Lorsban 4E Research Articles

Integrated Use of Biomarkers (O : N Ratio and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition) onAulacomya ater(Molina, 1782) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) as a Criteria for Effects of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposition

The effect of residual concentrations of organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) on the activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and oxygen : nitrogen ratio in the mussel Aulacomya ater was analyzed. Toxicity tests show a sensitivity to the pesticide in the bivalve estimated at 16 μg L−1 (LC50−96 hours). Concentrations between 0.2 and 1.61 μg L−1 were able to inhibit significantly the AChE activity, and concentrations between 0.8 and 1.61 μg L−1 stimulate ammonia excretion and decrease oxygen : ammonia-N (O : N) ratio, with respect to the control group. A. ater proved to be a species sensitive to pesticide exposure and easy to handle in lab conditions. Thus, it is recommended as a bioindicator for use in programs of environmental alertness in the Eastern South Pacific coastal zone.

Assessment of the Ozone Formation Potential from Pesticide Solvents Using a Mobile Ozone Chamber Assay Approach

Abstract The use of pesticides in California’s agricultural industry plays a role in air quality with emissions of organic compounds thought to contribute to the formation of ground level ozone. Ozone levels in many regions of California exceed the prescribed Federal and State standards every year. The actual contribution from pesticide applications (as well as other agricultural sources) is largely unknown, and relies on assumptions of reactivity and tendency to evaporate. Progress on accurate determinations of either parameter is limited by many factors, including the proprietary nature of formulations. We have developed an approach which can measure the ozone formation potential of many agricultural sources, in the field. This approach was previously validated and described during a recently completed and published study of emissions from dairy cattle, their feed, as well as their fresh waste. With accompanying measurements of the most abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) involved there, we showed agreement between laboratory studies, field measurements, and a computer model of atmospheric photochemical reactions that improves upon past efforts, which were limited to urban/industrial VOCs. Our goal is to reach the same level of understanding for VOCs contained in pesticide formulations. Two sets of field experiments were performed to assess the ozone formation potential of pesticide solvents using a set of transportable smog chambers in the summer of 2007. The first set of experiments were conducted for a solvent-based emulsifiable concentrate (EC) base-spray on a one-acre bare field, and the second set of experiments were conducted for an agricultural application of Lorsban 4E in a three-acre citrus orchard. By comparing the upwind and downwind measurements, the experiments indicated that the emission of pesticide solvent after field application led to increased ozone formation. After a 180 min UV exposure, the ozone formation potential measured at the downwind side averaged 14 ppb higher than that of upwind air, while the average difference was around 3 ppb for background levels on both the day before and the day after pesticide spray. Laboratory experiments were also conducted for different doses of EC base with various levels of nitrogen oxides using the transportable smog chambers. The experimental isopleth demonstrates that VOCs emitted from the EC base could result in high ozone formation. Future work will provide full VOC speciation and application of the results in a regional photochemical model to predict ozone impacts.

Potential for Integrated Management of Soybean Virus Disease.

The recent introduction of the colonizing soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) to soybean in the northern United States has raised concern for potential increased disease caused by the nonpersistently aphid-transmitted Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). This study was conducted to examine the potential integration of host plant resistance and insecticide tactics for control of virus disease. Research from four location-years demonstrated that foliar application of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior) or the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) timed to suppress soybean aphid populations does not reduce SMV. Therefore, the introduction of a colonizing aphid to the array of migratory noncolonizing aphids that transmit SMV does not result in potential for disease control through vector suppression by foliar insecticides. Treatment also did not result in management of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), transmitted by the bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata), presumably because of issues related to different phenologies of the insect vectors. Soybean cultivars with the lowest virus titer in seed produced the highest grain yield and, thus, were rated as field tolerant compared with cultivars with the highest virus titer in seed. Host plant resistance, not vector control, is the most effective tactic to control SMV.

Chlorpyrifos residue levels in avian food items following applications of a commercial EC formulation to alfalfa and citrus.

