Spectral Efficiency Loss Research Articles

Multi User Detection For Cdma-Ofdm/Oqam System Combined With Space Time Coding

In this paper, we propose the combination of Multi Carrier (MC) OFDM/OQAM modulation and CDMAcalled MC-CDMA-OQAM system with Space Time (ST) coding in a multi user context. This combination takes advantages from multicarrier modulation, spread spectrum and spatial time diversity. Indeed, the use of OFDM has proved its ability to fight against frequency selective channels but the insertion of guard interval yields spectral efficiency loss and sensitivity to frequency dispersion due to the use of rectangular pulse shape. Thus, cyclic prefix OFDM is replaced by an advanced filterbank-based multicarrier system OFDM/OQAM that operates without guard interval. However, OFDM/OQAM provides orthogonality only on the real domain, so transmitted symbols must be real valued. In the other hand, the CDMA component has two advantages: multiple access interference cancellation and providing orthogonality in the complex domain. From the orthogonality property provided, the Alamouti ST code can be combined with MC-CDMA-OQAM system. The resulting MIMO-MC-CDMA-OQAM system improves the spectral efficiency of wireless system, combat channel fading and reduce narrowband interference. Numerical results show the utility of this new wireless communication system; a significant BER versus Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) was achieved thus Multiple access interference (MAI) is suppressed and so supporting a large number of users.

Cellular Multiuser Two-Way MIMO AF Relaying via Signal Space Alignment: Minimum Weighted SINR Maximization

In this paper, we consider linear MIMO transceiver design for a cellular two-way amplify-and-forward relaying system consisting of a single multi-antenna base station, a single multi-antenna relay station, and multiple multi-antenna mobile stations (MSs). Due to the two-way transmission, the MSs could suffer from tremendous multi-user interference. We apply an interference management model exploiting signal space alignment and propose a transceiver design algorithm, which allows for alleviating the loss in spectral efficiency due to half-duplex operation and providing flexible performance optimization accounting for each user's quality of service priorities. Numerical comparisons to conventional two-way relaying schemes based on bidirectional channel inversion and spatial division multiple access-only processing show that the proposed scheme achieves superior error rate and average data rate performance.

Mutual Information of IID Complex Gaussian Signals on Block Rayleigh-Faded Channels

We present a method to compute, quickly and efficiently, the mutual information achieved by an independent identically distributed (IID) complex Gaussian signal on a block Rayleigh-faded channel without side information at the receiver. The method accommodates both scalar and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) settings. Operationally, this mutual information represents the highest spectral efficiency that can be attained using Gaussian codebooks. Examples are provided that illustrate the loss in spectral efficiency caused by fast fading and how that loss is amplified when multiple transmit antennas are used. These examples are further enriched by comparisons with the channel capacity under perfect channel-state information at the receiver, and with the spectral efficiency attained by pilot-based transmission.

Performance of Mobile MIMO OFDM Systems With Application to UTRAN LTE Downlink

This paper analyzes the performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology through the ergodic capacity. The capacity is represented based on the mean of the effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) values. The asymptotic distribution of the effective SINR in the case of independent and m-dependent quality measures, i.e., post-processed SINRs, is established analytically. The asymptotic distribution is applicable for the size of post-processed SINRs of at least 1000 samples or more and m = 10. The mean value of the effective SINR based on the moment generating function of post-processed SINR is derived. Additionally, the impact of mobility on the system performance is characterized through the ergodic capacity and a system level factor which measures user mobility. The performance of MIMO OFDM system is validated by fully dynamic 3GPP Long Term Evolution network simulations in downlink under realistic mobility scenarios with low (3 km/h), medium (30 km/h) and high (120 km/h) user speeds. The simulations verify that the derived asymptotic distributions of the effective SINR for the independent and m-dependent cases are very accurate in all mobility scenarios. The simulated ergodic capacity show clear loss in the average MIMO spectral efficiency especially in high mobility scenarios.

Link-Adaptive and QoS-Provisioning Cooperative ARQ—Applications to Relay-Assisted Land Mobile Satellite Communications

In a cooperative relay network, a relay (R) node may facilitate data transmission to the destination (D) node when the latter node cannot correctly decode the source (S) node data. This paper considers such a system model and presents a cross-layer approach to jointly design adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the physical layer and the truncated cooperative automatic repeat request (C-ARQ) protocol at the data-link layer for quality-of-service (QoS)-constrained applications. The average spectral efficiency and packet loss rate of the joint C-ARQ and AMC scheme are first derived in closed form. Aiming to maximize the system spectral efficiency, AMC schemes for the S-D and R-D links are optimized, whereas a prescribed packet-loss-rate constraint is satisfied. As an interesting application, joint link adaptation and blockage mitigation in land mobile satellite communications (LMSC) with temporally correlated channels is then investigated. In LMSC, the S node data can be delivered to the D node when the S-D is in the outage, therefore provisioning the QoS requirements. For applications without instantaneous feedback, an optimized rate selection scheme based on the channel statistics is also devised. Detailed and insightful numerical results are presented, which indicate the superior performance of the proposed joint AMC and C-ARQ schemes over their optimized joint AMC and traditional ARQ counterparts.

