Lore Lindu National Park Research Articles

Taxonomic study on selected species of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Trianto M, Arisuryanti T, Purwanto H, Ubaidillah R. 2024. Taxonomic study on selected species of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2290-2306. Stingless bees are strong candidates as alternative crop pollinators. They are found throughout the tropics, with the exception of the Pacific islands. There are three tropical regions in the world, namely the tropical Americas (Neotropic), Sub-Saharan Africa (Afrotropic), and Indoaustralian (Austroasiatic) region. In this research, we explored the morphological and morphometric characteristics of stingless bees in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The genera and species identification of stingless bees were based on morphological characters and coloration, such as the structure and color of the antenna, head, thorax, wing, leg and abdomen. Morphological and morphometric identification of 10 species of stingless bees consisting of five genera, namely the genera Heterotrigona, Homotrigona, Lepidotrigona, Tetragonula, and Wallacetrigona. The genus Tetragonula consists of six small species (<4 mm), namely T. biroi, T. clypearis, T. fuscobalteata, T. laeviceps, T. pagdeni, and T. sapiens. The genera Heterotrigona, Homotrigona, Lepidotrigona, and Wallacetrigona are a group of large stingless bees (>4 mm), each consisting of one species, namely H. itama, H. canifrons, L. terminata, and W. incisa. H. itama and H. canifrons are new records on Sulawesi Island. These species are found in Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL). Until 2023, these species were only found in Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra. This research can be used as a guide in the identification and validation of stingless bee species on Sulawesi Island.

Modelling the habitat suitability of rattan (Calamus zollingeri) in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi

Calamus zollingeri is a potential rattan species that is widely used by the community and is found in the Sulawesi region. As one of the potential non-timber forest products, habitat suitability modelling is needed to determine the distribution and prediction of C. zollingeri distribution in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. This study used a species distribution modelling approach with the Maximum Entrophy method. C. zollingeri encounter data were obtained through data collected in the Lore Lindu Management Information System (SIMRELI) from 2019 to 2023. Environmental variables used in the modelling included NDVI, altitude, slope, land cover and distance from river. The modelling results show that 40% of the total LLNP area is highly suitable for C. zollingeri habitat, 20% of the total LLNP area is suitable for C. zollingeri habitat, and 40% of the total LLNP area is unsuitable/insufficient data. This study is important as a reference material for the management of LLNP, especially in structuring the management zone of LLNP.

Exploration and Characterization of Host Trees and Orchid Epiphyte Zones in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi

Host trees are vital for the survival of epiphytic orchids, providing necessary light and air circulation for optimal growth. Large trees with tall canopies contribute to the broader distribution of epiphytic orchids in forest areas. This research aimed to identify the characteristics of orchid host tree species in Lore Lindu National Park, considering both elevation zones and orchid growth zones. The research was conducted at various locations within the park, employing the field exploration survey method (cruise method). This method involved comprehensive exploration at each research site and establishing observation paths along pioneer lines, mainly where orchid host trees were found. The findings indicate the presence of 20 types of orchid host trees and 35 species of epiphytic orchids. The basal branching zone (Zone 3) was the most populated by epiphytic orchids on host trees, and the lowland forest was the elevation zone where most orchid host trees were found in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Keywords: host trees, Lore Lindu National Park, orchids, zone distribution

APPLICATION OF EDU-AGROTOURISM AND AGROFORESTRY: PATTERNS OF LAND USE ON CONSERVATION IN THE BUFFER AREA

Sustainable development encompasses three fundamental dimensions, including the socio-cultural, economic, and ecological. Agroforestry seeks to achieve multifunctional, efficient, and environmentally sustainable production by replicating forest-like circumstances and employing management strategies that align with the cultural values of local people. The successful execution of this strategy is facilitated by the improvement of soil and microclimate conditions, which positively impact agricultural results. The Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) is an officially declared national park in the Central Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The location plays a crucial role in conserving Sulawesi Island's rich array of biological diversity. The research findings indicate that the flora variety within the TNLL region encompasses a wide range of botanical species, including diverse trees, resin-producing plants, rattan, orchids, and medicinal plants. The agroforestry patterns seen in the buffer region of the TNLL can be categorized as the agrisilviculture model. This model represents an agroforestry system that integrates plant and agricultural components, specifically non-wood species. The pattern under consideration encompasses several components, including tree plants such as cocoa, durian, cloves, and candlenuts, alongside agricultural components like corn, vegetables, and tubers. The historical trajectory of land utilization commenced with the indigenous communities who exercised stewardship over the vicinity surrounding TNLL, employing their indigenous knowledge and practices as a consequence of their successful adaptation to the prevailing natural circumstances. The utilization of natural resources by indigenous groups within national park regions for their daily necessities is frequently perceived as exerting strain on the protected landscape's ecological integrity and long-term viability.

