Loss Of Blood Cells Research Articles

Erythropoietin-induced congenital erythrocytosis:Treatment with myelosuppressive agents and hookworm infestation

PATIENTS WITH POLYCYTHEMIA may need periodic phlebotomies because high blood viscosity and decreased flow enhance the risk of thrombosis and cerebrovascular accidents. ~4 We report a child with polycythemia resulting from autonomous erythropoietin overproduction, in whom phlebotomy therapy was hampered by absence of accessible peripheral veins; diverse therapeutic attempts to suppress erythropoiesis and increase red blood cell loss were used. CASE REPORT Plethora with otherwise normal physical findings was first noticed in this white girl at 2 months of age. Personal and family history were unremarkable. The only abnormal data in the hemogram were hematocrit 65% and hemoglobin 21.6 gm/dl. Irritability, insomnia, decreased activity, and persistent plethora prompted further medical attention at 9 months of age. Growth and development were normal, and physical examination yielded unremarkable findings except for plethoric appearance and mild splenomegaly. Hematocrit was 68%, and hemoglobin 29.8 gm/dl. The following studies all yielded normal or negative results: the remainder of the hemogram, arterial Po2, hemoglobin electrophoresis, hemoglobin 02 dissociation curve (both stripped and unstripped of organic phosphates), erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content, serum alpha fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations, renal and liver function tests, intravenous pyelogram, sonograms of the heart, liver, and kidneys, chest radiograph, cardiac catheterization, renal and hepatic arteriograms, and a computed tomogram of the head. A red blood cell mass measurement by the standard ~Cr dilution method was 49 ml/kg (normal <32 ml). Bone marrow examination showed marked erythroid hyperplasia. Serum erythropoietin levels (kindly performed by Dr. J.

The Effect of Feeding a Semipurified Diet to Chickens Infected with Coccidia

Four experiments were conducted using broiler chicks to study the effects of feeding a semipurified diet on coccidial infection. Chickens fed a semipurified diet and inoculated with E. tenella had a very mild infection with little or no mortality and no effect on body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and blood cell loss as judged by hematocrit. At necropsy the infected chickens had light cecal lesions. However, no difference in response was observed between chickens fed either the corn-soybean meal or the semipurified diet and inoculated with a mixture of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. brunetti. Chickens fed a diet composed of 25% of the corn-soybean meal diet plus 75% of the semipurified diet and inoculated with E. tenella had the same mortality as chickens fed the corn-soybean meal diet. Feeding chickens the semipurified diet as early as 6 days before inoculation did not affect the severity of E. tenella infection. No difference was observed in the intestinal or cecal pH or food passage time of noninfected chickens fed either the corn-soybean meal or the semipurified diet. No differences were found in the number of oocysts discharged between 2 and 9 hr after inoculation expressed as a percentage of the infective dose. The results of these studies show that a semipurified diet ameliorates infection of chickens with the cecal parasite E. tenella but not coccidial infections of the small intestine.

The preparation of leukocyte-poor red cells from liquid stored blood: an evaluation of the Haemonetics 102 cell washing system.

An evaluation of the Haemonetics 102, an automated cell washing system, is presented. Although the system removes 68.4 +/- 14 per cent of the white blood cells from liquid stored blood, the percentage wash out is an unreliable mode of evaluation. The residual number of white blood cells per unit is 6.5 +/- 2.8 x 10(8), which is independent of the unit's size, age, and initial leukocyte count. The residual number of white blood cells is also not influenced by any of the modifications used in the study. Red blood cell loss averaged 16.3 per cent. A direct correlation exists between the initial red blood cell mass and the amount of cell lost. It is recommended that packed cell units which have a volume of less than 300 ml with hematocrits of 75 per cent or less be used to minimize excessive red blood cell loss. Recommendation as to the selection of units by an ideal age or the preparation of units prior to washing are not supported by these data.

Protection by superoxide dismutase of white blood cells in X-irradiated mice

In X-irradiated mice the loss of white blood cells increases exponentially with dose. The dose x o, which reduces the cell number to 1/e, is 115 ± 15, 205 ± 30, 108 ± 5, and 235 ± 18 rad for leucocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets, respectively. The x o value increases with the amount of endogenous superoxide dismutase per cell. Intravenous bovine superoxide dismutase has no effect on the x o for granulocytes and platelets but increases it to 145 ± 15 and 143 ± 20 rad for leucocytes and lymphocytes, respectively. The exogenous enzyme also shortens the delay in recovery of the white blood cells, particularly after X-ray doses of 550 and 675 rad. The earlier hematological recovery is attributable to the known radioprotective effect of the enzyme on bone marrow stem cells.

Studies of the Recovery and the Cost of Low‐Glycerol Cryopreserved Human Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells were equilibrated with 28 per cent (v/v) glycerol and 3 per cent mannitol in 0.65 g/100 ml sodium chloride. The units were frozen by immersion into liquid nitrogen and stored at -160 C. After thawing, they were reconstituted and washed using the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor. Freeze-thaw rate curves, the effect of thawing techniques, the effect of varying postthaw washing and processing techniques, estimates of red blood cell losses because of hemolysis, and in vitro recovery were determined. In vivo recovery was determined by 51Cr techniques 24 hours after infusion and Ashby survivals and subsequent life span were measured. Metabolic, scanning electronmicroscopy, cost estimates and quality control studies were done on the reconsituted red blood cells. Recipients were evaluated before and after transfusion for metabolic erythrocyte characteristics and for evidence of hemolysis. The modified method requires less wash solution and less technician time than does the standard low-glycerol method. Two units for the same recipient could be passed through the IBM software with no alteration of cell survival or loss. Revision of the IBM 2991 processing procedure provided excellent recovery of viable previously frozen red blood cells at probably a lower cost.

