Loss Measurement Method Research Articles

Surface functionalization of XC18 steel using a new transition metal complex for remarkable corrosion performance: Empirical and theoretical studies

Synthesis of transition metal complexes (TMC) having specific characteristics is advantageous for combining their organic and inorganic properties, to help prevent metals from corrosion. In this study, the corrosion inhibition behavior of [N, N′-bis(salicylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediaminato] copper (II) (CuL) on the surface of XC18 steel surface immersed in 1.0 M HCl was investigated. The thermodynamic and kinetic corrosion parameters were determined using the mass loss (ML) and electrochemical measurement methods. CuL exhibited a good corrosion inhibition efficiency of 96.72 %. The adsorption behavior of CuL followed the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating both physical and chemical interactions. Morphological structural analysis demonstrated that CuL formed a protective film between the surface of XC18 steel and the corrosives elements, thus confirming its adsorption onto XC18 steel surface. Theoretical calculations were consistent with the experimental findings, thereby confirming that the adsorption of CuL onto the steel surface comprises both physisorption and chemisorption processes. These calculations elucidate the specific bonding nature and emphasize the significant inter- and intra-molecular interactions that enhance the stability and adsorption capability of the CuL inhibitor. The successful formation of a protective layer on the surface of XC18 steel using a TMC signifies exciting prospects for the development of advanced materials with diverse applications.

A Novel DC Differential Method for High Frequency Core Loss Measurement

A Novel DC Differential Method for High Frequency Core Loss Measurement

Quantitative blood loss measurement methods for early detection of primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal birth: A scoping review.

To map the commonly used quantitative blood loss measurement methods in clinical practice and provide a solid foundation for future studies. This study adhered to the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews. We conducted a literature search using five databases to retrieve articles published between January 2012 and September 2022. The search was repeated on 29 February 2024. Data extraction and verification were carried out by two independent researchers using a self-designed data extraction form. Ultimately, 26 studies published between 2012 and 2024 were considered eligible for inclusion. Six categories of methods were identified from the 26 articles. Among the included studies, only two involved randomized controlled trials, with the majority being observational studies. The World Health Organization (2012) version of the postpartum haemorrhage diagnostic criteria was predominantly used in most studies. Gravimetric and volumetric methods emerged as the most commonly used methods for quantifying postpartum haemorrhages. The timing of blood collection was inconsistent among the included studies. Only 12 studies mentioned measures for the management of amniotic fluid. This scoping review supports the replacement of the visual estimation of blood loss with quantitative assessment methods. Supporting a specific assessment approach is not feasible due to the variability of the study. Future research should focus on establishing the best practices for specific quantitative methods to standardize the management of postpartum haemorrhage and reduce the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage-related adverse outcomes. Healthcare professionals need to acknowledge the low accuracy of visual estimation methods and implement quantitative methods to assess postpartum blood loss. Given the limitations inherent in each assessment method, quantification of blood loss should be combined with assessment of maternal vital signs, physiologic indicators and other factors.

Experimental Studies on the Effect of Expired Amiodarone Drug (EAD) as a Corrosion Inhibitor on Mild Steel in 1 M HCl.

In the present investigation, the corrosion tendency of mild steel under acidic pH was studied by employing unused expired amiodarone (EAD) drug as a potential corrosion inhibitor by adopting the weight loss measurement method. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) of the formed protective film (EAD) on the steel surface was analyzed using potentiodynamic polarization and AC-impedance spectroscopy studies. The surface morphology of the mild steel before and after corrosion (in 1.0 M HCl) was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermodynamic studies. The weight loss measurement under different concentrations of EAD indicated that an excellent inhibition was displayed at a concentration of 0.001 M, and the IE was found to depend on both the concentration and molecular structure of EAD. A potentiodynamic polarization study revealed that EAD predominantly acted as a cathode inhibitor, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed the adsorption of EAD on the surface of mild steel, which obeyed Temkin's adsorption isotherm model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters revealed that adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic.

