Frame Loss Research Articles

The interplay between social media virality metrics and message framing in influence perception of pro-environmental messages and behavioral intentions

Present study explored how message framing (gain vs loss) and social media virality metrics (e.g. the number of ‘likes’ and ‘shares’; SMVM) affect pro-environmental message’s influence perception and behavioral intention. In a 2 (framing: gain vs loss) × 2 (SMVM: high vs low) between-subjects experiment (N = 404), participants were exposed to Facebook posts about mitigating climate change. Major findings indicate: (1) gain framing, compared to loss, resulted in increased social desirability perception of pro-environmental messages when they are accompanied by high numbers of likes and shares; (2) social desirability perception mediated the effect of message framing on third person perception (TPP) but not on second person perception (SPP); (3) numbers of likes and shares affected participants’ message influence perceptions (TPP and SPP), and this was mediated by social desirability perception; and (4) message influence perceptions were found to be significant predictors of participants’ intentions for climate change mitigation actions. Study results implicate that SMVM can signal media content popularity and this can further affect social desirability and influence perceptions of the content. Message framing appeared to have an effect on how one thinks media content influence other people, especially in the presence of high levels of endorsement by others. The potential role of SPP, the perception of shared media influence, in augmenting public awareness and engagement is discussed in detail.

People conform to social norms when gambling with lives or money

Many consider moral decisions to follow an internal “moral compass”, resistant to social pressures. Here we examine how social influence shapes moral decisions under risk, and how it operates in different decision contexts. We employed an adapted Asian Disease Paradigm where participants chose between certain losses/gains and probabilistic losses/gains in a series of moral (lives) or financial (money) decisions. We assessed participants’ own risk preferences before and after exposing them to social norms that are generally risk-averse or risk-seeking. Our results showed that participants robustly shifted their own choices towards the observed risk preferences. This conformity holds even after a re-testing in three days. Interestingly, in the monetary domain, risk-averse norms have more influence on choices in the loss frame, whereas risk-seeking norms have more influence in the gain frame, presumably because norms that contradict default behavior are most informative. In the moral domain, risk-averse as opposed to risk-seeking norms are more effective in the loss frame but in the gain frame different norms are equally effective. Taken together, our results demonstrate conformity in risk preferences across contexts and highlight unique features of decisions and conformity in moral and monetary domains.

Advanced audio coding steganography algorithm with distortion minimization model based on audio beat

Currently, most advanced audio coding (AAC) steganography methods are content-non-adaptive without considering the characteristics of audio, and there are several limitations in imperceptibility and steganalysis. In this paper, we use an audio feature beat as the anchor point to identify the cover elements, group the quantized modified discrete cosine transform (QMDCT) coefficients in the small value area, and finally use the syndrome-trellis codes (STCs) framework for content-adaptive embedding to obtain the minimum distortion. In the STCs framework, we comprehensively consider auditory and data distortions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed steganography algorithm has a 10% improvement over the compared algorithms in terms of imperceptibility and steganalysis, and it can accurately extract secret information in face of frame loss and misalignment.

Exploring the determinants of reinvestment decisions: Sense of personal responsibility, preferences, and loss framing.

Two potentially costly errors are common in sequential investment decisions: sticking too long to a failing course of action (escalation of commitment), and abandoning a successful course of action prematurely. Past research has mostly focused on escalation of commitment, and identified three critical determinants: personal responsibility, preferences for prior decisions, and decision framing. We demonstrate in three studies using an incentivized poker inspired task that these determinants of escalation reliably lead decision makers to keep investing even when real money is on the line. We observed in Experiments 1, 2 and 3 that reinvestments were more likely when decision makers were personally responsible for prior decisions. This likelihood was also increased when the decision makers had indicated a preference for initial investments (Experiments 2 and 3), and when outcomes were framed in terms of losses as compared to gains (Experiment 3). Both types of decision errors - escalation of commitment and prematurely abandoning a course of action - could be traced to the same set of determinants. Being personally responsible for prior decisions, having a preference for the initial investment, and loss framing did increase escalation, whereas lacking personal responsibility, having no preference for the initial investment, and gain framing increased the likelihood of prematurely opting out. Finally, personal responsibility had a negative effect on decision quality, as decision-makers were still more likely to reinvest when they were personally responsible for prior decisions, than when prior decisions were assigned optimally by an algorithm (Experiments 2 and 3).

Real-Time RISC-V-Based CAN-FD Bus Diagnosis Tool.