OFDM channel estimation and data detection with superimposed pilots

AbstractWe propose three iterative superimposed‐pilot based channel estimators for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Two are approximate maximum‐likelihood, derived by using a Taylor expansion of the conditional probability density function of the received signal or by approximating the OFDM time signal as Gaussian, and one is minimum‐mean square error. The complexity per iteration of these estimators is given by approximately O(NL2), O(N3) and O(NL), where N is the number of OFDM subcarriers and L is the channel length (time). Two direct (non‐iterative) data detectors are also derived by averaging the log likelihood function over the channel statistics. These detectors require minimising the cost metric in an integer space, and we suggest the use of the sphere decoder for them. The Cramér–Rao bound for superimposed pilot based channel estimation is derived, and this bound is achieved by the proposed estimators. The optimal pilot placement is shown to be the equally spaced distribution of pilots. The bit error rate of the proposed estimators is simulated for N = 32 OFDM system. Our estimators perform fairly close to a separated training scheme, but without any loss of spectral efficiency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimal Orthogonal Precoding for Power Leakage Suppression in DFT-Based Systems

A solution to the power leakage minimization problem in discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based communication systems is presented. In a conventional DFT based system, modulated subcarriers exhibit high sidelobe levels, which leads to significant out-of-band power leakage. Existing techniques found in the literature either do not achieve sufficient sidelobe suppression or suffer from significant spectral efficiency loss. Precoding can be seen as a general linear processing method for power leakage reduction, however, how to design the optimal linear precoder is still an open problem. In this paper, the power leakage suppression is first treated as a matrix Frobenius norm minimization problem, and then the optimal orthogonal precoding matrix design for the power leakage suppression is proposed based on singular value decomposition (SVD). By further exploiting the extra degrees of freedom in the precoding matrix, two kinds of optimized precoding matrices, one with multi-carrier property and the other with single-carrier property, are developed to take the advantages of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), respectively. Simulation results show that both the multi-carrier and the single-carrier precoding schemes achieve significant power leakage suppression, and have similar peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and bit-error-rate (BER) to those of OFDM and SC-FDMA systems, respectively.

Downlink Transmit Power Allocation in Soft Fractional Frequency Reuse Systems

Downlink transmit power allocation schemes are proposed for soft fractional frequency reuse (FFR) in loose and tightly coordinated systems. The transmit powers are allocated so that the loss of spectral efficiency from the soft FFR is minimized, and the required cell edge user throughput is guaranteed. The effect of the soft FFR on spectral efficiency is evaluated depending on the power allocation schemes and the number of subbands. Results show that the loss of spectral efficiency from the soft FFR can be reduced by configuring an appropriate number of subbands in the loosely coordinated systems. In tightly coordinated systems, results show that the loss of spectral efficiency can be minimized regardless of the number of subbands due to its fast coordination.

Spectral efficient half-duplex relaying with interference suppression

Two-hop relaying systems suffer spectral efficiency loss due to the half-duplex property of relays. This paper proposes an efficient relaying protocol which can recover the spectral efficiency loss but still work with half-duplex relays. However, there exists inter-relay interference which degrades the performance of the protocol. With this consideration, a power control policy is derived to suppress the interference using game theory, and then an algorithm is given to facilitate distributed implementation. Furthermore, impact of deploying more destination antennas on performance of the relaying protocol is investigated. Simulation results show that, with the power control policy, the proposed relaying protocol can achieve high spectral efficiency.

Low Complexity Transmit Antenna Selection with Power Balancing in OFDM Systems

In this paper, we consider multi-carrier systems with multiple transmit antennas under the power balancing constraint, which is defined as the constraint that the power on each antenna should be limited under a certain level due to the linearity of the power amplifier of the RF chain. Applying transmit antenna selection and fixed-power variable-rate transmission per subcarrier as a function of channel variations, we propose an implementation-friendly antenna selection method which offers a reduced complexity in comparison with the optimal antenna selection scheme. More specifically, in order to solve the subcarrier imbalance across the antennas, we operate a two-step reallocation procedure to minimize the loss of spectral efficiency. We also provide an analytic lower bound on the spectral efficiency for the proposed scheme. From selected numerical results, we show that our suboptimal scheme offers almost the same spectral efficiency as the optimal one.