Improved Oscillation Method for High-Frequency Magnetic Core Loss Measurement

Improved Oscillation Method for High-Frequency Magnetic Core Loss Measurement

Evaluating the adsorption and corrosion inhibition capabilities of Pyridinium - P - Toluene Sulphonate on MS in 1 M HCl medium: An experimental and theoretical study

Mild steel (MS) is a reasonably priced construction alloy that can be utilized for a broad array of tasks in a variety of settings, Viz. mild acidic conditions with minor precautions. The quantitative assessment of MS's corrosion behavior in 1 M acidic (HCl) medium, at temperatures between (298–328 K), both in the presence and absence of the inhibitor Pyridinium - P - Toluene Sulphonate (PPTS), was examined by utilizing weight loss (WL) measurement, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. All these approaches were accompanied by surface characterization approaches utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). This analysis is unique in that it uses WL approaches for each of the three indices to investigate the efficacy of a novel, reasonably priced, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor (PPTS) for MS under 1 M acidic conditions. Significant corrosion resistance was achieved with the introduction of the tested inhibitor, and PPTS demonstrated a very promising inhibition efficiency (IE %) of 93.28% at 2 × 10−3 ppm at 298 K using the WL technique. The fluctuation in the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics suggested that the PPTS was physically adsorbing to the MS, and its mixed-type inhibitive activity delayed both the cathodic as well as anodic processes following the Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, on the MS surface, the deposition of a highly protective layer was revealed by contact angle measurements. The implementation of quantum calculations (QC) and Monte Carlo simulation (MC) models produced insightful findings, and the outcomes were consistent with the outcomes of the experimental verdicts, indicating the possible corrosion inhibition characteristic of PPTS for MS in an HCl media.

Research on automatic metering and pneumatic vibration conveying technology of energetic powder materials

In view of the need to improve the automation and weighing accuracy of solid energetic materials in the weighing process, to reduce the process safety risk of the automatic conveying and loading process and improve the equipment safety control ability, a weight-loss pneumatic vibration conveying device is designed, which adopts the method of weight loss measurement. Through the weighing sensor installed on the weighing platform, the weight of the materials in the weighing hopper is fed back to the controller in real time, The controller obtains the weight reduction per unit time (i.e. the actual flow) through the internal algorithm. According to the difference between the actual flow and the set flow, the controller outputs the speed signal to control the motor speed to achieve the purpose of accurate feeding. A linear pneumatic vibrating conveying chute is designed to continuously convey materials at a certain speed. The linear pneumatic vibrating chute has good linear control through the adjustment of leaf spring, amplitude and frequency, and can realize the automatic and safe measurement and transportation of solid energetic materials.

Experimental and Simulation Analysis on Windage Power Loss of Herringbone Gear Pair

Abstract This paper presents a novel windage power loss (WPL) measurement method for the meshing herringbone gear pair. First, the WPL test rig of the herringbone gear pair is put up, and then the measurement sequence of WPL is described. Second, the WPL of different gear pairs is tested and the influence of operation speed, design parameters on the WPL of meshing gear pairs is studied. Finally, the WPL simulation analysis of meshing gear pair is carried out. The generation mechanism of WPL is analyzed and the WPL of each meshing gear pair at different rotational speeds is obtained, which verifies the accuracy of the presented WPL measurement method. The research on the measurement method of WPL can provide support for the optimization design of the high-speed gear pair.

Corrosion inhibition of API5L X60 steel in sulfuric acid using gum arabic

The aim of this research is the evaluation of inhibitory efficiency of Gum Arabic (GA) against the corrosion of API5L X60 pipeline steel in H2SO4 (0.5M) media, using mass loss measurement and electrochemical methods. The results show that inhibition efficiency increases with inhibitor concentration to attain 83% at 4 g/L of GA. Polarization curves reveal that GA acts as a mixed-type inhibitor in sulfuric acid. The adsorption of GA on pipeline API 5L X60 steel surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Gibbs free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous and the molecules adsorbed on the metal surface by the process of physical adsorption.