Network Diagnosis Tools with industrial-grade quality are not widely available for common users such as researchers and students. This kind of tool enables users to develop Distributed Embedded Systems using low-cost and reliable setups. In the context of RISC-V Extensions and Domain-Specific Architecture, this paper proposes a Real-Time RISC-V-based CAN-FD Bus Diagnosis Tool, named RiscDiag CanFd, as an open-source alternative. The RISC-V Core extension is a CAN-FD Communication Unit controlled by a dedicated ISA Extension. Besides the extended RISC-V core, the proposed SoC provides UDP Communication via Ethernet for connecting the proposed solution to a PC. Additionally, a GUI application was developed for accessing and using the hardware solution deployed in an FPGA. The proposed solution is evaluated by measuring the lost frame rate, the precision of captured frames timestamps and the latency of preparing data for Ethernet communication. Measurements revealed a 0% frame loss rate, a timestamp error under 0.001% and an acquisition cycle jitter under 10 ns.

How does goal framing effect influence household low-carbon behavior: The roles of environmental self-efficacy and global–local identity

Introduction:Compared to carbon emission reduction from production, reduction from households is more required. This study explores the mechanism and boundary conditions of the effect of goal framing on household low-carbon behavior by drawing on the framing effect and social cognitive theory. The central questions posed in this research are whether, how, and under what circumstances goal framing affects household low-carbon behavior.Methods:We tested the hypotheses in two studies. Study 1 investigated the main effect of whether the framing effect of climate change has a different influence on household low-carbon behavior. Study 2 further confirmed the main effect of this study and verified the mediating role of environmental self-efficacy and the moderating role of global–local identity.Results:Across two experiments, we discovers: 1) Goal framing of climate change messages affects household low-carbon behavior. In particular, loss framing elicits a greater persuasive impact on household low-carbon behavior than gain framing. 2) Environmental self-efficacy plays a mediating role between the framing effect and household low-carbon behavior. Specifically, loss framing of climate change messages is more likely to increase residents' environmental self-efficacy than gain framing, which increases their household low-carbon behavior. 3) Residents' global-local identity moderates the effect of the framing messages on household low-carbon behavior. Among residents with a local identity, loss framing has a more powerful influence on household low-carbon behavior compared to gain framing. Among residents with a global identity, a significant difference between the effects of loss and gain framing on household low-carbon behavior is not found.Discussion:The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are also discussed.

The effect of chronic regulatory focus and social comparison on undergraduates' intertemporal choices under gain-loss frame.

Intertemporal choice refers to decisions involving tradeoffs among costs and benefits occurred at different times. To investigate whether college students' intertemporal decision making under the gain and loss frames is affected by their chronic regulatory focus. Currently, experiment 1 investigated the influence of college students' chronic regulatory focus on intertemporal decision making under the gain and loss frames, and experiment 2 further explored the moderating effect of social comparison (i.e., upward or downward social comparison) during this process. The results showed that intertemporal choices of participants with promotive focus was no significant difference between the gain frame and loss frame, while college students with preventive focus chose later and larger rewards more in loss frame than in gain frame. Social comparison moderated the effects of the chronic regulatory focus on college students' intertemporal choice in gain and loss frames. The upward comparison enhanced the influence of regulatory focus on intertemporal choice in the gain and loss frames, while the downward comparison weakened it.

Designing mindfulness information for interaction in social media: The role of information framing, health risk perception and lay theories of health

In the post-pandemic era, our health is facing unprecedented challenges, and people are more willing to obtain health-related information or interact with each other than ever before. In this context, people’s interest in mindfulness information is also growing. However, not enough attention has been paid to the relationship between mindfulness information design and information interaction. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of information design based on the gain and loss framework on people’s willingness to interact with mindfulness information, and to identify the framework for achieving better results. Through two experimental studies, we find that information design based on the framework of gains and losses can produce different effects. Specifically, the findings of the first experiment (N = 282) shows the individuals are more willing to interact mindfulness information when they are exposed to gain-framed information rather than loss-framed. In the second experiment (N = 308), we find that loss framing, compared with gain framing, led to greater health risk perception, which in turn make participants more likely to interact with mindfulness information with others. Additionally, our results show that the lay theories of health plays a moderating role in the direct effect of information framework on willingness to interact with mindfulness information in social media. When individuals hold incremental lay theories, they are more willing to interact with mindfulness information under the gain-framed information condition compared with the loss-framed information condition. However, when individuals are in entity condition, there is no significant difference in the willingness to interact with mindfulness information between the gain-framed and loss-framed information. Our studies of integrating information framework into designing mindfulness information suggest a promising strategy of health information interaction in social media.

