Loss Avoidance Research Articles

Editors' Note

Editors' Note Craig R. Fox and Sim B Sitkin In this issue, we are pleased to feature articles on a wide range of topics, including nudges that can improve health and safety, factors fostering more effective organizational leadership and workplace voice, and policies that promote the use of public transportation and family financial security. Field reviews and original research studies provide actionable insights for government and business organizations as well as individuals. Three articles focus on how behavioral interventions can promote health and safety. In one, Xilin Li, Christopher K. Hsee, and Li Wang report on studies they conducted in China that were aimed at reducing how often pedestrians cross busy intersections when the light is red—behavior that not only violates social norms but also poses a serious safety problem. They posted signs that featured either imperatives ("Don't cross at the red light"), safety awareness, danger awareness, civility awareness ("Waiting for the green light is civil"), or incivility awareness ("Crossing at the red light is uncivil"). In three field experiments with over 12,000 observations, these authors found that posting signs warning against "uncivil" norm violations was most effective at reducing crossing against red lights at intersections. In a second article in this group, Sujatha Changolkar, Kevin G. Volpp, and Mitesh S. Patel present a field review taking stock of how physical activity can be successfully encouraged using a combination of remote-monitoring technologies and behaviorally informed programs. They observe that making such technology easier to use is especially important for sustained engagement. They also describe several behavioral approaches that successfully promoted exercise, including precommitment contracts, goal setting by participants, social incentives, gamific tion, and financial incentives that were delivered in the form of lotteries or that framed rewards as something that could be lost. Daniella Meeker, Tara Knight, Pantra Childress, Elmar R. Aliyev, and Jason N. Doctor examined a clever way to simultaneously use lottery rewards to motivate exercise class enrollment and loss avoidance to motivate persistence. In each week of a 12-week field experiment, all participants received a 90% chance of winning $20 if they attended the first exercise class of the week. Participants in the experimental condition could guarantee against losing the lottery prize by attending the second class each week, turning the 90% chance into a certainty. Meanwhile, participants in the control condition would simply receive a fl t $2 reward if they attended the second class each week (the same expected value as would be gained by participants in the experimental condition who attended the second class and thus guaranteed a full lottery payout). In the end, the experimental intervention proved to be quite effective: participants in the loss-protection condition attended classes 16% more often than did participants in the control condition. A second set of articles points to organizational practices that can improve leadership training and development or foster a culture of voice in the workplace. David Day, Nicolas Bastardoz, Tiffany Bisbey, Denise Reyes, and Eduardo Salas offer a field review to explain how the effectiveness of leadership training and development programs hinges on specific design and implementation characteristics. They differentiated between leader training programs (that target knowledge, skills, and attitudes) and leader development programs (that focus on more general adaptive capacity) and found that effectiveness resulted from seemingly obvious but often neglected prerequisites: clear definition of needs and specific expectations and use of evidence-based program designs. Ethan R. Burris and Wonbin Sohn review studies on the critical features of organizations that are able to effectively encourage employees to voice their concerns, criticisms, and different perspectives. They specify three key strategies these organizations use to foster a culture of voice: creating a safe environment for employee voice by protecting employees from retaliation, providing employees with illustrations of [End Page ii] instances in which voicing concerns led the organization to implement responsive action, and providing managers with resources that enable them to take action to address the concerns raised through employee voice. Overall, the evidence suggests that achieving the goal of increasing employee voice depends on specificactions to reduce the risk of speaking up and to increase the odds that employee input will have an impact. Further, managers must be...

