Loss Of Brain Function Research Articles

Multi-origins of pathological theta oscillation from neuron to network inferred by a combined data and model study with cubature Kalman filter

The brain rhythm is strongly associated with the brain function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized reflected by the brain rhythm switching from the alpha band (9–12 Hz) to the theta band (4–8 Hz), accompanied with the loss of brain function. However, extracting the implicating intrinsic characteristic variations of the brain network by utilizing the Electroencephalogram (EEG) information is challenging. Kaman observer, serving as an effective Bayesian technique, can provide a visualization service for probing the intrinsic characteristics underlying the pathological theta oscillations. This work first establishes an excitation-inhibitory neural network model and explores the role of the fraction of the inhibitory neurons and inhibitory synapses in the pathological theta oscillation. The results indicate that the reduced inhibitory neuronal proportion and attenuated inhibitory synaptic weight are the main neural bases of the frequency reduction of neural oscillation. Then, we further explore the intrinsic spiking characteristic by considering spike frequency adaptation (SFA) to the inhibitory neurons. The results show that the SFA reduces the firing rate of neurons, which facilitates the theta rhythm. The enhancement of SFA current by increasing the time constant of its gating variable can further decrease the theta frequency from 7 Hz to 4 Hz. Furthermore, for this high-dimensional nonlinear excitation-inhibitory neural network model, cubature Kalman filter (CKF) is employed to estimate the above potential variations from the EEG data. The observation results show that the attenuated trends of the inhibitory neuronal proportion and the decreased inhibitory SFA current result in the descending brain rhythm. Finally, the theoretical simulation is deduced by utilizing the mean field theory for simplifying high-dimensional model to verify the simulation results. The theoretical variations of inhibitory parameters and adaptation gating variable are consistent with the simulation results. In summary, we investigate the multi-origin factors related to inhibitory neuronal intrinsic characteristics from forward model simulation and inverse EEG estimation process. And we further verify the simulation and data-driven results by theoretical derivation. This work enhances the understanding of the systematic function of inhibitory intrinsic characteristics on pathological theta oscillation and provides an effective method to decode the dynamics underlying neural activities.

EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIHIPERTENSI TERHADAP MIKROALBUMINURIA DAN TERJADINYA STROKE BERULANG DI RSUD DUNGUS

Stroke or cerebrovascular injury is a loss of brain function caused by the cessation of blood supply to parts of the brain. Generally stroke occurs due to the culmination of cerebrovascular disease for several years. One way to prevent recurrent stroke is by using antihypertensive therapy to reduce high blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of hypertension therapy for microalbuminuria and the incidence of recurrent stroke at Dungus Madiun General Hospital. This type of research used a descriptive observational design with a prospective method. Microalbuminuria laboratory results. Total data and samples were 7 patients

PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN OKSIGENASI DENGAN PEMBERIAN POSISI HEAD UP 30˚ PADA PASIEN STROKE

Stroke as cerebrovascular damage, is a loss of brain function caused by cessation or reduced blood supply to an area of the brain, resulting in local or global neurological dysfunction. Substandard blood flow in stroke patients can lead to hemodynamic abnormalities, where hemodynamic conditions affect the distribution of oxygen throughout the body, affect heart function and reduce oxygen saturation so that stroke is an emergency case and requires fast and appropriate help. Purpose: of this study was to determine how to fulfill the need for oxygenation by giving a 30˚ head up position in stroke patients. Method: used is a literature study or literature review using articles/journals in the form of fulfilling oxygen needs by giving a 30˚ head up position in stroke patients. Results: showed that there was a significant increase in oxygen saturation levels after the 30˚ head up position in stroke patients. Conclusion :of this study is that one of the interventions that can be carried out in fulfilling oxygenation in stroke patients is giving a 30 head up position with a head elevation or 30˚ head up position that can facilitate increased cerebral blood flow and maximize cerebral tissue oxygenation