Shorea robusta Bark Extract as a Novel Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 Solution

Extract of Shorea robusta bark as a novel green inhibitor for mild steel (MS) corrosion has been investigated. Qualitative chemical tests, UV, and FTIR measurements were carried out to confirm phytochemicals in the extract. Gravimetric as well as electrochemical methods were employed to examine the inhibition efficiency of the extract. Effects of inhibitor concentration, immersion time as well as working temperature were investigated by weight loss measurement method. Weight loss measurement reveals the maximum inhibition efficiency of 1000 ppm inhibitor for half an hour immersion time. Also, 1000 ppm inhibitor can work up to a temperature of 55°C with 50% efficiency. Electrochemical measurements reflected the mixed type of inhibition behavior of the inhibitor. Polarization measurement results, the 93.73% and 75%, respectively for as-immersed and immersed samples in1000 ppm inhibitor concentration. Based on these findings, it is revealed that the Shorea robusta bark extract could be used as low temperature inhibitor.

Alkaloids of Solanum xanthocarpum Stem as Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in One Molar Sulphuric Acid Solution

The residual ions of the acid cleaning processes induce the further corrosion of the metals, and this could be minimized using green inhibitors. Alkaloids extracted from plant parts could be cost effective and efficient inhibitors. In this work, alkaloids from Solanum xanthocarpum stem were successfully extracted, and they were characterized by qualitative chemical tests and spectroscopic measurements. As-extracted alkaloids were employed as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel. The effectiveness of the inhibitor was determined by the weight loss and electrochemical measurement methods. From the weight loss measurement, the maximum inhibition efficiency of 93.14% was achieved. The temperature effect study revealed that the inhibitor can work up to a temperature of 58 °C. This could be one of the highest working temperatures among the reported green inhibitors. The electrochemical measurement reveals that the alkaloids could inhibit effectively up to 98.14% of the corrosion and serve as a mixed-type green inhibitor. A study on the kinetic parameters reflects that the inhibitor forms a potential barrier for the protection of a mild steel surface against corrosion. The values obtained from the thermodynamic parameters study reflect that the process is a spontaneous endothermic process. Based on the findings, it is revealed that the alkaloids extracted from S. xanthocarpum can serve as an excellent, eco-friendly and a promising green inhibitor against mild steel corrosion.

Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid as a Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 Solution

Using natural plant extracts on metallic substances is the most frequently studied green corrosion inhibition approach in corrosion science. In this work, Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid (CNSA) has been successfully extracted and characterized by qualitative chemical (Mayer’s and Dragendroff’s) test and spectroscopic (UV and FTIR) measurement. CNSA has been employed as a green inhibitor for Mild Steel (MS) corrosion subjected to 1 M H2SO4 solution. The corrosion inhibition efficacy has been assessed by weight loss and polarization measurement methods. The effect of inhibitor concentration, immersion period, and temperature on the inhibition efficiency for the MS immersed in both acid and inhibitor solutions of different concentrations have been investigated. The maximum inhibition effect observed for CNSA is 96.4% for MS immersed in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution for 6 h at 18 °C by the weight loss measurement method. Similarly, the polarization measurement method observed a 97.03% inhibition efficiency for MS immersed for 3 h. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the MS surface aligns with the Langmuir model. The free energy of adsorption obtained is −28.75 kJ/mol indicating physical adsorption dominance over chemical adsorption. These findings suggested that CNSA has greater potential as an efficient green inhibitor.