Macroeconomic uncertainty and loss avoidance behavior by managers

Macroeconomic uncertainty and loss avoidance behavior by managers

ДЕВІАНТНІ ДІЇ ПЛАТНИКІВ ПОДАТКІВ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ПОВЕДІНКОВИХ ФІНАНСІВ

In the modern world, taxes are the most important source of government funding. However, the efficiency of taxation directly depends on the level of tax payments and, accordingly, on the behavior of tax payers. Legislation forms a clear concept of the taxpayer and the specifics of his behavior, which is called tax culture. However, very often payers violate the designated conditions, thereby demonstrating deviant behavior. The latter should be understood to mean the individual's tendency to irrationality, which includes tax evasion that is contrary to the law. The study of the irrational behavior of individuals, conducted by D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, formed the basis of the theory of prospects, which designates the moments that influence the adoption of deviant decisions. Within the framework of the theory, four key components were identified: reliance on comparison, avoidance of losses, non-linear weighting of probability, and a downtrend in sensitivity to income and expenses. In the tax sphere of Ukraine, there are four types of tax evasion: tax evasion itself, tax optimization, tax minimization, tax planning. However, the factors provoking their appearance are the same. Combined into nine groups, they cover the time component, socio-economic, regulatory, socio-psychological, organizational, opportunistic, technical, moral-psychological and behavioral. Among the behavioral factors that directly affect the formation of deviant behavior in taxpayers, it should be noted the halo effect, the advantage of overconfidence over doubt, the law of small numbers, forecasting based on representativeness and avoiding losses. Each of the stated factors contributes to a false idea of the taxpayer about his own abilities and the depth of economic knowledge, creates the illusion of a minimal probability of an unfavorable outcome and is supported by the fear of losses.

Real Earnings Management, Manipulation Incentives and Accounting Conservatism:Evidence from China

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of real earnings management on accounting conservatism, based on 2,121 A-share listed firms in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2005 to 2017. The results indicate that real earnings management has a significant negative impact on listed firms’ accounting conservatism. The real earnings management based on loss avoidance, seasoned equity offerings (SEO), maintaining growth and reversing loss reduces accounting conservatism, while that based on earnings smoothing incentive improves accounting conservatism. Real earnings management of firms with poor corporate governance has a more significant impact on accounting conservatism than firms with good corporate governance. The findings also offer reference for further strengthening listed firms’ financial supervision, improving corporate governance structure, and promoting the healthy development of the securities market.

Information Processing and Decision-Making in Pathological Worriers and their Potential Role in Mechanisms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Systematic information processing and decision-making under uncertainty are key constructs of new conceptions explaining the severity of pathological worry. The current study attempted to analyze their usefulness in subclinical and clinical groups. In the first phase of the study (N = 251) participants were examined with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), a GP consultationrelated survey, and a screening survey for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In the second phase (N = 220), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the PSWQ, and tasks measuring systematic information processing (SIP) versus heuristic reasoning (HR) were applied. In the third phase (N = 60), GAD (n = 30) and healthy control (n = 30) groups were examined with the above methods and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In the low risk group, a relationship between mood and the representativeness heuristic (ρ = 0.50), as well as anchoring and adjustment heuristic (anxiety-related stimuli) was found (ρ = −0.53). In the GAD group, significant correlations between the PSWQ score, the IGT loss avoidance score (ρ = 0.40), and total IGT score (ρ = 0.48) were found. The results did not confirm a particular usefulness of the systematic/heuristic information processing construct in subclinical and clinical groups. Theory-consistent results were rather found in the nonclinical groups. Nevertheless, the data revealed some interesting findings supporting potential explanatory power of some theoretical models.

Inhibition in developmental disorders: A comparison of inhibition profiles between children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and comorbid symptom presentation.

Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also have symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ASD and ADHD often experience difficulties with inhibition. This study had the goal of understanding inhibition in children with ASD, ADHD, ASD + ADHD, and children who are typically developing (TD) using tasks that measured several aspects of inhibition. Results indicate that children with ASD + ADHD had greater difficulty inhibiting behavioral responses than TD children. Children with ASD + ADHD also differed from children with ASD and with ADHD in their inhibition of distracting information and strategic slowing of response speed. The four groups did not differ in their avoidance of potential losses. Children with ASD + ADHD exhibit a unique profile of inhibition challenges suggesting they may benefit from targeted intervention matched to their abilities.

How Do Gain and Loss Incentives Affect Memory for Intentions Across Adulthood?