Two 10-day field residue studies were conducted to measure the amount of chlorpyrifos residue found in typical avian food following applications of a commercial 480 g liter(-1) EC (Lorsban 4E) at 1.1 kg AI ha(-1) (1 lb AI acre(-1)) to alfalfa and at 2.3 kg Al ha(-1) (2.0 lb AI acre(-1)) to citrus. Avian food items used in these studies included: crickets (Acheta domestica (L)), earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L), darkling ground beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor L), seed heads (Triticum sp), and naturally occurring flying and ground-dwelling insects. The studies incorporated a design involving three main study plots placed within larger treated areas of an alfalfa crop and a mature orange grove. The three main study plots represented three replications and each contained four sub-plots. One sub-plot, on each study plot, was sampled on day 0 (2-h post-application), day 1, day 5 and day 10 post-application. Chlorpyrifos residues were present in all avian food sampled following the application; however, residue levels were lower than estimated residue values typically used by the US EPA to establish expected environmental concentration (EEC) used in screening assessments of risk to terrestrial wildlife.

Fate of foodborne bacterial pathogens in pesticide products

AbstractThe effects of diluting concentrated pesticide products with water containing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (human, bovine and ground meat strains), Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. Individual cultures were inoculated at about 102 colony‐forming units (cfu) ml−1 into the following commercial pesticide products—Roundup, Poast & Merge, Gramoxone, Afolan, 2,4‐D amine, Dithane M45, Benlate, Bravo 500, Ridomil 240EC, Thiram 75WP, Sevin XLR+, Lorsban 4E, Diazinon 500, Ambush 500EC and Lagon 480E—following dilution with sterile tap water to recommended spray application concentrations (pesticide solution). Following incubation at 22 °C for 1 h, survivor levels for all three E coli O157:H7 strains in pesticide solutions of Roundup, Poast & Merge, Gramoxone, Dithane M45, Ridomil 240EC and Lagon 480E were lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to their survival in water. In several pesticide solutions (Afolan, Bravo 500, Lorsban 4E and Ambush 500EC), survivor levels were no different (P≥0.05) from the control after 1 h; however, by 24 h, population levels of all strains in these four pesticide solutions were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those observed at 1 h. Overall, similar survivor or growth patterns were observed with the remaining bacteria, with the exception of S flexneri. For this bacterium, survival or growth was poor, especially in Bravo 500, which consistently supported substantial growth of the other micro‐organisms. Time course growth studies over 96 h at 22 °C were conducted with Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria and E coli O157:H7 in solutions of Afolan, Bravo 500, Lorsban 4E and Ambush 500EC. Overall, a 100 to 1060‐fold increase in population was usually obtained in these pesticide solutions by 96 h. Changes in either the initial inoculum level of E coli O157:H7 from about 102 to 104 cfu ml−1 or temperature (from 20–22 to 31 °C) and concentration (from 0.5 to 1.5 times the recommended spray concentration) were shown to affect its growth in the pesticide solutions. The findings of this study indicate that some pesticide products, when diluted using contaminated water, may have the potential to promote growth of pathogens which could increase the risk of more widespread contamination of standing crops, including fruits.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

Effects of organophosphorus insecticide and inorganic nutrients on the planktonic microinvertebrates and algae in a prairie wetland

Manipulations of the planktonic microinvertebrate community in a prairie wetland were carried out in experimental enclosures in Delta Marsh, Canada. Lorsban 4E (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) was applied once to treatment enclosures at a nominal concentration of 10 μg/L. Additions (thrice weekly) of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were made to treatment enclosures for the duration of the 10-week expermental period. One-way ANOVA was used to discern treatment effects on the microinvertebrate community at the group level. Impacts of insecticide or inorganic nutrient addition on major groups of microinvertebrates (Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida Copepoda, Rotifera) were limited, with few significant density changes observed during the experiment. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyse the structure of the microinvertebrate community at the species leve. Percent cover of enclosure bottom by submersed macrophytes and alkalinity were the only significant environmental variables: 10 environmental variables in the CCA accounted for 90 % of the variance in the microinvertebrate species data. Differential mortality of arthropod microinvertebrates resulted from chlorpyrifos addition; calanoid copepods were more tolerant than cladocerans and cyclopoid copepods. An increase in the proportional abundance of small planktonic rotifers was observed after insecticide treatment, probably due to decreased competition with cladocerans and reduced cyclopoid copepod predation. Inorganic nutrient addition did not substantially alter the microinvertebrate community structure.

