Loss In Men Research Articles

A Prospective Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Incident Hearing Loss in Men

The LaryngoscopeVolume 120, Issue S3 p. S91-S91 Poster Presentations from the 2010 Triological Society Combined Section Meetings A Prospective Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Incident Hearing Loss in Men Josef Shargorodsky MD, Josef Shargorodsky MD Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MASearch for more papers by this authorSharon G. Curhan MD, ScM, Sharon G. Curhan MD, ScM Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MASearch for more papers by this authorRoland Eavey MD, SM, Roland Eavey MD, SM Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson, Center for Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNSearch for more papers by this authorGary C. Curhan MD, ScD, Gary C. Curhan MD, ScD Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MASearch for more papers by this author Josef Shargorodsky MD, Josef Shargorodsky MD Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MASearch for more papers by this authorSharon G. Curhan MD, ScM, Sharon G. Curhan MD, ScM Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MASearch for more papers by this authorRoland Eavey MD, SM, Roland Eavey MD, SM Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson, Center for Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNSearch for more papers by this authorGary C. Curhan MD, ScD, Gary C. Curhan MD, ScD Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MASearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.21298Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume120, IssueS3Supplement: Poster Presentations from the Triological Society's 2010 Annual MeetingOctober 2010Pages S91-S91 RelatedInformation

Strategies For Successful Weight Loss In Men: Lessons From The SHED-IT Randomised Controlled Trial

PURPOSE: To identify the dietary changes that contributed to weight loss in the SHED-IT (Self-Help, Exercise and Diet using Information Technology) men-only weight-loss trial where men lost significant (p ≤ 0.05) weight at 6mo and maintained this loss at 12 mo. Few studies have reported on the types or extent of dietary changes that men will adopt in order to lose weight. METHODS: Sixty-five overweight/obese men (mean [sd] age = 35.9 [11.1] years; BMI = 30.6 [2.8]) participated. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and 6mo using the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies Food Frequency Questionnaire, which asks respondents to report their usual consumption of 74 foods and 6 alcoholic beverages. Men were divided into 3 categories for analysis; Gp1 (n=21): lost more than 5% of body weight at 6mo; Gp2 (n=14): lost more than 2kg but less than 5% body weight; Gp3 (n=17): lost less than 2kg. RESULTS: All groups reduced energy intake; Gp1 by ∼30% compared to ∼20% in Gp2 and Gp3. Reductions in portion size were greatest for Gp1 (20%). There were no substantial differences in decreases in carbohydrate or protein intakes among groups, but Gp1 decreased fat intake by ∼40% (decreasing intakes of full-cream milk, meat pies, pizza, hamburgers, chocolate, chips, potato crisps and ice cream) compared to 20-25% for the other groups. Reductions in meat intake were modest. Sugary drink intakes decreased by 55%. Alcohol consumption changes varied by group with a ∼30% decrease in energy from alcohol in Gp1 compared to no change in Gp2. Men did not increase their intakes of fruit or vegetables to meet healthy-eating guidelines, and fiber intake remained below recommended levels throughout. CONCLUSION: Men choose decreasing portion sizes, reduction in sugary drink intakes, and reduction or elimination of high fat food, particularly snacks and take-away food, as their preferred weight-loss dietary changes. Alcohol intake is moderated but not eliminated. These findings have implications for the design of targeted weight loss messages for men. Supported by a University of Newcastle Strategic Pilot Grant.

Analgesic Use and the Risk of Hearing Loss in Men

Background Hearing loss is a common sensory disorder, yet prospective data on potentially modifiable risk factors are limited. Regularly used analgesics, the most commonly used drugs in the US, may be ototoxic and contribute to hearing loss. Methods We examined the independent association between self-reported professionally diagnosed hearing loss and regular use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetaminophen in 26,917 men aged 40-74 years at baseline in 1986. Study participants completed detailed questionnaires at baseline and every 2 years thereafter. Incident cases of new-onset hearing loss were defined as those diagnosed after 1986. Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression was used to adjust for potential confounding factors. Results During 369,079 person-years of follow-up, 3488 incident cases of hearing loss were reported. Regular use of each analgesic was independently associated with an increased risk of hearing loss. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios of hearing loss in regular users (2+ times/week) compared with men who used the specified analgesic <2 times/week were 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.20) for aspirin, 1.21 (95% CI, 1.11-1.33) for NSAIDs, and 1.22 (95% CI, 1.07-1.39) for acetaminophen. For NSAIDs and acetaminophen, the risk increased with longer duration of regular use. The magnitude of the association was substantially higher in younger men. For men younger than age 50 years, the hazard ratio for hearing loss was 1.33 for regular aspirin use, 1.61 for NSAIDs, and 1.99 for acetaminophen. Conclusions Regular use of aspirin, NSAIDs, or acetaminophen increases the risk of hearing loss in men, and the impact is larger on younger individuals.

Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Program Reverses Muscle Loss in Men Undergoing Androgen Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer Without Bone Metastases: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Program Reverses Muscle Loss in Men Undergoing Androgen Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer Without Bone Metastases: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Program Reverses Muscle Loss in Men Undergoing Androgen Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer Without Bone Metastases: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Androgen suppression therapy (AST) results in musculoskeletal toxicity that reduces physical function and quality of life. This study examined the impact of a combined resistance and aerobic exercise program as a countermeasure to these AST-related toxicities. Between 2007 and 2008, 57 patients with prostate cancer undergoing AST (commenced > 2 months prior) were randomly assigned to a program of resistance and aerobic exercise (n = 29) or usual care (n = 28) for 12 weeks. Primary end points were whole body and regional lean mass. Secondary end points were muscle strength and function, cardiorespiratory capacity, blood biomarkers, and quality of life. Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 12 weeks adjusted for baseline values and potential confounders. Patients undergoing exercise showed an increase in lean mass compared with usual care (total body, P = .047; upper limb, P < .001; lower limb, P = .019) and similarly better muscle strength (P < .01), 6-meter walk time (P = .024), and 6-meter backward walk time (P = .039). Exercise also improved several aspects of quality of life including general health (P = .022) and reduced fatigue (P = .021) and decreased levels of C-reactive protein (P = .008). There were no adverse events during the testing or exercise intervention program. A relatively brief exposure to exercise significantly improved muscle mass, strength, physical function, and balance in hypogonadal men compared with normal care. The exercise regimen was well tolerated and could be recommended for patients undergoing AST as an effective countermeasure to these common treatment-related adverse effects.

Cumulative Lead Exposure and the Risk of Tooth Loss in Men: The Normative Aging Study

ISEE-0128 Background: Individuals previously exposed to lead remain at risk due to endogenous release of lead stored in their skeletal compartment. Studies exploring the oral health effects of lead exposure have focused primarily on dental caries and periodontal disease, and it is not known if long-term cumulative lead exposure is a risk factor for tooth loss. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association of bone lead concentrations with loss of natural teeth. Methods: We examined 333 men enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. We used a validated K-shell X-ray fluorescence method to measure lead concentrations in the tibial midshaft and patella, and lead concentrations in blood were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. A dentist recorded the number of teeth remaining, and tooth loss was categorized as 0, 1-8 or >8 missing teeth. We used proportional odds models to estimate the association of bone lead biomarkers with tooth loss, adjusting for age, smoking, diabetes and other putative confounders. Results: Participants with >8 missing teeth had significantly higher bone lead concentrations compared with those who had not experienced tooth loss. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, men in the highest tertile of tibia lead (>23 μg/g) and patella lead (>36 μg/g) were approximately three times as likely to have tooth loss (>8 vs 0-8, or >0 vs 0 missing teeth) compared with those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-5.67 and OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.30-4.48, respectively). Associations of bone lead biomarkers with tooth loss were similar in magnitude to the increased risk observed in participants who were current smokers. No significant association was observed between blood lead concentrations and tooth loss. Conclusion: Long-term cumulative lead exposure is associated with increased odds of tooth loss.