2D QSAR STUDY OF FUSED 5,6-BICYCLIC HETEROCYCLES AS ANTI ALZHEIMER’S AGENTS USING TOPOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degrading and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder associated with loss of brain functions. It is manifested clinically into psychological symptoms that collectively form cognitive dysfunction and the loss of thinking skills through the progressive degeneration of central nervous system neurons. Over the last decade, γ-secretase emerged as a promising target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The γ-secretase modulator compounds would be good candidates for AD therapeutics. In previous years, a series fused 5,6-bicyclic heterocycles were investigated as γ-secretase modulators or anti Alzheimer’s agents. In the present study, a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study of twenty-eight derivatives of fused 5,6-bicyclic heterocycles has been made with the help of topological parameters. The descriptors that have been used are solvent accessible surface area, valence connectivity indices of order 0, 1 and 2 and shape indices of order 1, 2 and 3. The best QSAR model for this set of derivatives has been obtained by using solvent accessible surface area as first descriptor, valence connectivity index (order-0) as second descriptor, valence connectivity index (order-1) as third descriptor and shape index (order-3) as fourth descriptor. The correlation coefficient (r 2 ) and cross validation coefficient (rCV2 ) for this model are 0.773037 and 0.688568, respectively.

Changes in glial cell phenotypes precede overt neurofibrillary tangle formation, correlate with markers of cortical cell damage, and predict cognitive status of individuals at Braak III-IV stages

Clinico-pathological correlation studies show that some otherwise healthy elderly individuals who never developed cognitive impairment harbor a burden of Alzheimer’s disease lesions (plaques and tangles) that would be expected to result in dementia. In the absence of comorbidities explaining such discrepancies, there is a need to identify other brain changes that meaningfully contribute to the cognitive status of an individual in the face of such burdens of plaques and tangles. Glial inflammatory responses, a universal phenomenon in symptomatic AD, show robust association with degree of cognitive impairment, but their significance in early tau pathology stages and contribution to the trajectory of cognitive decline at an individual level remain widely unexplored. We studied 55 brains from individuals at intermediate stages of tau tangle pathology (Braak III-IV) with diverging antemortem cognition (demented vs. non-demented, here termed `resilient’), and age-matched cognitively normal controls (Braak 0-II). We conducted quantitative assessments of amyloid and tau lesions, cellular vulnerability markers, and glial phenotypes in temporal pole (Braak III-IV region) and visual cortex (Braak V-VI region) using artificial-intelligence based semiautomated quantifications. We found distinct glial responses with increased proinflammatory and decreased homeostatic markers, both in regions with tau tangles (temporal pole) and without overt tau deposits (visual cortex) in demented but not in resilient. These changes were significantly associated with markers of cortical cell damage. Similar phenotypic glial changes were detected in the white matter of demented but not resilient and were associated with higher burden of overlying cortical cellular damage in regions with and without tangles. Our data suggest that changes in glial phenotypes in cortical and subcortical regions represent an early phenomenon that precedes overt tau deposition and likely contributes to cell damage and loss of brain function predicting the cognitive status of individuals at intermediate stages of tau aggregate burden (Braak III-IV).

Pendampingan Asuhan Keperawatan Medikal Bedah pada Pasien dengan Gangguan Sistem Persyarafan (Stroke Hemoragik) di Ruang Flamboyan RSUD Banjar

Introduction: Stroke is a rapid and sudden loss of brain function caused by impaired blood flow to the brain (ischemic) or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain (hemorrhagic). clear (pelo), changes in consciousness, visual disturbances, and others. Clinically, the symptoms that often appear in stroke patients are the presence of himiparesis or hemiplagia. Where the occurrence of damage to one side of the brain Objective: This assistance aims to provide nursing care to patients Mr. S with a medical diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Stroke in the Flamboyan Room at the Banjar City General Hospital. Method: Assistance activities are carried out by providing nursing care through 5 processes including assessment, nursing diagnosis, nursing intervention, nursing implementation, and nursing evaluation. Result: The results explain the main problems that arise with the diagnosis of ineffective cerebral tissue risk, physical mobility barriers have not been overcome because the patient died before the intervention was completed. However, the diagnosis of an ineffective breathing pattern is partially resolved because it helps in maintaining O2 in the body. Conclusion: The provision of nursing care with a medical diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Stroke was partially resolved.