COMPARISON OF GAUCHO, ADAGE, AND LORSBAN FOR GRAIN SORGHUM STAND PRESERVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT, 1999

COMPARISON OF GAUCHO, ADAGE, AND LORSBAN FOR GRAIN SORGHUM STAND PRESERVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT, 1999: The efficacies of two seed treatments and one surface-applied spray were evaluated against the RIFA in grain sorghum at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Grain sorghum was planted no-till at a rate of 70,000 seeds/acre with a John Deere 4050 planter into a bermuda-grass sod containing a high density of RIFA colonies. The test was planted on 27 May in a RCB design with 4-row plots (40-inch centers) x 20 ft and 4 replications. Lorsban 4E was applied as a pre-emergence surface spray (PRE) immediately after planting with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 34 psi through 8003 nozzles (1/row) in a 20-inch band centered over the seed drill. Other treatments were applied as commercial seed treatments (SEEDT). RIFA densities were estimated on 11, 16, and 25 Jun using a single unruled index card (3 x 5 inches) baited with a teaspoon of peanut butter evenly distributed on one side of the card and was placed, baited side down, in each plot. The number of RIFA was recorded 30 to 60 minutes after placing the card in each plot. Mean values of the three samples are reported. Plant population densities were recorded on 8 Jul by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant heights were estimated on 8 Jul by measuring 20 randomly selected plants from the 2 center rows of each plot. Intra-row skips between plants were recorded on 8 Jul by counting the number of skips > 12 inches between plants in the 2 center rows. RIFA numbers were transformed [log (x + 1)] prior to ANOVA and LSD. Untransformed means are presented for RIFA density. Other data were subjected to ANOVA and LSD without transformation.

EFFECT OF APPLICATION METHOD, RATE, AND IRRIGATION ON IMIDACLOPRID EFFICACY AGAINST APHIDS IN SHADE TOBACCO, 1998

EFFECT OF APPLICATION METHOD, RATE, AND IRRIGATION ON IMIDACLOPRID EFFICACY AGAINST APHIDS IN SHADE TOBACCO, 1998: Admire 2F (imidacloprid) application methods, rates and the effects of irrigation were evaluated for tobacco aphid control in a cloth-covered shade tent at the CT Agricultural Expt. Station Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT. Admire 2F was applied at 0.17 or 0.34 lb (AI)/acre (1 or 2 oz per 1000 plants based on 10,800 plants/acre) for all treatments. The soil was an Entic Haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 4.0%). On 26 May, plots were fertilized with 110 lb N/acre of cottonseed meal-based 10-8-10, plots were broadcast with Lorsban 4E at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre and Ridomil 2E at 1 lb (AI)/acre and spiked to incorporate. On 3 Jun, preplant Admire 2F in 100 gpa was broadcast to appropriate plots in a 39-inch swath using a TeeJet 8004E nozzle at 18 to 20 psi and spiked. Tobacco was transplanted on 27 May to rows 39-inch apart with a 1-ft spacing within rows. There were 5 replicates of single-row plots of each treatment. Every 3rd row was an untreated border row. Plots were irrigated 27 May with 0.25 inches water. Admire 2F was applied on 29 May as a soil drench using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi to apply 20 ml/plant in 2 10-ml applications 2-cm to two sides of each plant. Plots were sidedressed with 70 lb N/acre of cottonseed meal-based 10-8-10 and cultivated on 18 Jun. Admire 2F was band applied at the last cultivation on 23 Jun in 70 gal water/acre to appropriate plots (with 83 lb N/acre) to 6 inches on either side of rows using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet 8004-E nozzle and incorporated by mechanical cultivation and hoeing. Appropriate plots were irrigated with 0.5 in water. One leaf each from 10 plants per row was removed on 30 Jul, 4 Aug, 17 Aug, 27 Aug, and 3 Sep, and rated for apterous tobacco aphids (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged only; 1 = 1 aphid per leaf; 2 = 2-10 aphids 3 = 11-100 aphids and 4 = more than 100 aphids per leaf). Treatments were compared within dates by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test and the multiple comparison Z-Test.