Cumulative Lead Exposure and Tooth Loss in Men: The Normative Aging Study

BackgroundIndividuals previously exposed to lead remain at risk because of endogenous release of lead stored in their skeletal compartments. However, it is not known if long-term cumulative lead exposure is a risk factor for tooth loss.ObjectivesWe examined the association of bone lead concentrations with loss of natural teeth.MethodsWe examined 333 men enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. We used a validated K-shell X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) method to measure lead concentrations in the tibial midshaft and patella. A dentist recorded the number of teeth remaining, and tooth loss was categorized as 0, 1–8 or ≥ 9 missing teeth. We used proportional odds models to estimate the association of bone lead biomarkers with tooth loss, adjusting for age, smoking, diabetes, and other putative confounders.ResultsParticipants with ≥ 9 missing teeth had significantly higher bone lead concentrations than those who had not experienced tooth loss. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, men in the highest tertile of tibia lead (> 23 μg/g) and patella lead (> 36 μg/g) had approximately three times the odds of having experienced an elevated degree of tooth loss (≥ 9 vs. 0–8 missing teeth or ≥ 1 vs. 0 missing teeth) as those in the lowest tertile [prevalence odds ratio (OR) = 3.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.60–5.76 and OR = 2.41; 95% CI, 1.30–4.49, respectively]. Associations between bone lead biomarkers and tooth loss were similar in magnitude to the increased odds observed in participants who were current smokers.ConclusionLong-term cumulative lead exposure is associated with increased odds of tooth loss.

Ethics and Problems of Fortune and Misfortune in the Nigerian Stock Exchange

The spiral price movement of some stocks on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange without any fundamental reason(s) coupled with the after effect which has resulted in the bearish run in the market in recent times has call to question the principles behind best practices in the investment environment. The quest to accumulate a large chunk of funds via purchase and sale of securities without considering the technical and fundamental analysis has resulted in misfortune for many so called investors. This act has exposed the concept of speculation in buying and selling securities as opposed to being an investor with a long term investment objectives. Share appreciation and depreciation leads to the so called fortune and misfortune to the benefit or detriment of investors. The zero-sum game is also at play since one man's loss is another man's gain. All these challenges the regulatory abilities of the authorities in a bid to checkmate any ugly trend(s).

Effect of Once-Weekly Oral Alendronate on Bone Loss in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Trial

Effect of Once-Weekly Oral Alendronate on Bone Loss in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Trial

Carbohydrate Restriction and Resistance Training Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Men

Text: Low carbohydrate diets are more effective than low fat diets for inducing weight and fat loss, but there is often greater loss in lean body mass as well. Resistance training is a powerful stimulus for muscle hypertrophy so we hypothesized that a combination of carbohydrate reduction and heavy resistance training would result in optimal changes in body composition. Fifty healthy, overweight/obese men (mean SEM: age 31 1.5y; body weight 100.3 2.0kg; BMI 32.0kg m; %fat mass 33.1 0.8%) were placed into a low fat diet (LFD) group that restricted fat to less than 25% of energy or a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) group that reduced carbohydrate to less than 15% energy. Two additional groups performed a periodized resistance exercise program 3 times/wk while consuming either the low fat (LFDRE) or low carbohydrate (VLCKD-RE) diet. Weight loss and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were determined before and after 12 wk. Weight loss was nearly two-fold greater in subjects consuming the VLCKD ( 10.1kg) than the LFD ( 5.5kg), and both groups experienced significant losses in fat mass and lean body mass. Resistance training reduced the magnitude of weight loss, but resulted in increased lean body mass without compromising fat loss in both diet groups. The most dramatic reduction in percent body fat was in VLCKD-RE ( 5.3%), followed by LFD-RE ( 3.5%), VLCKD ( 3.4%), and LFD ( 2.0%). These data show for the first time that resistance training is a potent stimulus to protect lean body mass in men consuming a low carbohydrate diet, while still allowing for significantly greater fat loss.

Randomized Controlled Trial of Annual Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist–Induced Bone Loss in Men With Prostate Cancer

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists decrease bone mineral density (BMD) and increase fracture risk in men with prostate cancer. Annual zoledronic acid increases BMD in postmenopausal women, but its efficacy in hypogonadal men is not known. In a 12-month study, 40 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer who were receiving a GnRH agonist and had T scores more than -2.5 were randomly assigned to zoledronic acid (4 mg intravenously on day 1 only) or placebo. BMD of the posteroanterior lumbar spine and proximal femur were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Mean (+/- SE) BMD of the posteroanterior lumbar spine decreased by 3.1% +/- 1.0% in men assigned to placebo and increased by 4.0% +/- 1.0% in men assigned to zoledronic acid (P < .001). BMD of the total hip decreased by 1.9% +/- 0.7% in men assigned to placebo and increased by 0.7% +/- 0.5% in men assigned to zoledronic acid (P = .004). Similar between-group differences were observed for the femoral neck and trochanter. Serum N-telopeptide, a marker of osteoclast activity, decreased significantly after zoledronic acid treatment. In men receiving a GnRH agonist, a single treatment with zoledronic acid significantly increased BMD and durably suppressed serum N-telopeptide levels for 12 months. Annual zoledronic acid may be a convenient and effective strategy to prevent bone loss in hypogonadal men.