Non-Destructive Electromagnetic Evaluation of Material Degradation Due to Steel Cutting in a Fully Stacked Electrical Machine

Although it is well known that the magnetic properties of electrical steel can be deeply affected by the cutting process, it is still not clear how to accurately evaluate these effects on a prototyped machine on its final shape, especially at a high frequency or a high power rating. This research provides a more practical method for accurate measurement of magnetic losses in electrical steel with consideration of material degradation effects due to the cutting process. Unlike other similar studies, these investigations are conducted not only on a few laminations but also on a complete electrical machine core. For a fair comparison between both cases, backlack bonding is used for lamination stacking since it is the most non-damaging joining technique. Two different test setups are used to measure the steel performance at a wide range of frequency and input power. Furthermore, a full axial length stator of a switched reluctance machine (SRM) is used as a case study to identify the magnetic properties of NO20 electrical steel. Additionally, by comparing the results obtained from the individual laminations and the assembled stator, the extra losses due to the cutting process and material degradation are extracted accurately.

Research on measurement technology of sound transmission loss in variable temperature environments

A new experimental technique of sound transmission loss (STL) is proposed to investigate the influence of temperature on the STL characteristics of composite panels in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of acoustic transmission loss measurement methods currently being used in aerospace are compared. Considering the practicability of engineering applications, the sound pressure method is chosen as the experimental method of this study. Based on the principle of the sound pressure experiment method, the experimental process of STL in a variable temperature environment is designed. The effect of adiabatic and humidity conditions involved in temperature control is considered, and an experimental scheme of STL is constructed. Accordingly, a mobile, temperature-controlled, and moisture-controlled reverberation simulator is designed and produced. Then, an STL experiment of a composite aircraft panel is carried out at different temperatures by using this device. The feasibility of the technology is verified and the phenomenon that the STL of the composite panel is affected by temperature is found in this experiment. The development of this technology provides a new tool for the acoustic design of composite structures in the present and future.

Alkaloids extract of Alnus nepalensis bark as a green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 solution

Extraction of alkaloids from Alnus nepalensis bark has been successfully carried out and used as a green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion exposed to 1 M H2SO4 solution. Alkaloids have been tested by chemical, UV and FTIR spectroscopic methods.Corrosion inhibition was monitored by weight loss measurement and electrochemical methods(open circuit potential method and potentiodynamic polarization method). Weight loss measurement was employed to study the inhibitor concentration and immersion time effect. Similarly, the temperature effect on inhibition efficiency was also carried out by this method. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency observed for 1000 ppm solution for 3 h was 71.94 % at 25 °C. The OCP measurement revealed that alkaloids acted as a mixed type of inhibitor. Potentiodynamic polarization for 3 h immersed samples in the presence and absence of inhibitors was carried out. The corrosion current density was decreased with the increasing concentration. The maximum efficiency of immersed sample in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution was 78.48 %. The adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the energy of activation (Ea) was found to be 71.41 kJ/mol. The positive value of enthalpy indicated that the reaction involves is endothermic.

Glenoid Bone Loss Determination: Validity and Reliability of the Constellation Technique Versus the Sagittal Best Fit Circle Technique.

ObjectiveTo propose a new method for glenoid bone loss measurement, the constellation technique (CST); determine its reliability and accuracy; and compare the validity of CST with that of the conventional technique (CVT) and standard measurements for ratio calculation.Materials and MethodsSixty shoulders with intact glenoids and no glenohumeral instability and arthritis underwent CT scans. Simulated osteotomies were conducted on the 3D models of glenoids at two cutting locations, expressed as clock face times (2:30–4:20; 1:30–5:00). Two experienced surgeons compared three methods for glenoid bone loss measurement; CVT (best-fit circle), CST (‘5S’ steps), and standard measurement. Eight undergraduates remeasured five randomly chosen shoulders with moderate to severe bone loss. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for raters.ResultsWith a defect range between 2:30 and 4:20, all 60 glenoids demonstrated minimal bone loss (< 15%); while between 1:30 and 5:00, 42 shoulders were with moderate bone loss (15–20%), and 18 shoulders with severe bone loss (≥ 20%). For experienced raters, no significant differences were noted between protocos for all categories of bone loss (p ≥ 0.051), with good inter- and intraobserver reliability indicated by ICC. For novice raters, post hoc Tukey analysis found that CST was more accurate in one patient with a standard mean bone loss of 23.2% ± 1.9% compared with CVT.ConclusionThe CST turned the key step of glenoid defect evaluation from deciding an en face view to determining the glenoid inferior rim. The protocol is simple, accurate, and reproducible, especially for novice raters.

