrabony Defects: A Clinico-radiographic Study.

Background & Objectives:Periodontal disease is characterized by the presence of gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone around the affected tooth. Different modalities have been employed in the treatment and regeneration of periodontal defects which include the use of bone grafts, PRP and other growth factors.The purpose of this prospective, randomized controlled study was to compare the regenerative efficacy of PRP and bonegraft in intrabony periodontal defects.Methodology:This randomized control trial was carried out in the Department of Periodontics & Oral Implantology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. The study sample included 20 periodontal infrabony defects in 20 patients, 12 males and 8 females. The patients were aged between 25 -45 years(with mean age of 35 years). The 20 sites selected for the study were was randomly divided into 2 groups of 10 sites each. Group A: PRP alone, Group B: Bone Graft.Statistical Anaysis & Results: Statistical Analysis Was Done Using SPSS (Version 18.0):Statistical analysis was done usingpaired ‘t’ tests and ANOVA that revealed a significant reduction ingingival index, plaque index, probing pocket depth and gain in clinical attachment level at various time intervalswithin both the groups. Radiographic evaluation revealed statistically significant defect fill (p<0.001) at the end of 6months within both the groups. However, there was astatistically significant difference seen in group B radiographically, when compared to group A.Conclusion:Both the groups showed promising results in enhancing periodontal regeneration; however the resultswith bonegraftwere comparatively better, although not statistically significant when compared to PRP alone.

The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Periodontal Diseases

Periodontal gum diseases are inflammatory conditions caused by microbial dental biofilm Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of the periodontal diseases result in loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting bone that may eventually result in loss of teeth Nuclear factor kappa B NF kB is a key regulator during inflammatory process involving the gingiva and alveolar bone of teeth In this paper we explain the role of NF kB in the destructive process of teeth supporting tissues

Benefits of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probiotic in Experimental Periodontitis.

This study evaluates effects of topical administration of probiotic bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium on experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into groups C (control; without EP), EP (EP only), C-HN019 (control+probiotic), and EP-HN019 (EP+probiotic). On day 0 of the experiment, animals of groups EP and EP-HN019 received cotton ligatures around mandibular first molars (MFMs). In groups C-HN019 and EP-HN019, 1 mL of suspensions containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019 was topically administered in the subgingival region of MFMs on days 0, 3, and 7. In groups C and EP, topical administrations were performed using a sham suspension (without probiotic). All animals were euthanized at day 14. Gingival tissue, hemimandibles, and oral biofilm were collected. Data were statistically analyzed (P <0.05). Group EP presented greater bone porosity, trabecular separation, and connective tissue attachment loss (CTAL) as well as reduced bone volume than all other groups (P <0.05). In group EP-HN019, there were greater proportions of Actinomyces and Streptococcus-like species and lower proportions of Veillonella parvula, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Eikenella corrodens, and Prevotella intermedia-like species than group EP. Group EP-HN019 presented greater expressions of osteoprotegerin and β-defensins than group EP (P <0.05). Group EP presented greater levels of interleukin-1β and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand than group EP-HN019 (P <0.05). Topical use of B. lactis HN019 promotes a protective effect against alveolar bone loss and CTALs attributable to EP in rats, modifying immunoinflammatory and microbiologic parameters.

Use of Platelet Rich Plasma in the Management of Periodontal Intra-Osseous Defects: A Clinical Study.

Background:Periodontal disease is characterized by the presence of gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, loss of connective tissue attachment, and alveolar bone around the affected tooth. Alveolar bone support and attachment apparatus regeneration has been achieved through various processes and have given elusive results. An expedient and cost-effective approach to obtain autologous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRP is obtained by sequestrating and concentrating platelets by gradient density centrifugation.Aims:The current study was aimed at evaluating the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma in comparison with open flap debridement.Settings and Designs:This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in the Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, KIDS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.Materials and Methods:Twenty periodontal infrabony defects in 10 patients; 6 males and 4 females of age between 25–45 years were included in this study and were followed up for a period of 6 months.Statistical Analysis:Both the groups showed a mean plaque index of 2.10 and 2.50 at baseline, 1.75 and 2.05 at 3 months, and 1.28 and 1.53 at the end of 6 months. The mean reduction of 0.35 and 0.45 at three months and 0.82 and 0.97 at six months was achieved, which was statistically significant. (P < 0.001). When comparison was done between the two groups it was not found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). In each of the group there was definitive reduction in plaque score over a period of time.Results and Conclusion:There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment outcome between open flap debridement and PRP alone. Platelet-rich plasma application holds promise and needs further exploration.

EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-SURGICAL PERIODONTAL THERAPY BY GINGIVAL EXPRESSION OF IL-1β AND IL-6

SUMMARY: Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that is characterized by attachment loss and loss of alveolar bone. Periodontal pathogens from the subgingival microbiota are suggested as a major etiological factor for the periodontitis. The host inflammatory response against bacteria and their virulence factors underlies the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The destructive immune response was shown to be associated with an extremely increased production of inflammatory cytokines in periodontal tissues. The expression of several cytokines likeIL-1β and IL-6 is responsible for alveolar bone resorption, and loss of connective tissue attachment in chronic periodontitis. Authors reported a reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokines after successful periodontal therapy. Measuring the levels of inflammatory factors may be diagnostic approach to assess the effectiveness of the therapy of periodontitis.

The Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Predisposing Factors

Periodontitis is an inflammatory lesion mediated by host-bacterial interactions which results in a non-resolving inflammation that leads to local connective tissue attachment loss from the tooth surface, loss of alveolar bone and ultimately tooth loss Indeed, periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in the western world and developing countries. The aims of this study was to estimate the relationships between periodontal disease and predisposing factors. One hundred eighty samples (paper point inserted into periodontal pocket) were examined in the present study . Patients were of both sexes(140 males and 40 females).Their ages ranged from 16-69 years old. Clinical measurements of periodontal parameters used included dental plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss . The results showed that periodontal disease was the most common in age group 20-29 years old and only a case reported with periodontal disease in 65 years old patients. According to sex distribution of patients, periodontal disease was mostly found in males than females. The periodontitis was more common in non-educated,treated ,smoking patients they living in rural area than educated,non treated ,non-smoking patients . they living in urban area.The most common anaerobic periodontal bacteria isolated from patients were peptostreptococcus prevotii which represented 15(8.3%) isolates, while prevotella intermedia, prevotella melani, prevotella disiens, Bifidobacterium sp., Fusibacterium mortiferum peptostreptococcus tetradius ,and Wolinella sp. represented only 1 (0.5%) of anaerobic isolates .Also another anaerobic subgingival bacteria isolated from inflamed sites in patients were fusibacterium varium, vellionella sp., campylobacter gracilis, capnocytophaga sp., peptostreptococcus magnus, peptostreptococcus micros, peptostreptococcus niger,peptostreptococcus anaerobius, staphylococcus saccharolyticus, streptococcus consellatus, and gemella morbillorum.

Good Smile, Healthy Brain?

Periodontal disease is an infectious disease causes my microorganisms resulting in the corrosion of tissues around the tooth surface and soft tissue lining the mouth, loss of connective tissue attachment, breakdown of bone that holds the teeth, and tooth loss. The symptoms are bleeding gum (gingivitis), gingival pockets and bone loss (periodontal disease) leading to tooth mobility and eventually tooth loss. In the United States, periodontal disease is very prevalent and becomes more prevalent in aging populations. According to a recent survey in the United States, approximately half of adults have some level of periodontal disease and almost 10% of those have severe disease.

Cell- and Gene- Based Therapeutics for Periodontal Regeneration.

Periodontitis is a disease of the periodontium, characterized by loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting the alveolar bone. Therefore, to regenerate these lost tissues of the periodontium researchers have included a variety of surgical procedures including grafting materials growth factors and the use of barrier membranes, ultimately resulting into regeneration that is biologically possible but clinically unpredictable. Recently a newer approach of delivering DNA plasmids as therapeutic agents is gaining special attention and is called gene delivery method. Gene therapy being considered a novel approach have a potential to channel their signals in a very systematic and controlled manner thereby providing encoded proteins at all stages of tissue regeneration. The aim of this review was to enlighten a view on the application involving gene delivery and tissue engineering in periodontal regeneration.

Mediators detected in gingival fluid and saliva as biomarkers of periodontal disease

Periodontitis is a set of inflammatory diseases characterized by the loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting bone around the teeth, which results in the apical migration of the junctional epithelium and the formation of deepened periodontal pockets. If left untreated, it can lead to the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth. Early diagnosis and treatment of progressive periodontitis is important because of the irreversible nature of this disease. Thus the long-term aim is the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease. Clinical measurements used in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases are often of limited usefulness in that they are indications of previous periodontal disease rather than present disease activity. The development of a test for most mediators associated with periodontal disease may serve as a useful method for identifying and predicting future progression. Biochemical mediators in oral fluids such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid are highly beneficial, due to the non-invasive and simple nature of their collection. They help in the determination of inflammatory mediator levels, as they are good indicators of inflammatory activity. This review analyzed the potential array of salivary and gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers, based on the diagnosis and prognosis of active periodontal disease.