Changes in motivational orientation across adulthood affect cognitive processes. The purpose of this research was to investigate if and how motivational incentives (gains or losses) affect prospective memory for intended actions in younger, middle-aged, and older adults. The consequences of memory hits and misses and the framing of the memory tasks were experimentally manipulated between participants: In a gain-framing condition, participants accumulated rewards, dependent on the proportion of target events to which they responded accurately. In a loss-framing condition, participants received an initial endowment from which losses were deducted, dependent on the proportion of targets they missed. We measured memory accuracy, perceived task importance, and ongoing-task performance. Gains and losses had different effects on memory across age groups: Age × Motivational Valence interactions emerged across two studies. Older adults showed relatively better memory performance to avoid losses than to achieve gains. Moreover, higher age was associated with lower memory performance (Study 1) and slower but more accurate decisions in an ongoing activity (Study 2). The findings reveal that motivational incentives and the framing of consequences as gains or losses moderate the relation between age and memory performance. Older adults' memory performance may benefit when messages encourage the avoidance of losses. This may also help to design age-tailored interventions in applied settings (e.g., health-related behavior).

PCOI: Packet Classification‐Based Optical Interconnect for Data Centre Networks

To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and network devices, thus increasing the routing complexity and energy consumption of the DCN. The introduction of optical technology in DCNs gives several benefits related to routing control and energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel Packet Classification based Optical interconnect (PCOI) architecture for DCN which simplifies the routing process by classifying the packet at the sender rack and reduces energy consumption by utilizing the passive optical components. This architecture brings some key benefits to optical interconnects in DCNs which include (i) routing simplicity, (ii) reduced energy consumption, (iii) scalability to large port count, (iv) packet loss avoidance, and (v) all-to-one communication support. The packets are classified based on destination rack and are arranged in the input queues. This paper presents the input and output queuing analysis of the PCOI architecture in terms of mathematical analysis, the TCP simulation in NS2, and the physical layer analysis by conducting simulation in OptiSystem. The packet loss in the PCOI has been avoided by adopting the input and output queuing model. The output queue of PCOI architecture represents an M/D/32 queue. The simulation results show that PCOI achieved a significant improvement in terms of throughput and low end-to-end delay. The eye-diagram results show that a good quality optical signal is received at the output, showing a very low Bit Error Rate (BER).

Applied Research of the Hygrothermal Behaviour of an Internally Insulated Historic Wall without Vapour Barrier: In Situ Measurements and Dynamic Simulations

The hygrothermal behaviour of an internally insulated historic wall is still hard to predict, mainly because the physical characteristics of the materials composing the historic wall are unknown. In this study, the hygrothermal assessment of an internally thermal insulated masonry wall of an historic palace located in Ferrara, in Italy, is shown. In situ non-destructive monitoring method is combined with a hygrothermal simulation tool, aiming to better analyse and discuss future refurbishment scenarios. In this context, the original U-value of the wall (not refurbished) is decreased from 1.44 W/m2K to 0.26 W/m2K (10 cm stone wool). Under the site specific conditions of this wall, not reached by the sun or rain, it was verified that even in the absence of vapour barrier, no frost damage is likely to occur and the condensation risk is very limited. Authors proposed further discussion based on simulation. The results showed that the introduction of a second gypsum board to the studied technology compensated such absence, while the reduction of the insulation material thickness provides a reduction of RH peaks in the interstitial area by 1%; this second solution proved to be more efficient, providing a 3% RH reduction and the avoidance of further thermal losses.

Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity.

Cognitive control and incentive sensitivity are related to overeating and obesity. Optimal white matter integrity is relevant for an efficient interaction among reward-related brain regions. However, its relationship with sensitivity to incentives remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the incentive sensitivity and its relationship to white matter integrity in normal-weight and overweight groups. Seventy-six young adults participated in this study: 31 were normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2, 14 females) and 45 were overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, 22 females). Incentive sensitivity was assessed using an antisaccade task that evaluates the effect of incentives (neutral, reward, and loss avoidance) on cognitive control performance. Diffusion tensor imaging studies were performed to assess white matter integrity. The relationship between white matter microstructure and incentive sensitivity was investigated through tract-based spatial statistics. Behavioral antisaccade results showed that normal-weight participants presented higher accuracy (78.0 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.01) for loss avoidance incentive compared to overweight participants. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis revealed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy and loss avoidance accuracy in the normal-weight group (p < 0.05). No relationship reached significance in the overweight group. These results support the hypothesis that white matter integrity is relevant for performance in an incentivized antisaccade task.