Comparative Study of Corrosion Inhibition Efficacy of Alkaloid Extract of Artemesia vulgaris and Solanum tuberosum in Mild Steel Samples in 1 M Sulphuric Acid

Two different types of alkaloids are successfully extracted from two plants Artemisia vulgaris (AV) and Solanum tuberosum (ST) in the laboratory and used as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel samples. The corrosion inhibition potential of these alkaloids is determined by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization measurement methods. Based on the weight loss measurement study of a sample immersed for 6 h in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution of AV and ST alkaloids, the corrosion inhibition efficiency is found to be 92.58% and 90.79%, respectively. The potentiodynamic polarization measurement shows 88.06% and 83.22% corrosion inhibition efficiency for AV and ST alkaloids, respectively, for the sample immersed for 1 h in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution. These promising efficiency and suitable immersion time effect can lead to the development of good green inhibitors.

Application of the temperature-time method for measurement of local power losses in transformer steel parts

Paper presents an application of temperature-time method for measurement of local losses in magnetic steel. Developed measurement system is described with focus on design of sensors and choice of instruments. Chosen equipment is tested on a DC circuit designed for measurement of losses in aluminum and copper conductors. Same measurement system is used for local loss measurement on magnetic steel rings. Measurement errors due to non-uniform loss distribution inside magnetic steel and heat dissipation to surrounding medium are analyzed and estimated.

Improved Current Shunt Characterization Method for Core Loss Measurement

With the increasing switching frequencies and power densities in modern power converters, magnetic core losses are becoming more essential for efficiency and thermal optimization. Traditionally, the two-winding method suffers from sensitivity to phase error in practical measurements; this is mainly created by the unknown phase shift of a current-sensing resistor. Several methods have been developed to characterize the phase shift of a current shunt resistor; however, the load effects of oscilloscopes are ignored. As a result, the corresponding phase shift can be significantly underestimated. This article proposes an improved method for phase shift extraction of a current shunt to solve the problem. The effectiveness of the shunt characterization method is experimentally verified up to 50 MHz. Benefits from the proposed method, the time-consuming component tuning process is not required for core loss measurement. A measurement verification at 10 MHz shows its validity. Finally, a current shunt implemented with a coaxial resistor array is designed with a phase shift of 0.05 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 10 MHz and a parasitic inductance as low as 42 pH.

Determination of local losses and temperatures in power transformer tank

Paper presents research of local losses and temperature rise in transformer steel tank. First experimental method based on initial rate of rise of temperature is presented. This is a direct method for determining distribution of losses in transformer structural steel parts. Technique relies on the fact that after a body has settled at a steady state temperature and the internal heat source is suddenly removed or applied, the initial rate of temperature change at any point is proportional to heat input (loss density) at that point. To test applicability of sensors and instrument for the local loss measurement method, measurement system was tested on conductors (strips) and magnetic steel rings. Second part of experimental work consisted of investigations on model for tank local overheating. The model consisted of excitation windings that were sources of magnetic field. Existence of three separate windings gave the possibility to change value and position of magnetic field source inside the tank. Local losses in the tank were evaluated by proposed method of initial rate of rise of temperature. Heat-run tests were made on the model and local temperatures on the tank were measured. Measured local losses and local temperatures were used for determining local heat transfer coefficients on tank – oil interface. It was concluded that heat transfer coefficients can be presented as function of heat flux from tank to oil. Finally, temperatures in transformer tank were calculated by finite element method. Losses calculated by electromagnetic calculation represented heat sources in thermal numerical model. Heat transfer equations were solved in solid domain (tank) while cooling conditions were defined by heat transfer coefficients checked experimentally. Calculated temperatures were compared to measured temperatures and gave good agreement.