Designing mindfulness information for interaction in social media: The role of information framing, health risk perception and lay theories of health.

In the post-pandemic era, our health is facing unprecedented challenges, and people are more willing to obtain health-related information or interact with each other than ever before. In this context, people's interest in mindfulness information is also growing. However, not enough attention has been paid to the relationship between mindfulness information design and information interaction. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of information design based on the gain and loss framework on people's willingness to interact with mindfulness information, and to identify the framework for achieving better results. Through two experimental studies, we find that information design based on the framework of gains and losses can produce different effects. Specifically, the findings of the first experiment (N = 282) shows the individuals are more willing to interact mindfulness information when they are exposed to gain-framed information rather than loss-framed. In the second experiment (N = 308), we find that loss framing, compared with gain framing, led to greater health risk perception, which in turn make participants more likely to interact with mindfulness information with others. Additionally, our results show that the lay theories of health plays a moderating role in the direct effect of information framework on willingness to interact with mindfulness information in social media. When individuals hold incremental lay theories, they are more willing to interact with mindfulness information under the gain-framed information condition compared with the loss-framed information condition. However, when individuals are in entity condition, there is no significant difference in the willingness to interact with mindfulness information between the gain-framed and loss-framed information. Our studies of integrating information framework into designing mindfulness information suggest a promising strategy of health information interaction in social media.

Adaptive Buffer Capture and Storage for High-Speed Cameras

The output speed of a high-resolution camera with a fast frame rate is high, reaching 800 MB/s or even more. Consequently, the abundant data recorded can easily cause data overflow during transmission and frame loss during storage. To address this problem of data overflow and frame loss while achieving reliable acquisition rates, herein, we design a high-speed video adaptive transmission and storage method based on the camera link transmission protocol. The system uses the camera link transmission protocol and high-speed cameras for data acquisition. During data transmission, memory space is employed as the data buffer pool, an adaptive memory buffer pool is designed using the hardware and acquisition parameters, and a circular read/write buffer, combined with a block device read/write method, is used inside the buffer pool for data transmission. For data storage, input/output completion port asynchronous storage mixed with frame sequence number filtering is employed to write data, and the adaptive buffer of the hard disk is used to achieve efficient data writing. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method can realize efficient and stable writing of data on conventional industrial cameras based on the camera link interface, effectively addressing the problem of frame loss during data storage. Moreover, the stored data can be transferred efficiently with less resource occupation, thereby meeting the application requirements of high-precision vision measurement systems and demonstrating broad application value.

Seamless CAN: A Novel Fault-Tolerant Algorithm and Its Modeling

Because there is always a demand for robust fault-tolerant automotive networks, recent works have focused particularly on replacing controller area networks (CANs) with more reliable protocols for time-critical bandwidth-demanding in-vehicle network (IVN) systems. However, as the automobile industry normally relies on proven technologies, an interim solution to fault-tolerance capability for CAN systems is still essential during the transition phase to other protocols. In this paper, we propose a novel fault-tolerant algorithm for the CAN protocol that we refer to as seamless CAN. Its operating concept is based on a high-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) implementation inside the vehicle network’s ring structure, and the fault tolerance is achieved by encapsulating the CAN frame inside the HSR frames and sending them in the ring topology. The simulation results showed that seamless CAN provided better performance regarding no frame loss in the case of link failures and up to ten times lower number of error occurrences.

The effects of information framing on self-protective behavior: Evidence from the COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

The Healthy China 2030 strategy outlines the government's plans for healthcare reform, emphasizing the need for increased awareness about infectious diseases to prevent and fight future infections. Information campaigns can be used as a medium to raise awareness and encourage citizens' willingness to protect themselves against diseases, such as COVID-19. Extant studies have found that individual health behavior decision-making can be changed under different information frames. However, limited evidence is available about emerging infectious diseases. Based on the Prospect Theory and Theory of Planned Behavior, the impact of information frames on self-protective behavior-vaccination against COVID-19 is investigated in this study. A 2(gain/loss frame)*2(factual/emotional frame) intergroup experimental design was designed to explore the effects of different information frames. 228 valid participants in China were recruited and the experiment was performed online. First, the gain frame was more effective in promoting public self-protection behavior than the loss frame under information frame intervention. Compared with the factual frame, the emotional frame is more effective in reducing individual risk perception. Second, perceptual behavior control has masking effects on self-protection behavior under the influence of the gain/loss frame. Third, age, subjective norms, attitudes, and the gain frame, have predictive effects on self-protection behavior. This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of information framing interventions on public self-protection behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides important practical implications for public administrators and media practitioners.