Unraveling of Functional Activity of Primary Hippocampal Neuron-Glial Networks in Photodynamic Therapy Based on Tetracyanotetra(aryl)porphyrazines.

The current efforts in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of brain cancer are focused on the development of novel photosensitizers with improved photodynamic properties, targeted specific localization, and sensitivity to the irradiation dose, ensuring the effectiveness of PDT with fewer side effects for normal nerve tissue. Here, we characterize the effects of four photosensitizers of the tetracyanotetra(aryl)porphyrazine group (pz I–IV) on the functional activity of neuron-glial networks in primary hippocampal cultures in their application in normal conditions and under PDT. The data revealed that the application of pz I–IV leads to a significant decrease in the main parameters of the functional calcium activity of neuron-glial networks and pronounced changes in the network characteristics. The observed negative effects of pz I–IV were aggravated under PDT. Considering the significant restructuring of the functional architectonics of neuron-glial networks that can lead to severe impairments in synaptic transmission and loss of brain functions, and the feasibility of direct application of PDT based on pz I–IV in the therapy of brain tumors is highly controversial. Nevertheless, the unique properties of pz I–IV retain a great prospect of their use in the therapy of tumors of another origin and cellular metabolism.

Abstract WP148: Magnetically Enhanced Diffusion (MED) Of Intravenous Thrombolytics Decreases Thrombus Leading To Accelerated Reperfusion

Whether systemic fibrinolysis alone or, more recently, combined with thrombectomy are used to re-establish blood flow in cerebral arteries occluded with thrombus, a shower of fragments often plugs more distal arterial branches leading to continued infarction, resulting in some loss of brain function. We hypothesized that magnetite MicroBeads injected intra-arterially near a thrombus and exposed to a rotating magnetic field after IV administration of plasminogen activators (lytics) would accelerate fibrinolysis leading to decreased distal thrombus burden, increased blood flow, and less brain infarction and loss of function. Clots formed in vitro from recalcified citrated rabbit blood were weighed (ave = 100mg) and injected into both common carotid arteries with blood flow occluded at the level of C3/4 in anesthetized male and female rabbits. rtPA (Activase, 1mg/kg, Genentech) was infused IV over 1h or Tenecteplase (TNK, 0.3-0.9mg/kg, Genentech) was injected IV as a bolus. After 30 min, magnetite MicroBeads were injected (300ug) as a bolus every 5 min over 30min (6 doses, 1,800mg) through a 5F angiocatheter placed within 2-3cm of the clot in one carotid, while the other carotid received the lytic alone by diffusion. The clots were removed after 1h and reweighed. MED increased the rate of fibrinolysis of clots leading to &gt95% reduction in clot weight vs 83% with Activase alone (p&lt0.0001 for paired testing, n=8). Clot lysis was also increased with MED + TNK (p&lt0.05, n=6) compared to TNK alone. Thus significant acceleration of lysis and reduction in clot weight occurs after treatment with MicroBeads plus lytic compared to lytic alone. This approach may enhance reperfusion and decrease infarction during stroke treated by either lytic alone or lytic + thrombectomy leading to improved outcomes.

Unwanted Exacerbation of the Immune Response in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Time to Review the Impact.