Retention of Value Representations Across Time in People With Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Subjects

BackgroundThe current study aimed to further etiological understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia. Specifically, we tested whether negative symptom severity is associated with reduced retention of reward-related information over time and thus a degraded ability to utilize such information to guide future action selection. MethodsForty-four patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 28 healthy control volunteers performed a probabilistic reinforcement-learning task involving stimulus pairs in which choices resulted in reward or in loss avoidance. Following training, participants indicated their valuation of learned stimuli in a test/transfer phase. The test/transfer phase was administered immediately following training and 1 week later. Percent retention was defined as accuracy at week-long delay divided by accuracy at immediate delay. ResultsHealthy control subjects and people with schizophrenia showed similarly robust retention of reinforcement learning over a 1-week delay interval. However, in the schizophrenia group, negative symptom severity was associated with reduced retention of information regarding the value of actions across a week-long interval. This pattern was particularly notable for stimuli associated with reward compared with loss avoidance. ConclusionsOur results show that although individuals with schizophrenia may initially learn about rewarding aspects of their environment, such learning decays at a more rapid rate in patients with severe negative symptoms. Thus, previously learned reward-related information may be more difficult to access to guide future decision making and to motivate action selection.

Accounting and Financial Reporting during a Pandemic

In this paper, I discuss how a pandemic affects the nature of financial reporting especially for financial and non-financial institutions that were deeply affected by the 2020 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. I show that accounting practices or techniques such as fair value accounting, big bath earnings management, loss avoidance and income smoothing techniques can help to dampen the effect of a pandemic on firm performance. Some implications about the merits and risks of accounting during a pandemic are highlighted and discussed.

Asymmetric coupling of action and outcome valence in active and observational feedback learning

Learning to execute a response to obtain a reward or to inhibit a response to avoid punishment is much easier than learning the reverse, which has been referred to as “Pavlovian” biases. Despite a growing body of research into similarities and differences between active and observational learning, it is as yet unclear if Pavlovian learning biases are specific for active task performance, i.e., learning from feedback provided for one’s own actions, or if they persist also when learning by observing another person’s actions and subsequent outcomes. The present study, therefore, investigated the influence of action and outcome valence in active and observational feedback learning. Healthy adult volunteers completed a go/nogo task that decoupled outcome valence (win/loss) and action (execution/inhibition) either actively or by observing a virtual co-player’s responses and subsequent feedback. Moreover, in a more naturalistic follow-up experiment, pairs of subjects were tested with the same task, with one subject as active learner and the other as observational learner. The results revealed Pavlovian learning biases both in active and in observational learning, with learning of go responses facilitated in the context of reward obtainment, and learning of nogo responses facilitated in the context of loss avoidance. Although the neural correlates of active and observational feedback learning have been shown to differ to some extent, these findings suggest similar mechanisms to underlie both types of learning with respect to the influence of Pavlovian biases. Moreover, performance levels and result patterns were similar in those observational learners who had observed a virtual co-player and those who had completed the task together with an active learner, suggesting that inclusion of a virtual co-player in a computerized task provides an effective manipulation of agency.

Foreign directors and corporate governance in Islamic banks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether foreign directors’ influence on opportunistic behavior among managers varies between Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs). It also examines how religious ethics and morals guide foreign directors to be better monitors.Design/methodology/approachA panel fixed effects regression is used to analyze the effect of foreign directors on opportunistic behavior among managers in IBs and CBs. The authors use different proxies such as loss avoidance, discretionary loan loss provision and expense preference behavior to measure management opportunistic behavior.FindingsBased on sample of 3,758 bank-year observations for 164 banks over the period 1993-2015, the authors show that the presence of foreign directors in IBs increases boards’ effectiveness in impeding management opportunistic behavior, whereas the presence of foreign directors in CBs reduces boards’ effectiveness in curbing management’s unethical acts. The authors also document that IBs (CBs) with foreign directors demonstrate less (more) earnings management and expense-preference behavior among managers. In addition, the authors’ evidence indicates that the existence of the Shari’ah supervisory boards helps foreign directors be more effective monitors.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study focuses on banks only which makes its results subject to sample bias; there are many other forms of financial institutions (e.g. investments, real-estates and mutual funds) complying to the Shari’ah law. Second, owing to the lack of foreign board directors characteristics, the authors cannot investigate the intensity of the specific characteristics that could have specific directions in affecting managerial behavior.Practical implicationsThe findings in this paper may help standards-setters, auditors, investors and regulators take appropriate measures and create better policies that reduce managers’ discretion. This could in turn improve information transparency decision-making, monitoring, advising and accounting quality.Originality/valueThe authors’ theoretical framework combines the agency, contingency, resource-dependence, stewardship and stakeholders’ theories and applies them to Shari’ah as an alternative ethical and internal governance mechanism. The authors find that the impact of foreign directors on management opportunistic behavior depends on the corporate religious norms within boards of directors, in particular, suggesting that religious values affect how foreign directors influence bank managers’ behavior.