Effect of Once-Weekly Oral Alendronate on Bone Loss in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer is associated with bone loss and fractures. To determine whether once-weekly oral bisphosphonate can prevent bone loss and reduce bone turnover in men receiving ADT. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, partial crossover trial. First-year, preplanned analysis of a 2-group, parallel-design phase. University medical center. 112 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving ADT. Alendronate, 70 mg once weekly, or placebo. All patients received calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Bone mineral density of the spine and hip and markers of bone resorption and formation. At baseline, 39% of men had osteoporosis and 52% had low bone mass. In men treated with alendronate, bone mineral density increased over 1 year by 3.7% (95% CI, 2.8% to 4.6%; P < 0.001) at the spine and 1.6% (CI, 0.4% to 2.8%; P = 0.008) at the femoral neck. Men in the placebo group had losses of 1.4% (CI, -2.7% to - 0.03%; P = 0.045) at the spine and 0.7% (CI, -1.5% to 0.01%; P = 0.081) at the femoral neck. At 12 months, the difference between the 2 groups was 5.1 percentage points (CI, 3.5 to 6.7 percentage points; P < 0.001) at the spine and was 2.3 percentage points (CI, 1.0 to 3.7 percentage points; P < 0.001) at the femoral neck. Bone turnover statistically significantly decreased with active therapy compared with placebo. The groups did not differ in adverse events. The study was short (1 year) and was not powered to detect differences in the frequency of fractures. Bone loss that occurred with ADT was prevented and improved with once-weekly oral alendronate. Because most men have low bone mass or osteoporosis, physicians should assess their patients' bone density and provide preventive and therapeutic measures as appropriate. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00048841.

Preventing Bone Loss in Men with Prostate Cancer

Preventing Bone Loss in Men with Prostate Cancer

975: Once Weekly Oral Alendronate Prevents Bone Loss in Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

You have accessJournal of UrologyModerated Poster, Monday, May 22, 2006, 3:30 - 5:30 pm1 Apr 2006975: Once Weekly Oral Alendronate Prevents Bone Loss in Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Susan L. Greenspan, Neil M. Resnick, Joel B. Nelson, Donald L. Trump, and Robert A. Parker Susan L. GreenspanSusan L. Greenspan More articles by this author , Neil M. ResnickNeil M. Resnick More articles by this author , Joel B. NelsonJoel B. Nelson More articles by this author , Donald L. TrumpDonald L. Trump More articles by this author , and Robert A. ParkerRobert A. Parker More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)33200-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "975: Once Weekly Oral Alendronate Prevents Bone Loss in Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer." The Journal of Urology, 175(4S), pp. 314–315 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 175Issue 4SApril 2006Page: 314-315 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Susan L. Greenspan More articles by this author Neil M. Resnick More articles by this author Joel B. Nelson More articles by this author Donald L. Trump More articles by this author Robert A. Parker More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Oxandrolone in the Treatment of HIV-Associated Weight Loss in Men

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in promoting body weight and body cell mass (BCM) gain in HIV-associated weight loss. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Two hundred sixty-two HIV-infected men with documented 10% to 20% weight loss or body mass index < or =20 kg/m were randomized to placebo or to 20, 40, or 80 mg of oxandrolone daily. After 12 weeks, subjects were allowed to receive open-label oxandrolone at a dose of 20 mg for another 12 weeks. Body weight increased in all groups, including the group receiving placebo, during the double-blind phase (1.1 +/- 2.7, 1.8 +/- 3.9, 2.8 +/- 3.3, and 2.3 +/- 2.9 kg in placebo and 20-, 40-, and 80-mg oxandrolone groups, respectively; all P < 0.014 vs. baseline). BCM increased from baseline in all groups (0.45 +/- 1.7, 0.91 +/- 2.2, 1.5 +/- 2.5, and 1.8 +/- 1.8 kg in placebo and 20-, 40-, and 80-mg oxandrolone groups, respectively). At 12 weeks, only the gain in weight at the 40-mg dose of oxandrolone and the gain in BCM at the 40- and 80-mg doses of oxandrolone were greater than those in the placebo group, however. Oxandrolone treatment was associated with significant suppression of sex hormone-binding globulin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and total and free testosterone levels. Treatment was generally well tolerated but accompanied by significant increases in transaminases and low-density lipoprotein as well as decreases in high-density lipoprotein. Oxandrolone administration is effective in promoting dose-dependent gains in body weight and BCM in HIV-infected men with weight loss.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “Post-Marxist” Critique of Alienation