On the Coexistence among WiMAX-TDD, TD-LTE, and TD-SCDMA

With several advantages such as flexible downlink-to-uplink(DL-to-UL) ratio and flexible spectrum usage, Time Division Duplexing(TDD) is emerging as an alternate to Frequency Division Duplexing(FDD), especially in wireless broadband systems. We already have at least four different TDD systems in the industry: Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access(TD-SCDMA), IEEE 802.16e-TDD, IEEE 802.16m-TDD, and Time Division-Long Term Evolution(TD-LTE). A disadvantage of TDD is that tight coordination such as time synchronization between adjacent operators is required to prevent interference between the adjacent TDD systems. In this paper, we investigate coexistence scenarios among the above four well-known TDD systems and calculate spectral efficiency(SE) loss in each scenario. Our findings are that SE loss can be significant if TDD ratios of the adjacent operators are considerably different. However, as long as the TDD ratios of the adjacent operators are similar, configurations in the systems permit perfect time synchronization between the two heterogeneous TDD systems, and the resulting SE loss is zero or reasonably low. We believe that the above findings and the configurations of the TDD systems recommended tominimize SE loss will be helpful for operators who deploy TDD systems in system parameter determination and cross-operator coordination.

Cellular Downlink Performance with Covariance-CSIT-Based MIMO Precoding

The nature of the trade-off between reduced overhead of channel state information (CSI) and resultant performance losses influences the design of frequency-division duplexed practical cellular systems. One candidate for CSI feedback reduction is the use of covariance-matrix-based CSI at the transmitter (CSIT) in conjunction with linear precoding techniques. This paper analyzes the performance of such systems in the downlink for both single-user (SU-) and multiuser (MU-) multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) in comparison to those using optimal perfect-instantaneous-CSIT-based precoding. In addition, the effectiveness of techniques enforcing frequency domain diversity versus those based on the maximal ergodic channel capacity criterion is evaluated. A novel precoding scheme using covariance matrix information that supports spatial multiplexing in both SU- and MU-MIMO is proposed. Simulation results show that the spectral efficiency loss from covariance-CSIT-based techniques from those utilizing perfect, instantaneous CSIT is shown to be about 1 dB in a highly correlated urban channel environment for both SU- and MU-MIMO, whereas for microcell environments it is between 3 and 4 dB.

Iterative detection for spectral efficient user cooperative transmissions over multipath fading channels

Cooperative communications can achieve spatial diversity gain and enhance coverage. However, conventional half-duplex relaying schemes suffer from the loss in spectral efficiency, because the two channel uses are required for transmission from the source to the destination. In this paper, we present spectral efficient transmissions for a user cooperative diversity system over multipath fading channels. To increase the spectral efficiency, a node, which acts as a relay, employs a superposition coding to transmit its own data block and the data block from the other node simultaneously. For superposition, we consider two different re-encoding schemes. One is based on complex field superposition coding and the other is based on Galois field superposition coding. In both re-encoding schemes, we introduce a user-specific interleaver to the data blocks for user separation. We also propose an iterative detection scheme to combat the effects of inter-symbol interference caused by multipath fading and to extract diversity gain from the superposed signals. For performance estimation, we develop a density evolution technique. It is shown that the proposed schemes can obtain diversity gain without sacrificing spectral efficiency and the predicted performances are consistent with simulated performances.

Adaptive multi-node incremental relaying for hybrid-ARQ in AF relay networks

This paper proposes an adaptive multi-node incremental relaying technique in cooperative communications with amplify-and-forward (AF) relays. In order to reduce the excessive burden of MRC with all diversity paths at the destination node, the destination node decides if it combines signals over the first N(<; K) time slots/frames or over all of the K times slots, where K is the number of relay nodes. Our analytical and simulation results show that the proposed adaptive multi-node incremental relaying outperforms the conventional MRC in terms of outage probability in AF based cooperative communications since the proposed scheme effectively reduces the spectral efficiency loss. Our asymptotic analysis also shows that the proposed adaptive multi-node incremental relaying achieves full diversity order K + 1.

Diversity Analysis of Relay Selection Schemes for Two-Way Wireless Relay Networks

One-way wireless relay networks have recently received a lot of attention due to their ability to provide spatial diversity in fading wireless environment. Moreover, performing single-relay selection is a very attractive method due to its cost effective implementation and superior performance. However, one-way relay networks with the half-duplex signalling suffer from a spectral efficiency loss. To overcome such a drawback, two-way wireless relay networks have been proposed and these are also the networks considered in this paper. The paper analyzes the diversity orders of various relay selection schemes, including the best-relay selection, best-worse-channel selection, and maximum-harmonic-mean selection. The analysis is done for the amplify-and-forward protocol and under the two-step and three-step transmission procedures. In particular, it is shown that full diversity orders of R and R + 1 can be achieved in a R-relay wireless network with the two-step and three-step procedures, respectively. Numerical and simulation results are provided to verify our analysis.