Optimizing the Performance of the Iptables Stateful NAT44 Solution

The stateful NAT44 performance of iptables is an important issue when it is used as a stateful NAT44 gateway of a CGN (Carrier-Grade NAT) system. The performance measurements of iptables published in research papers do not comply with the requirements of RFC 2544 and RFC 4814 and the usability of their results has serious limitations. Our Internet Draft has proposed a benchmarking methodology for stateful NATxy (x, y are in {4, 6}) gateways and made it possible to perform the classic RFC 2544 measurement procedures like throughput, latency, frame loss rate, etc. with stateful NATxy gateways using RFC 4814 pseudorandom port numbers. It has also defined new performance metrics specific to stateful testing to quantify the connection setup and connection tear down performance of stateful NATxy gateways. In our current paper, we examine how the performance of iptables depends on various settings, and also if certain tradeoffs exist. We measure the maximum connection establishment rate, throughput and tear down rate of iptables as well as its memory consumption as a function of hash table size always using 40 million connections. We disclose all measurement details and results. We recommend new settings that enable network operators to achieve significantly higher performance than using the traditional ones.

A testing system to understand rock fracturing processes induced by different dynamic disturbances under true triaxial compression

In this context, a testing system to understand rock fracturing processes induced by different dynamic disturbances under true triaxial compression was developed. The system is mainly composed of a static loading subsystem, a dynamic loading subsystem, a specimen box subsystem, and a data measurement subsystem. The static loading subsystem uses low stiffness loss frame structure technology, which greatly improves the frame stiffness in the three principal stress directions (up to 20 GN/m) and ensures the demand of the disturbance experiment in both the prepeak and postpeak stages. The disturbance loads with frequency of 0–20 Hz and stress level of 0–30 MPa were applied using large flow parallel oil source technology characterized with high heat dissipation efficiency. For the disturbance loads with frequency of 100–500 Hz and stress level of 0–30 MPa, they were realized by using high-frequency and centimeter-per-second-scale low-speed disturbance rod technology. Three rigid self-stabilizing specimen boxes were utilized to provide support for the specimen and deformation sensors, ensuring the stability and accuracy of the data obtained. To verify the performance of the true triaxial test system, disturbance experiments were conducted on granite specimens. The results show that the experimental device satisfies the requirements of original design, with an excellent repeatability and reliable testing results.

Using loss aversion and framing to nudge students' classroom performance

Behavioral economics suggests that people do not always decide rationally but are even predictably irrational. This gives rise to the concept of nudge, which creates an architecture of choices that encourages people to behave as they wish. Loss aversion is one of the best-known phenomena in behavioral economics and a central notion of the prospect theory. The main idea behind this phenomenon is that losses hurt more than gains feel good. The framing effect is a bias where people choose some options differently, depending on whether they are presented as a gain or a loss. In this quasi-experimental study, the authors examine the role of loss aversion and framing effects on students' engagement and academic success. This study aims to test the hypothesis that students will have a stronger reaction to the reduction of awarded points, as opposed to an increase of awarded points, as they progress through the course. This will motivate them to work harder and achieve better academic success. The results show significant differences between the two groups in favor of the group being graded using the point reduction grading scheme. This suggests that the power of loss aversion can be exploited to increase students' engagement and academic success. The existence of framing effect in this case has been demonstrated, which shows it might be possible to use the choice architecture to improve the student results.

Nudging energy efficiency behavior: The effect of message framing on implicit discount rate

We experimentally and empirically analyzed how gain-framing and loss-framing information regarding the economic benefits of purchasing a high-efficiency appliance affects consumers' implicit discount rate (IDR). For the empirical analysis, we focused on the South Korean air purifier market, and we used the contingent valuation method to estimate the IDR. The results suggest differences in consumer groups that respond more sensitively to message framing. In the loss frame, the respondents' cognition level showed an influence on the IDR. The median IDR was 10.15% and 6.59% in the gain and loss frames, respectively. These figures were higher than the general market discount rate, regardless of how the given information was framed, thus confirming an energy efficiency gap. We deduced that there are more consumers with a very low IDR in the loss frame than in the gain frame. Hence, it will be possible to reduce the energy efficiency investment gap and encourage consumers to voluntarily invest in energy efficiency through message framing nudging via consumption efficiency appliance labels.