Decision-Making by Patients With Methamphetamine Use Disorder Receiving Contingency Management Treatment: Magnitude and Frequency Effects.

BackgroundIndividuals with substance use disorders exhibit maladaptive decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which involves selecting from card decks differing in the magnitudes of rewards, and the frequency and magnitude of losses. We investigated whether baseline IGT performance could predict responses to contingency management (CM) by treatment-seeking individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MA Use Disorder) in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsTwenty-nine individuals with MA Use Disorder underwent an 8-week, escalating reinforcement, voucher-based CM treatment in a study on the suitability of CM therapy for the South African context. Along with 20 healthy control participants, they performed a computerized version of the IGT before starting CM treatment. Seventeen participants maintained abstinence from methamphetamine throughout the trial (full responders), and 12 had an incomplete response (partial responders). Performance on the IGT was scored for magnitude effect (selection of large immediate rewards with high long-term loss) and for frequency effect (preference for frequent rewards and avoidance of frequent losses). Group differences were investigated using linear mixed-effect modeling.ResultsPartial responders made more selections from decks providing large, immediate rewards and long-term losses than healthy controls [p = 0.038, g = -0.77 (-1.09: -0.44)]. Full responders showed a greater, nonsignificant preference for frequent rewards and aversion to frequent losses than partial responders [p = 0.054, g = -0.63 (-0.95: -0.29)].ConclusionsA predilection for choices based on the size and immediacy of reward may reflect a cognitive strategy that works against CM. Pretesting with a decision-making task, such as the IGT, may help in matching cognitive therapies to clients with MA Use Disorder.

Individual Blockholder's Influence on Accounting Quality: Evidence from Korea

This study investigates the influence of individual blockholder on accounting quality. Prior studies investigating Korean blockholders' influence focus on the influence of controlling shareholders or institutional investors; however, they rarely examine individual blockholders’ influence. This paper investigates how individual blockholders in Korean stock markets affect accounting quality of firms listed in Korean Stock Exchange. I analyze individual blockholders' influence on proxies of accounting quality using multivariate regression with hand-collected individual blockholder data. Korean law requires public firms to disclose the list of shareholders having no less than 5% of ownership. From the list of blockholders, individuals who have no explicit personal relation with controlling shareholders were classified as individual blockholders. My empirical results show that firms having individual blockholder(s) use more income-decreasing accruals than those having no individual blockholder. Furthermore, accounting information of firms having individual blockholders(s) is more conservative than that of firms having no individual blockholders. However, the presence of individual blockholder increases the tendency of loss avoidance and earnings management using overproduction and reduction of discretionary expenditure. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting the first evidence of the monitoring role of an individual blockholder on financial reporting of firms listed in the Korean stock markets.

It Is What You Have, Not What You Lose: Effects of Perceived Gains and Losses on Goal Orientation Across Adulthood.