It is widely recognized that although Jean-Jacques Rousseau mainly uses the idea of alienation in the sense of giving away or selling, ' his presentation of man in society foreshadows, to some extent, the concept of alienation as it is elaborated by Hegel and Marx. Friedrich Engels was the first to identify Rousseau as precursor of Marx, detecting dialectical interpretation of history in Rousseau's depiction of man's political development in the Discourse on Inequality. He argues that the revolutionary stages of that development perform a negation of negation.2 On the one hand, the institutional and governmental changes of history alienate man from the equality and independence of nature, finally leading to an extreme situation of slavery and despotism, and, on the other, by making all men equal again through their common enslavement, they provide the conditions necessary for man to unite in order to overcome that oppression and reach higher state of unity. Engels believes that, for Rousseau, that unity is to be found in the principles of the Social contract. While his reading importantly emphasizes, as Jean Starobinski remarks, the coherence of Rousseau's political thought, it is important to remember that Rousseau insists on the hypothetical character of his account of history and therefore conceives revolutionary change as mere possibility rather than as predetermined outcome.3 Marx, for his part, did not share Engel's reading of the Discourse, preferring to read Rousseau, like Hegel, as philosopher of the Enlightenment committed to the abstract natural rights of man, whose realization, during the course of the French Revolution, marked the political victory of the bourgeoisie.4 Both Starobinski and Bronislaw Baczko, while not wishing to present Rousseau as Marxist before the fact, implicitly question Marx's account of him, suggesting the deep connection between his conception of history as series of class struggles checked by the rule of capitalist ideology and Rousseau's depiction, in the second part of the Discourse, of the development of private property and social inequality.5 They argue that Rousseau does not necessarily provide philosophical or sociological theory of alienation, but phenomenological description of social man's alienated condition. Man's alienation comes from what they view as the inauthentic world of appearances where man can only perceive himself and define his needs and desires through the medium of others. Man becomes estranged from the immediacy and autonomy of his natural existence to live totally externalized in the gaze of his fellow men. Starobinski highlights the correlation between man's moral alienation and his economic progress: man's loss of control over the product of his labor coincides with his progressive loss of autonomy and increasing subjection to the will of others. In line with Marxist interpretation, both Starobinski and Baczko interpret civil man's alienation as an accidental phenomenon resulting from social corruption and depravity. They consequently identify in Rousseau's political writings desire to transcend our alienated state and reach mode of community that recovers, on rational and conventional basis, the immediacy and transparency of the irretrievable state of nature. While fully acknowledging the significant parallels that exist between Rousseau and Marx, this article aims to demonstrate how Rousseau's depiction of the human condition perhaps approximates more to the reworking and transformation of Marx's concept of alienation provided by Jacques Lacan and subsequently developed by Slavoj Eizek. It is the key differences between the social and political theories of Rousseau and Marx that link Rousseau more closely to these twentieth century thinkers. First, unlike Marx, as Robert Wokler affirms, Rousseau gives great importance to language as determinant of man's behavior and identity, seeing his alienation in the unstable and ambiguous realm of signs as the condition of his insertion into the social. …

Risk of Clinical Fractures After Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy for Prostate Cancer

We assessed the relationship between GnRH agonists and the risk of clinical fractures in men with prostate cancer. Using a database of medical claims from 16 large American companies we identified a study group of 3,779 men with prostate cancer who received treatment with a GnRH agonist and a control group of 8,341 with prostate cancer who were not treated with a GnRH agonist. Men with 1 or more medical claims for bone metastases were excluded. The rates of any clinical fracture, hip fracture and vertebral fracture were compared between the groups. The rate of any fracture was 7.91/100 vs 6.55/100 person-years at risk in men who received vs did not receive a GnRH agonist (relative risk 1.21, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.34). The rates of hip fracture (relative risk 1.76, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.33) and vertebral fracture (relative risk 1.18, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.48) were also higher in men who received a GnRH agonist. GnRH agonist treatment was independently associated with fracture risk on multivariate analyses. GnRH agonists increase the risk of clinical fracture in men with prostate cancer.