The COVID-19 pandemic imposed a series of behavioral changes that resulted in increased social isolation and a more sedentary life for many across all age groups, but, above all, for the elderly population who are the most vulnerable to infections and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Systemic inflammatory responses are known to accelerate neurodegenerative disease progression, which leads to permanent damage, loss of brain function, and the loss of autonomy for many aged people. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a spectrum of inflammatory responses was generated in affected individuals, and it is expected that the elderly patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases who survived SARSCoV-2 infection, it will be found, sooner or later, that there is a worsening of their neurodegenerative conditions. Using mouse prion disease as a model for chronic neurodegeneration, we review the effects of social isolation, sedentary living, and viral infection on the disease progression with a focus on sickness behavior and on the responses of microglia and astrocytes. Focusing on aging, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to immunosenescence in chronic neurodegenerative diseases and how infections may accelerate their progression.

Irreversible loss of brain function : Requirements and Clinical diagnosis

Brain death (irreversible loss of brain function), according to German regulations, is investigated exclusively by qualified specialists in astrictly hierarchical three-step pattern and afour-eyes principle. In step1 all necessary prerequisites are to be checked and the pathophysiology of brain damage has to be classified. Step2 comprises the clinical investigation of reactivity to external stimuli and the upper, middle and lower brain stem reflexes including apnea testing. Step3 exclusively checks for irreversibility of this condition. The latter is achieved by appropriate technical investigations or by repeated clinical examinations within context-specified intervals (range 12-72 h). However, exclusion of contributing primarily infratentorial pathologies is necessary to avoid limitations of the clinical findings. In this paper, both the initiation of brain death diagnostics and the approved clinical tests regarding to their execution, their alternatives and limits are presented and special situations like conditions with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are also examined.

Role of SNAREs in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are pathologies of the central and peripheral nervous systems characterized by loss of brain functions and problems in movement which occur due to the slow and progressive degeneration of cellular elements. Several neurodegenerative diseases are known such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and many studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies have been conducted. Altered functions of some key proteins and the presence of intraneuronal aggregates have been identified as responsible for the development of the diseases. Interestingly, the formation of the SNARE complex has been discovered to be fundamental for vesicle fusion, vesicle recycling and neurotransmitter release. Indeed, inhibition of the formation of the SNARE complex, defects in the SNARE-dependent exocytosis and altered regulation of SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion have been associated with neurodegeneration. In this review, the biological aspects of neurodegenerative diseases and the role of SNARE proteins in relation to the onset of these pathologies are described.

Kekuatan Genggaman Tangan pada Pasien Post Stroke

Stroke is a loss of brain function caused by the cessation of blood supply in part of the brain. Death of brain tissue due to stroke can cause muscle weakness in the affected limb such as fingers. This condition affects the ability to move and the quality of life of patients. Patients not only experience paralysis but also experience cognitive impairment, communication disorders, and visual field disorders or deficits in perception. Aims this study was to describe handgrip strength The average age of respondents was 60.5 years with the youngest age 41 years and 80 years of age. The average strength of the handgrip is 7.4 kg with the lowest strength is 1.3 kg and the highest is 18.6 kg. Obtained a relationship between age and muscle strength after stroke (p 0.023). The relationship between age and post-stroke muscle strength shows that the relationship between medium strength and negative patterning means that as you age, muscle strength decreases. So it is necessary to develop the Pattern of Activities and exercises for Post Stroke in Hospitals and the Community.

The role of type 2 Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

Currently, one of the most significant health problems is the increased incidence of obesity and type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2). The most recent epidemiological and clinical research studies have indicated that low physical activity, as well as many genetic and environmental factors are the main causes of these metabolic disorders. It is widely recognized that insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of DM2, disrupting not only the functioning of peripheral tissues, but also the brain. Insulin plays a critical role in the central nervous system participating in neuronal survival, neuroplasticity, memory and cognitive functions. In addition, peripheral insulin resistance results in loss of brain function, which indicates a strong relationship between metabolic disorders, cognitive impairment and the emergence of neurodegenerative diseases. There are links between these different pathologies, such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, changes in glucose metabolism as well as insulin resistance. Advances in the knowledge of these links may contribute to the development of treatments for the prevention of these pathological events. Based on the above, this study aimed to review the mechanisms associated with DM2 in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Death determination and donation after circulatory death: Can physicians reconcile cardiorespiratory death and irreversible loss of brain function?