Goal orientation tends to shift from predominantly striving for gains to maintenance and loss avoidance across adulthood. A dominant hypothesis states that age-related increases in losses drive the motivational shift. The present study tests this hypothesis and an alternative, namely that perceived accumulation of resources/assets and discrepancy between the actual and desired state underlie the stronger maintenance and loss-avoidance orientation in older than younger adults. Data from N = 182 U.S. adult participants on Amazon Mechanical Turk (preregistered; 50.0% female; 19-77 years, M = 45.1, SD = 15.86) comprise measures of demographics, goal orientation in 16 selected life domains as well as perceived accumulation, losses, actual-desired discrepancy in the same domains. Multilevel modeling analyses showed that, as expected and confirming prior research, gain orientation decreased and maintenance orientation increased with age. Moreover, both perceived losses and accumulation of resources/assets increased with age, while the actual-desired discrepancy decreased. Larger perceived accumulation and smaller actual-desired discrepancies were associated with stronger maintenance orientation. Regardless of age, a smaller actual-desired discrepancy was also associated with stronger loss-avoidance orientation. Contrary to predictions, perceived losses were negatively associated with gain orientation, but not significantly associated with maintenance or loss-avoidance orientation. Results replicate the shift in goal orientation across adulthood. Speaking against the loss hypothesis, perceived accumulation of resources/assets and actual-desired discrepancy seem to play an important role in determining goal orientation over adulthood, while the role of perceived losses may be less significant than commonly assumed.

Strategic financial risk management of industrial enterprises in the conditions of uncertainty

In article the main aspects of management of financial risks for the purpose of formation of the complete system promoting avoidance of financial losses and growth of cost of the industrial enterprises are considered. Functions of a financial risk management in terms of its practical application are characterized. The strategy of functioning of a financial risk management in modern conditions of managing of the industrial enterprises is presented. Ways of management of financial risks of the industrial enterprises in the conditions of uncertainty and volatility of the economic environment are offered. Measures of quantitative assessment of financial risks which can serve discrete sizes of criteria indicators of activity of the industrial enterprise, on the basis of the available statistical data which values are defined by influence of external and internal factors are defined.

Prediction of white matter integrity pattern in overweight and obese adults

Abstract IntroductionObesity has been associated with lower white matter integrity (WMI) in limbic brain regions, including the fornix. Both early decrease of WMI in the fornix (WMIf) and midlife obesity have been related to dementia incidence with advancing age. No studies have explored early cognitive predictors of WMIf in overweight-obese (OO) adults. Aim of this study was to compare OO and normal-weight (NW) participants with respect to (a) WMIf in adulthood and (b) the relationship between cognitive performance at school-age and in adolescence with WMIf in adulthood.MethodsParticipants were part of a cohort followed since infancy who underwent magnetic resonance imaging studies in adulthood (22.3 ± 1.3 years). Diffusion tensor imaging was performed and Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) skeleton; increased FA relates to greater WMI. A mask for the fornix was created (JHU-ICBM DTI-81 Atlas) and then used to extract the average FA for each individual. Participants also performed neurocognitive tasks: (a) school-age (10.3 ± 1.0 years): the trail making test comprises two conditions and time difference between conditions reflects cognitive flexibility; (b) adolescence (15.6 ± 0.5 years): incentive task that test the effect of incentives (reward, loss avoidance or neutral) on inhibitory control performance (correct responses latency). In adulthood, BMI was categorized as NW (≥ 18.5 to &lt; 25.0 kg/m2) and OO (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) groups. A t-test and univariate GLM were conducted. Analysis were adjusted by sex and age-specific BMI z-scores.ResultsParticipants were 27 NW (41% female) and 41 OO (49% female). Compared to NW, OO participants showed decreased FA in the fornix (0.585 vs. 0.618, p &lt; 0.05), i.e. lower WMIf. Differences were apparent in the relationship between cognitive flexibility at school-age (F = 2.9, p = 0.06) and loss avoidance latency in adolescence (F = 3.5, p &lt; 0.05) with FA in the fornix in adulthood. Increased cognitive flexibility at school-age (β = 0.335, p &lt; 0.05) and decreased loss avoidance latency in adolescence (β = -0.581, p &lt; 0.001) were related to higher FA in the fornix in OO adults. No relationship resulted significant in NW adults.DiscussionPerformance in neurocognitive tasks at earlier developmental stages were related with WMIf only in OO adults, group characterized by decreased WMIf. Our results provide evidence regarding specific neurocognitive tasks with predictive value for WMIf alterations. Further, they could contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying obesity and also provide insight relative to neurodegenerative risk with advancing age.SupportFondecyt 11160671 and NIH HD33487.

Aggressive Forward Infinite Dimensional Entangled State Pair With Reputation Based Weighted Hub Selection To Packet Loss Avoidance

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is indeed a series of nodes that have been put with others to collaborate without infrastructure. In this paper first proposes an aggressive forward infinite-dimension...