Efficient detection for cooperative communication with two alternating relays

A two-path amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme, which uses two relays to retransmit for the source alternately, was proposed by Rankov [Rankov et al. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2007, 25 (2): 379–389]. This scheme can avoid half-duplex loss in spectral efficiency, but it cannot work well when the interrelay channel gain is strong. An efficient detection scheme for two-path AF relaying system is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, interference cancellation is first performed at the destination so that the received signal after interference cancellation is the superposition of two symbols with noise. Then, a low complexity soft maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoder and an iterative soft decoder are employed to extract the diversity of the two relay-destination links. The proposed detection scheme can efficiently improve the system performance compared to the detection scheme presented by Rankov (2007), especially when the inter-relay channel gain is strong.

Joint adaptive modulation and diversity combining with feedback error compensation

This letter investigates the effect of feedback error on the performance of the joint adaptive modulation and diversity combining (AMDC) scheme which was previously studied with an assumption of error-free feedback channels. We also propose to utilize adaptive diversity to compensate for the performance degradation due to feedback error. We accurately quantify the performance of the joint AMDC scheme in the presence of feedback error, in terms of the average number of combined paths, the average spectral efficiency, and the average bit error rate. Selected numerical examples are presented and discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed feedback error compensation strategy with adaptive combining. It is observed that the proposed compensation strategy can offer considerable error performance improvement with little loss in processing power and spectral efficiency in comparison with the no compensation case.

Iterative multiuser detection with spectral efficient relaying protocols for single-carrier transmission

In this paper, we present an iterative multiuser detection scheme using frequency-domain equalization (IMDFDE), which can be incorporated into a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) framework. The IMD-FDE scheme employs a different interleaver for each user at the transmitter, and removes multiuser interference with an iterative detection method in the frequency domain at the receiver. The extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts and bit-error rate (BER) plots are presented to investigate the iterative behavior of the IMD-FDE over additive white Gaussian noise and multipath fading channels. In a conventional time-division multiple-access (TDMA)-based relay protocol, cooperative transmission over two time slots leads to a 50% loss in spectral efficiency. We propose two spectral efficient relay protocols, where multiple sources access a relay, destination, or both simultaneously. We also present a new iterative detection scheme that effectively removes multiuser interferences for the proposed relay protocols.With the proposed protocols and the aid of iterative multiuser detection scheme, the proposed relay-assisted SC-FDMA with IMD-FDE can obtain diversity gain without sacrificing spectral efficiency and approaches the single-user bound over time-varying and frequency-selective fading relay channels.

Design Criteria of Two-Hop Based Wireless Networks with Non-Regenerative Relays in Arbitrary Fading Channels

In this paper we evaluate outage performances of multirelay amplify and forward (AF) transmission over fading channels. We focus on the uplink of a two-hop based network where N (with N ges 1) single antenna relay stations (RSs) serve as non-regenerative repeaters for the message transmitted by a single antenna source node (or mobile station MS). Performances are derived at high SNR for arbitrary fading distributions over each cooperative link. In Rayleigh fading the high price of cooperation in terms of signalling (e.g. during MS-to-RSs transmissions and control messages broadcasts) causes a significant loss in spectral efficiency. Instead, provided that the RSs can be strategically positioned to benefit from a channel with marginal diffusive fading component compared to Rayleigh, this paper shows that this loss in efficiency can be significantly alleviated depending on the particular propagation environment. Closed form conditions on the fading statistics for the relayed links are derived to guarantee that collaborative transmission performs as if the MS node would benefit from the same diversity and bandwidth efficiency provided by multi-antenna transmission. The proposed conditions are computed for arbitrary distributed fading for the relays-to-BS link and are specialized for Rice faded RSs-to-BS links.

Amplify-and-forward cooperation under interference-limited spatial reuse of the relay slot

Cooperative transmission has emerged as an effective tool to deal with channel impairments. In this work we study the applicability of amplify-and-forward cooperative transmission in the downlink of a TDMA cellular system where idle terminals act as relays. The base station may have a multiple antenna configuration, whereas all terminals are equipped with a single antenna. Although cooperation can be viewed as a virtual MIMO system, it further allows dealing with shadowing and pathloss. In order to improve the spectral efficiency loss incurred by the half-duplex relays, in this work we consider the reuse of the relay time slot by simultaneous transmissions from the active relays in the cell. We are able to model the interfering power received by each destination in that slot. The only system parameters adjusted to control the interference are the number of interfering relay terminals and a cell-wide .target SNR in the relay-destination link. This way, it is shown that cooperative transmission is able to provide significant gains in terms of throughput over the direct transmission under round-robin packet scheduling and uniform distribution of terminals by controlling the rate of each transmission (rate control).