Soil Organisms Influence Fine Root Lifespan in Peach

Damage to the root system by soil insects and pathogenic fungi is difficult to assess and often goes unnoticed until a tree exhibits significant decline above ground. In this study, below-ground imaging technology was used to quantify fine root turnover in peach and to determine what percentage of root death may be caused by soil pests in an apparently healthy orchard. The study was conducted on six 15-year-old `Loring' peach trees on Halford rootstock in Kearneysville, W.Va. Five root observation tubes were placed in the soil beneath each tree in Apr. 1996. Each tube was randomly assigned one of five soil drench treatments: Lorsban 4E insecticide, Ridomil 2E fungicide, a combination of both pesticides, 1/10th strength Hoagland's solution, or water. A portable VCR and camera system were used to record images of fine roots (<1 mm diameter) growing along the tubes at biweekly intervals from May 1996 through Nov. 1997. The images were used to construct a database of life history information for more than 1500 individual roots. Peach root survivorship was influenced by root diameter and pesticide treatment. Fine roots on tubes receiving either of the pesticide treatments had higher survivorship than roots on control tubes for all diameter classes. The effect was most pronounced for white roots <0.5 mm in diameter, whose survivorship during the growing season was increased by 45% when both insecticide and fungicide were applied. These results suggest that a substantial fraction of fine root death may be caused by interactions with the soil fauna.

Permeation of Chlorpyrifos and Endosulfan Formulations Through Gloves

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the safe wearing periods for lined nitrile, Silver Shield laminate, and Viton gloves for challenges by the pesticide emulsifiable concentrates Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos active ingredient) and Thiodan 3 E.C. (endosulfan). An American Society for Testing Material-type permeation cell was used with hexane collection solvent at 30°C. Subsequent gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of collection side samples was done for samples taken every 10 minutes. For nitrile, endosulfan took 2 hours to break through, whereas chlorpyrifos took 2.5 hours, with the alkylbenzene inert components permeating after 20 minutes. The pesticides began permeating during the steady-state permeation periods of the inert components. This suggested an inert component facilitated transport mechanism for the pesticide with differential breakthrough. Both pesticides showed two steady-state periods in their cumulative mass versus time permeation curves. The second steady-state permeation rate w...

Aphid Control on Shade Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1996

Abstract Insecticide treatments were evaluated for tobacco aphid control in a cloth-covered shade tent at the CT Agricultural Expt. Station Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT. The soil was an Entic Haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 4.0%) naturally infested with tobacco cyst nematodes (Globodera tabacum tabacum). On 28 May, plots were fertilized with 126 lb N/acre of cottonseed meal-based 10-8-10, broadcast treated with Lorsban 4E at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre and Ridomil 2E at 1 lb (AI)/acre and spiked to incorporate. On 5 Jun, Vydate L [2.0 lb (AI)/acre in 107 gpa water] was broadcast to appropriate plots in a 39-inch swath using a TeeJet KCL-5 nozzle and raked to incorporate. Tobacco was transplanted on 6 Jun to rows 39-in apart with 1 -ft spacing within rows. There were 20 replicate 4-row plots of each treatment (15 X 15 ft), each with 2 treated pick rows in the center and 2 adjacent treated border rows. Plots were separated by an additional untreated border row. Vydate was band applied at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre to appropriate plots on 7 Jun to 6 inches on either side of rows using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet 8004-E nozzle and incorporated by hoeing. Admire 2F was applied on 6 Jun as a soil drench at 0.15 lb (AI)/acre (10,800 plants/acre) using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi to apply 20 ml/plant in 2 10-ml applications 2 cm to either side of plants. Foliai Orthene at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, in 204 gpa water, was applied on 8 Jul to previously untreated plots and on 16 Aug to plots previously sprayed with Orthene or Vydate using a TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi. One leaf each from 15 plants per row was removed on 16 Aug, 21 Aug, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep (60 leaves per plot) and rated for apterous aphids (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged only; 1 = 1 aphid per leaf; 2 = 2-10 aphids 3 = 11-100 aphids and 4 = more than 100 aphids per leaf). Ratings from 15 plants per plot were recorded and treatments compared within dates by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test. Plants were picked at weekly intervals over six weeks (29 Jul, 6 Aug, 15 Aug, 20 Aug and 28 Aug) to remove 18 leaves.

Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Black Cutworm Larvae, 1996

Abstract Corn was planted in 30-inch rows in 6 Sep. The experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Each plot was 4 rows wide X 60 ft long. Insecti cides were applied at planting-time, pre-emergence (9 Sep), and as rescue treatments (18 Sep). They were evaluated for the control of black cutworm (BCW) under artificial infestation. On 17 Sep, corn plants were infested with BCW larvae within barrier arenas that were 36 ft2. Fifteen laboratory-reareci BCW third to fourth instars were placed in the center of each arena. Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row Max-emerge planter). Granules were applied as a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels. Spring tines mounted be hind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide into the soil. Planting-time applications of Lorsban 4E were delivered with 8002 nozzles ai 5.75 gpa in a 7-inch band at 25 psi at a speed of 5 mph. Pre-emergence treatments were applied as a broadcast spray over 2 rows with a CO2 back-pack sprayer system calibrated to deliver 13.1 gpa at 23 psi. Rescue treatments were applied as a broadcast spray over 2 rows using the same calibrations. A CO2 back-pack sprayer system was used for the pre-emergence treatments. The cumulative number of cut plants was determined 3, 7, 10, and 14 days af ter infestation (DAI). The condition of each plant cut by BCW larvae was determined to be either “dead” or “recovered” from previous cutting on 14 DAI

Effects of grasshopper-control insecticides on survival and brain acetylcholinesterase of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) chicks

Ring-necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus) chicks were exposed via contact and/or ingestion to formulations of three insecticides (Lorsban 4E, chlorpyrifos; Cygon 480E, dimethoate; and Furadan 480F, carbofuran) applied to pasture plots at one and four times the rate recommended for control of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in prairie Canada. Chicks (3 d old) were exposed for 48 h in pens with the sprayed vegetation and were fed either unsprayed grasshoppers or grasshoppers sprayed at the same rates as the vegetation. Control groups were exposed to unsprayed vegetation and received unsprayed grasshoppers. Three replicates were conducted throughout June and early July 1992. Although some signs of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) depression were observed in chicks exposed to insecticides, there was no difference in the number of mortalities among treatment and control groups. Chicks that died during the exposure period gained significantly less weight than survivors in all groups. Among surviving chicks, weight gains of those exposed to the high- rate Furadan treatment consuming sprayed food were significantly lower than those of controls (1.8 vs. 6.6 g/d). Brain AChE activity was lower overall in surviving chicks than in those that died; it was not significantly reduced among chicks that died in any treatment group. Overall, survivors of Furadan- exposed treatment regimes had lower AChE activity than those of Cygon and Lorsban treatments; birds in high-spray-rate treatments of all insecticides had lower AChE activity than those in all low-spray-rate treatments; and birds in all treatments consuming sprayed grasshoppers had lower AChE activity than those fed unsprayed grasshoppers. Food consumption was not affected by any treatment.

Sevin Evaluation, 1995

Abstract This experiment was conducted in a 0.8 acre block of 15-yr-old trees on MM 106 rootstock. Trees measured 13.5 ft. in height and 14.5 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 18 X 24 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single plot of 3 or 4 rows X 5 treeslrow for each of the spray treatments and a single 10 row X 3 treeslrow untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DASOOA airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph, and delivered a spray volume of 100 gallacre. Dates of application were 12 May [petal fall (PF)], 26 May [first cover (IC)], 8 Jun [second cover (2C)], 22 Jun [third cover (3C)], 6 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 20 Jul [fifth cover (SC)], 3 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 16 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], and 1 Sep [eighth cover (8C)I. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Dithane, Kocide, Lorsban 4E, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects on the periphery of 4 single-tree ‘Delicious’ replications in the center of each plot periodically during the season. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 25 leavesltree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment impact on Stethorus punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed during a 3-min walk around each tree. WALH and RLH control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leavesltree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 minute periodtree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined on ‘Delicious’ by scoring for injury 100 picked appleslreplication plus up to 100 drop appleslreplication on 19 Sep.

Apple, Obliquebanded Leafroller Control with Spinosad, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Abamectin and Chlorpyrifos in Spring, 1995

Abstract Spinosad, 80% (formulation NAF-127, DowElanco); Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories), abamectin Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (Merck & Co., Inc.) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E, DowElanco) were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard in Mattawa, WA. The trees were 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to 12-tree plots replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip. Application dates were 5 Apr (pink) and 9 May (petal fall). Approximate application timings with regard to plant development stage are shown in the table. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 24 May by a count of the total number of live OBLR larvae on all trees of a treatment replication. Live larvae were collected to observe sublethal effects. Surviving larvae were reared on artificial leafroller diet in 3.25 oz portion cups until death or adult emergence. Any deformities possibly resulting from exposure to an insect growth regulator were recorded. Weather was good, calm winds and moderate temperatures, at the time of applications.