A hybrid dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme operating with IACG and cooperative DBA for converged fronthaul networks

The time-division multiplexed passive optical network is seen as a candidate for converged fronthaul networks in 5G, which requires low latency and high capacity. In this paper, a hybrid dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme for converged fronthaul that combines a status reporting DBA and a cooperative DBA is proposed. Different deployment scenarios and operating conditions in a 10-Gigabit-capable PON (XGS-PON) system are investigated using the OMNeT++ network simulator. The performance of the proposed hybrid DBA is evaluated in terms of average upstream delay and percentage of frame loss meeting a 140 µs queuing delay requirement for fronthaul traffic. Simulation results show a zero-frame loss for fronthaul traffic in all scenarios using the proposed hybrid DBA which is not achievable using only the status reporting DBA, confirming the advantages of the proposed hybrid DBA.

Valence framing induces cognitive bias

AbstractValence framing effects refer to inconsistent choice preferences in response to positive versus negative formulation of mathematically equivalent outcomes. Here, we manipulate valence framing in a two-alternative forced choice dictator game using gains and losses as frames to investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying valence framing. We applied a Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM) to examine whether gain (i.e., “take” money) and loss (i.e., “give” money) frames evoke a cognitive bias as previous research did not consistently reveal framing effects using reaction times and response frequency as dependent variables. DDMs allow decomposing the decision process into separate cognitive mechanisms, whereby a cognitive bias was repeatedly associated with a shift in the starting point of the model. Conducting both a laboratory (N = 62) and an online study (N = 109), female participants allocated money between themselves and another person in a prosocial or selfish way. In each study, one group was instructed to give money (give frame), the other to take money (take frame). Consistent with previous studies, no differences were found in response times and response frequencies. However, in both studies, substantial bias towards the selfish option was found in the take frame groups, captured by the starting point of the DDM. Thus, our results suggest that valence framing induces a cognitive bias in decision processing in women, even when no behavioral differences are present.

The Certainty Effect for Gains and Losses Emerges in Joint Evaluation but Not Always in Separate Evaluation

Abstract Six studies investigated people's attitudes toward uncertainty. Participants rated the attractiveness of pairs of gambles in either a gain or a loss frame. We varied the level of uncertainty, the monetary outcomes, and the evaluation mode of the gambles (i.e., joint versus separate evaluation). Experiments 1a and 1b compared a sure gain (loss) to a risky gain (loss), with both gambles having identical expected value. Experiments 2a and 2b included an almost sure (i.e., 98%) gain (loss) and risky gain (loss). When gambles entailed gains, a risky gamble became less attractive when evaluated in joint than in separate evaluation. The opposite pattern emerged when gambles entailed losses. The difference between a risky and a sure (or almost sure) gamble was weaker (or eliminated) in separate evaluation. Experiments 3a and 3b presented a risky gamble alone or with other gambles with varying probability and outcomes to be gained or lost. When gambles entailed gains (losses), a risky gamble became less (more) attractive and was chosen less (more) frequently when paired with gambles offering a higher probability of gaining (losing) smaller amounts. Overall, affective reactions and preferences for uncertain gambles depend on the decision context, and the certainty effect can disappear in separate evaluation.

Counterproductive effects of overfamiliar antitobacco messages on smoking cessation intentions via message fatigue and resistance to persuasion.

While smoking may result in various harmful effects, such as mental health issues caused by addiction, antitobacco messages have typically focused on the physical health consequences of smoking for decades. Prolonged exposures to these conventional messages may have not only increased awareness about the harmful health effects of smoking but may have also caused message fatigue and resultant resistance to persuasion. The latter effects, however, remain largely unexamined. Addressing this gap, this study examined the effects of overfamiliar antitobacco messages focusing on the health consequences of smoking on message fatigue and resistance to persuasion. In an online experiment, current smokers (N = 296) in the U.S. were randomly assigned to one of the four message conditions that manipulated a degree of familiarity in a 2 (thematic frame: physical vs. mental health) × 2 (valence frame: loss vs. gain) factorial design. The results show that a message portraying physical health consequences of smoking in a loss frame (i.e., overfamiliar frame) induced greater message fatigue than that in a gain frame. Message fatigue, in turn, was associated with higher levels of active (i.e., reactance) and passive resistance (i.e., disengagement) toward antitobacco messages. Reactance induced by message fatigue predicted less favorable attitude and lower intentions to quit smoking. Overall, message fatigue showed both direct and indirect effects on intentions, with the latter being mediated by reactance. Overfamiliar antitobacco message frames may activate greater message fatigue and resistance to persuasion, which may dampen campaign effects. The findings caution against the habitual use of conventional antitobacco messages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).