Variability Of Creatine Kinase Increase And Strength Loss In Men And Women Following Eccentric Exercise

Variability Of Creatine Kinase Increase And Strength Loss In Men And Women Following Eccentric Exercise

Variability Of Creatine Kinase Increase And Strength Loss In Men And Women Following Eccentric Exercise

Studies have investigated gender differences in the magnitude of responses to muscle damaging exercise, but the results have been equivocal, which may be due to variability in response between men and women. A systematic examination of individual responses may help elucidate possible sex differences in response to eccentric exercise. PURPOSE We examined the variability in the serum CK and maximal isometric strength (MVC) response after eccentric exercise in a large group of men and women. METHODS Men (N=43) and women (N=58) performed 50 eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. MVC was assessed before and immediately following the exercise. Blood samples were taken pre and 4 d post-exercise and analyzed for CK activity. Changes in percent MVC and serum CK levels were determined and analyzed for variability. RESULTS The change in percent MVC immediately post-exercise (mean (SE)) was −51.1 (±2.6) for men and −57.1 (± 2.5) for women. The coefficient of variation (CV) for change in percent MVC for men was −0.34 with a skewness value of 0.61 and kurtosis of −0.38. The corresponding values for women were −0.33, 0.84, and 0.23. Men demonstrated losses in percent MVC from 10 to 80 percent. Women demonstrated losses from 10 to 90 percent. However, over 30 percent of women subjects experienced greater than a 70 percent decrease in their strength immediately following eccentric exercise, while less than 10 percent of men subjects did. The change in CK activity at 4 d post-exercise for men and women was 12,522 (±2,494) and 6,617 (±949) U/L. The CV for change in CK activity for men was 1.31, skewness value 2.16 and kurtosis 6.20. The corresponding values for women were 1.09,1.03 and 0.03. The range for changes in CK activity was much greater in men, from a decrease of 125 U/L to an increase of 80,550 U/L, whereas women showed changes from −20 to 24,621 U/L. However, the eccentric exercise produced increases of greater than 30,000 U/L in more than 10 percent of the men while none of the women had a CK value greater than 25,000 U/L. CONCLUSION Though the change in percent MVC was similarly variable between men and women, the frequency of women with high strength loss was greater than that for men. The change in CK activity is more variable in men than in women. Particularly, a greater distribution of men tended towards being high CK activity responders following eccentric exercise compared to women. Results regarding variability in response to eccentric exercise are necessary for understanding factors that may contribute to an individual's susceptibility to serious consequences of muscle damage.

Mothers/Fighters/Citizens: Violence and Disillusionment in Post‐War El Salvador

This article explores post‐war El Salvador as characterised by disillusionment in the nation's neoliberal rebuilding project. A key part of my argument is that this disillusion‐ment is gendered. Specifically, I focus on a spectrum of gendered experiences and responses to social and inter‐personal violence in El Salvador's recent history. Is there a relationship between wartime political violence, continued processes of exclusion (i.e. education, healthcare, housing), and post‐war waves of domestic violence, youth violence and ‘random’ violence? While some scholars posit questions regarding Salvadoran toler‐ance to violence through time, I tackle this question by focusing on emerging criticisms of El Salvador's post‐war reconciliation. I privilege a focus on the everyday and people's ambiguities as they deal with political change and a neoliberal economy that marginalises the rural sector. In particular, I argue for placing many rural women's stories of gender‐based violence, their assertions of an embodied vulnerability and daily insecurity, within a political economic understanding of the contradictions of El Salvador's peace and nation‐building project. Through a series of ethnographic examples based on seventeen months of research in a former warzone, I suggest that a daily and gendered violence is rendered invisible. My aim is to theorise a range of women's and men's losses and to impart the urgency of their narratives that problematise assumptions of what constitutes pain, sorrow and the challenges of war‐torn life. This is an attempt to write outside privileged texts that ask subaltern women to speak in a collective voice and articulate their past loss and future hopes. In doing so, I discuss methodology and historicise my own fraught positioning as an international witness/researcher at a very particular moment of El Salvador's transition to democracy.