Declaration of cardiorespiratory death, as defined by the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA), requires irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function. A physician’s ability to confidently declare death is paramount because death is both a biological and social construct, and can afford a dying patient the opportunity to be an organ donor via donation after circulatory death (DCD). Inconsistencies related to cardiorespiratory death and DCD include the specific language used in the UDDA, specifically the use of the word “irreversible”. Additionally, in DCD there is a large focus on the auto-resuscitative capacity of the heart, however recently some have argued that instead the focus should shift to the brain and a determination of how long it needs to be without circulation to cease functioning prior to declaring death. In this paper, I discuss inconsistencies with cardiorespiratory death as they pertain to organ donation and posit several possible solutions to mitigate these inconsistencies.

Glutathione As Biomarker for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Brain imaging is one of the main obstacles of modern disease diagnostics since it must allow accurate and quantitative measurements on a living organ that is placed in adults (in neonatal humans’ skull penetration is somewhat easier) inside a bone cage. Inside is the brain, the main function controller of our body that must be done in a non- invasive way on the living operation brain. Many spectroscopic methods are trying to overcome the difficult access to the brain: Photoacoustic microscopy, Confocal microscopy, Two-photon microscopy, Optical coherence tomography, Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy, Acoustic microscopy, Ultrasonography, positron tomography, fluorescence methods, photo caustic microscopy and multi (two) photon imaging spectroscopy. The situation is complex since the brain is wrapped in the blood brain barrier allowing only selected molecules to pass from the blood stream to and out of the brain. In this chapter, we will survey the current situation of brain diagnostics with the aid of the spectroscopic methods. Brain research is integrated in aging research as a major area of interest. Aging is in most cased coupled with the loss of brain function and dementia. The neurodegenerative diseases, although identified by Dr. Alzheimer and his collaborators more than a century ago, continue as the leading causes of mortality among the elderly. Brain research in trying to give hope to those people but unfortunately our understanding in this area is limited. Oxidative stress contributes to neurodegenerative diseases pathophysiology and progression. The target was to describe central and peripheral metabolites of redox metabolism and to describe correlations between glutathione status, age, and disease severity.

Overexpression of miR-217-5p protects against oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced neuronal injury via inhibition of PTEN

Ischemic stroke is characterized by loss of brain function because of cerebral ischemia. Evidence has been shown that miR-217-5p is significantly downregulated in infarcted brain areas following focal cerebral ischemia. However, the role of miR-217-5p in ischemic stroke is still unclear. To mimic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury conditions in vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Our data found that PTEN was the directly target of miR-217-5p in SH-SY5Y cells. The level of miR-217-5p was significantly decreased, while the level of PTEN was notably increased in SH-SY5Y cells following OGD/R treatment. Overexpression of miR-217-5p markedly promoted the proliferation and cell cycle progression, and inhibited apoptosis in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, overexpression of miR-217-5p significantly decreased the expressions of PTEN and FOXO1, but increased the expression of p-Akt in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, methylation specific PCR (MSP) results indicated the CpG islands in the promoter region of miR-217-5p were hypermethylated in SH-SY5Y cells under OGD/R. Meanwhile, the DNA methylation of miR-217-5p promoter region decreased expression of miR-217-5p. Our data indicated that miR-217-5p could attenuate ischemic injury by inhibiting PTEN. In addition, DNA methylation-mediated silencing of miR-217-5p may serve as a promising therapeutic target of ischemic stroke.

Effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and perception of individuals at risk for stroke in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:To assess the effect of an educational program on the knowledge and perception of stroke in individuals at risk.Methods:This quasi experiment study, conducted in Health Education Clinics at King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, was designed to assess the knowledge of people who were at risk for stroke, before and after delivering educational content. This content comprised 4-minute face-to-face explanation by a trained educator, 99-second video clip and a short hand-out. The assessment was performed by administering a structured questionnaire.Results:A total of 313 people participated in this study. Before the intervention, 63.6% understood stroke to be due to a disturbance in blood flow resulting in loss of brain function. After delivery of the educational content, the percentage raised to 97.1%. Thirty-Four and Eight percent (109) of participants stated they knew stroke symptoms, and 55.96% knew 2 to 4 symptoms prior to intervention. Our educational content raised these percentages to 98.4% and 79.8% respectively. Good knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors was associated with younger age and higher level of education.Conclusion:Educational content by means of one-to-one interaction with trained educators, video clips and handouts results in significant improvement in understanding of stroke symptoms and risk factors among at-risk participants.

Evaluation of Brain Death in Children: A Single Center Experience

Introduction: Brain death is defined as a status of apnea, coma and the absence of brainstem reflexes, in addition to the presence of electrocerebral silence (ECS) on an electroencephalography (EEG). Trauma and anoxic encephalopathy are the most common causes of brain death in children, with incidences of brain death reported to vary between 0.65–1.2 percent. A diagnosis of brain death can be made based on a detailed anamnesis, physical examination findings and supportive test results. When pediatric patients are being evaluated by EEG, they should also be assessed in terms of medications, metabolic encephalopathy, hypothermia, electrolyte imbalance and acid-base imbalance. Patients and Methods: The present study included patients who suffered brain death during hospitalization in the pediatric intensive care unit of Inonu University Turgut Ozal Medical Center between 2010 and 2017. The medical files of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. All patients included in the study underwent an EEG and an apnea test was performed on all patients. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement was obtained through a Computerized Tomography Angiography (CTA), and all patients underwent a Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) and a Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (TCD). Results: Of the 20 patients included in the study, nine (45%) were female and 11 (55%) were male, with a mean age of 8.47±5.73 years. Of the total, seven patients presented with fulminant hepatitis, three with trauma, three with sepsis, two with drowning, two with cerebrovaskuler disease (CVD), and one patient each with lymphoma, suicide and electric shock. The families of only two (10%) patients donated the organs of the deceased. Of the 20 patients, four were Syrian, and of which were being monitored with the diagnosis of liver failure. An apnea test was positive in all patients, and in all patients, the EEG findings supported brain death. Imaging methods were carried out to demonstrate the absence of CBF flow in 11 (55%) patients, and diabetes insipidus (DI) developed in nine (45%) of the patients with brain death. Conclusion: In conclusion, a multidisciplinary approach is required for the diagnosis of brain death. An evaluation of laboratory findings and EEG results together with the findings of a physical examination is important, particularly in centers like our clinics where more than 50 pediatric transplantations are carried out each year. The development of hypernatremia in patients with DI is now an important parameter in the loss of brain function.

William Jagust: Arrow Through The Rings

William Jagust: Arrow Through The Rings

A Movement-Tremors Recorder for Patients of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, motor neuron, and Chorea affect millions of people today. Their effect on the central nervous system causes the loss of brain functions as well as motor disturbances and sometimes cognitive deficits. In such a scenario, the monitoring and evaluation of early symptoms are mandatory for the improvement of the patient’s quality of life. Here, the authors describe the development, the laboratory calibration, and the “in-field validation” under the medical supervision of a movement tremors recorder for subjects affected by neurodegenerative diseases. The developed device is based on an array of four accelerometers connected to an embedded development board. This system is able to monitor tremor/movement, accidental falls, and, moreover, it can track the Alzheimer subjects’ geographical position. A remote supervisor can collect data from the system through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or GSM connections. A data compression algorithm was developed directly on board in order to increase the efficiency of data transmission and reduce power consumptions.