Mercuric chloride uptake by eggs of the ricefish and resulting teratogenic effects.

Eggs collected from adult Japanese Medaka were incubated for 16 days in solutions containing 10, 15, 20, and 30 ppb mercury as mercuric chloride. The mean hatchability of control eggs was 46.7 percent. Experimental eggs incubated in 10 ppb and 15 ppb mercury had hatching percentages of 58.3 and 20.8 respectively (Chi Square = 12.8, Pless than.0005). None of the 20 ppb or 30 ppb experimental eggs hatched. Nemorrhaging, blood vessel deterioration and loss of blood cells were observed in 79 percent of the 15 ppb experimental eggs and all the 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs. Neither the control nor the 10 ppb experimental eggs demonstrated any of these abnormalities. The LC100 for 384 hours was between 20 ppb and 30 ppb. The 10, 15, 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs concentrated mercury directly from the incubating solution 1,600, 1,900, 2,700, and 1,900 times, respectively. The total concentration of mercury in these eggs after 16 consecutive days was 16,000, 29,000, 54,000, and 56,000 respectively.

ANDROGENIC HORMONE THERAPY IN LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA.

ANEMIA may occur during the course of chronic lymphatic leukemia. The study of erythrokinetics has revealed that the development of this anemia may be due to decreased erythropoiesis with normal or increased red blood cell destruction or loss. There is little understanding of the reason for the failure of leukemic marrow to provide adequate erythropoiesis. A metabolic competition between developing red blood cells and pathological white cells has been suggested. 1 Because of the stimulation of erythropoiesis produced by androgenic hormones, androgens were administered to patients with lymphatic leukemia. In patients with advanced breast cancer, androgenic hormones produced reticulocytosis, normoblastic hyperplasia of the bone marrow, and an increase in hemoglobin even to polycythemic values (Fig 1). 2,3 Because of these observations, androgens were employed in the treatment of a variety of anemias. 3-5 Improvements were noted in aplastic anemia, refractory anemia, myelofibrosis, and various diseases with erythroid hypoplasia. During a

Blood volume changes in pregnancy and the puerperium: II. Red blood cell loss and changes in apparent blood volume during and following vaginal delivery, cesarean section, and cesarean section plus total hysterectomy

Blood volume changes were studied in 150 parturient women to determine the fate of the blood added to the circulation during pregnancy as well as to quantitate blood loss associated with delivery. Previously it was shown that when chromium-labeled red blood volume there was good agreement between the volume of red blood cells that disappeared from the circulation and the volume of red blood cells lost during parturition. This technique was used in the study. In 75 women during and very soon after vaginal delivery red blood cell loss from the circulation was equivalent to 505 ml of predelivery blood. In 40 women undergoing repeat cesarean section prior to labor the average loss equaled 930 ml of predelivery blood. In 35 other women subjected to cesarean section plus total hysterectomy the average loss equaled 1435 ml of predelivery blood. Between the first hour after vaginal delivery and 72 hours later in 54 women an average of 80 ml of blood was collected from the vagina. With 1 exception oxytocics were not administered except at the time of placenta delivery. In essentially normal pregnant women the loss of 20-30% of the predelivery blood volume as the result of parturition typically produced little change in the hematocrit during the puerperium. It is concluded that in general women during and after parturition can tolerate the loss of most of the blood added to the circulation during pregnancy without serious effects. In a discussion R.G. Holly notes 1) the need for studying long-term effects of acute blood loss and 2) that this study is a good example of using isotopes to obtain precise information. J.L. McKelvey comments on iron storage in patients whose hemoglobin mass does not increase. C.J. Lund notes that postpartum changes in hematocrit are not unpredictable if total blood volume is considered.

Blood Volume in Health and Disease

Blood volume is a complex problem not fully understood. The volume of blood in circulation is not a static quantity, rather, it is the net effect of counteracting forces in dynamic equilibrium. There are constant additions to the circulation and losses from the circulation, which in healthy persons tend to balance each other. Water, salts and nonprotein nitrogenous products pass back and forth through the capillary endothelium, into and out of the blood stream, with considerable freedom. Plasma proteins, which escape slowly, are matched by fresh accretions from lymph and from protein stores. Blood cell losses are replaced by newly formed cells. The result of this ceaseless activity is, within limits of physiological variation, a fairly constant blood volume. But, under abnormal conditions of hemorrhage, trauma and many diseases, that balance is upset and the volume of blood is altered. If the imbalance is severe, the efficiency of the entire

Blood volume in health and disease.

Blood volume is a complex problem not fully understood. The volume of blood in circulation is not a static quantity, rather, it is the net effect of counteracting forces in dynamic equilibrium. There are constant additions to the circulation and losses from the circulation, which in healthy persons tend to balance each other. Water, salts and nonprotein nitrogenous products pass back and forth through the capillary endothelium, into and out of the blood stream, with considerable freedom. Plasma proteins, which escape slowly, are matched by fresh accretions from lymph and from protein stores. Blood cell losses are replaced by newly formed cells. The result of this ceaseless activity is, within limits of physiological variation, a fairly constant blood volume. But, under abnormal conditions of hemorrhage, trauma and many diseases, that balance is upset and the volume of blood is altered. If the imbalance is severe, the efficiency of the entire