Campylomma Control On ‘Golden Delicious’, 1995

Abstract The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a RCB with ten treatments and four single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300-400 psi. Per acre application rates were based on 400 gpa. The Lorsban 4E + Volck Supreme oil treatments were applied at half-inch green (31 Mar). The other treatments were applied at pink (19 Apr) or petal fall (10 May). Nymphs were sampled from 2 limbs of each replicate tree on each sampling date with the mean of the 2 samples representing that replication. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm X 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 1 Aug. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for C. verbasci damage. Fruit with one or more stings were classed as damaged.

Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1995

Abstract Two insecticide efficacy studies for controlling mixed populations of NCR (17% Experiment I and 42% Experiment II) and WCR (83% Experiment I and 58% Experiment II) were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. The experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart. Corn was planted no-till on 16 May in both experiments using a John Deere Max-Emerge 2 row planter with 30-inch row spacing. The Lorsban 4E with 9-18-9 fertilizer in solution was applied at each site 22 May. Rain prevented application of this treatment earlier. Insecticides were applied to 5X40 ft plots in a RCB design with 4 replications per treatment. Plant populations were counted 15 Jun at both locations to identify seedling emergence and phytotoxicity that may have resulted from the treatments. Root damage ratings were evaluated 21 Jul (Experiment I) and 25 Jul (Experiment II) using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Yields were determined in Experiment I as silage using a silage harvester on 12 Sep. One row of corn was harvested per plot and the row harvested was in the same relative position in all plots. Yield in Experiment II was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 23 Oct. Percent moisture in the silage plots was determined by drying a subsample (at 2.0 lb wet) from each plot and silage yield was adjusted to 65% moisture. Percent moisture in the shelled corn was determined for each plot with a moisture meter and yield was adjusted to 15.5% moisture.

Laboratory Residual Activity Of Spinosad On The Migratory Grasshopper, 1994

Abstract The activity of spinosad, the first of the naturalyte control class, was evaluated against the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes by treating wheat seedlings with DeVilbis sprays of liquids or 0.3 gms. of bran bait per replicate on the surface of the pot. The bran baits were formulated utilizing technical materials deliveredin acetone and mixed throughout with commercial bran flakes. For this test, 3 replicates of 5, 2nd instar grasshoppers were used per rate and 6 rates were evaluated. Chlorpyrifo was used as the standard either as a Lorsban 4E spray or as a chlorpyrifos bran mixture. The number of dead nymphs was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 108 hours.

Scotch Pine, Zimmerman Pine Moth Control, 1994

Abstract Insecticides were applied to 6-10 year old Scotch pine in 3 fields of a commercial Christmas tree plantation in Jackson County, MI. Sprays were applied to the stem and large branches of trees at a rate of 300 gpa with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer. Efficacy of treatments was determined using a CRD with 15 replicates per treatment (75 trees total). Trees treated with Dimilin 25W, Dimilin 25W + oil and Lorsban 4E were sprayed on 19 Apr 1994, to coincide with first larval activity. Trees in a fourth treatment were sprayed on 13 Aug 1993 (to coincide with adult mating) and 19 Apr 1994. The number of ZPM attacks was determined in Aug 1993, prior to spraying. Post-spray attacks, characterized by soft, oozing pitch masses, were recorded for each tree on 7 Jul and 9 Jul 1994.

Pecan Phylloxera Control Trials, 1994

Abstract Two rates of Admire 2F, with and without a nonionic wetting agent, were evaluated for control of pecan phylloxera. Lorsban 4E was used as the standard insecticide for comparison. The tests were conducted at two sites located in south Caddo Parish, Louisiana. The plots were arranged in a RCBD consisting of 5 single tree blocks. Six shoots, one shoot per treatment, were tagged on each tree. The buds on each shoot were inspected for the presence of pecan phylloxera. Treatments were applied using a hand-held, 3-gallon, compressedair sprayer. One-gallon solutions were prepared for spraying. Treatments were applied on 30 Mar at the first site and 14 Apr at the second site. The entire shoot was sprayed. One bud was randomly selected from each shoot from which gall counts would be made. Each bud developed into a terminal containing 4-9 compound leaves. Gall counts were made on 2 May at site one and 26 May at site two. The time between treatment application and sampling allowed sufficient time for galls to develop. Only galls containing live phylloxera were counted.