Spatial Analysis of the Level of Accessibility of the Bobo Village Community in the Lore Lindu National Park Area

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat aksesibilitas masyarakat di kawasan Konservasi Taman Nasional Lore Lindu dan mengetahui tingkat aksesibilitas masyarakat dalam menjangkau kawasan yang telah dipilih berdasarkan ketentuan Perjanjian Kerjasama (PKS) antara Taman Nasional Lore Lindu dengan pihak Taman Nasional Lore Lindu. Pemerintahan Desa Bobo Tahun 2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis spasial dengan lima variabel yaitu penggunaan lahan, kemiringan lereng, dan jarak dari jalan, sungai, dan pemukiman. Penentuan bobot masing-masing variabel menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dengan sumber dari masyarakat Desa Bobo dan Lembaga Pengelola Konservasi Desa Bobo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan metode AHP penggunaan lahan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat aksesibilitas masyarakat dengan bobot sebesar 52,3%, diikuti parameter lain yaitu kemiringan lereng sebesar 26,8%, jarak dari jalan utama sebesar 11,3%, jarak dari sungai sebesar 3 ,4%, dan jarak dari pemukiman sebesar 6,2%. Selanjutnya diperoleh tiga kelas tingkat aksesibilitas masyarakat Desa Bobo: rendah seluas 390,94 ha (96%), sedang seluas 17,76 ha (4%) dan tinggi sekitar 0,11 ha. (0%).

Correlations between Local Institutional Capacity and Community Conservation Partnerships in Lore Lindu National Park

The Community Conservation Partnership (CCP) is a policy option for ensuring the sustainability of conservation functions while improving the local community's economy. The critical issue in implementing this policy is local institutional capacity. This study aimed to describe the correlation between local institutional capacity and the performance of community conservation partnerships in LLNP. This study was carried out in 10 villages that had established conservation partnership agreements with LLNP managers. This research adopted a quantitative descriptive method. This study revealed that CCP performance was significantly dependent on local institutional capacity. The CCP programme improved the function of conservation areas, but did not boost the local economy significantly. Trust and financial capacity are the essential organisational and management capacities that strongly correlate with CCP performance. The performance of CCP was more strongly correlated with the organisational and management capacity of the local institution than with individual capacity. The individual capacity of the local institution that strongly correlated with CCP performance was only the technical capacity in forestry. Therefore, strengthening capacity at organizational and management levels, such as building trust, communications, and funding support for local institutions, is crucial for improving and sustaining conservation partnerships.

ANALISIS SPASIAL TINGKAT KERAWANAN BANJIR DI DESA PENYANGGA TAMAN NASIONAL LORE LINDU

Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) has an important role as a conservation area with important values as endemic animal protection, water management, cultural and historical values, representative of the Sulawesi mountain rainforest ecosystem, local wisdom values, and landscape cohesiveness. Flooding in several buffer villages occurs almost every year. The cause of flooding in this area is an accumulation of several factors, such as global warming, climatological characteristics, hydrology, and the physical condition of the area. This study aims to map the level of flood vulnerability in TNLL buffer villages using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis with scoring and overlay. The research parameters consisted of rainfall, elevation, slope, soil type, land cover/use and distance from the river. This research was conducted in 86 villages buffering TNLL which are divided into 13 sub-districts, because these areas experience flooding every year. The results of the classification of flood vulnerability levels are divided into 4 (four) categories, namely not vulnerable, moderately vulnerable, vulnerable, and very vulnerable. The results of the analysis show that areas that are very prone to flooding have an area of 408 Ha (3.81%), prone category 5,647.03 Ha (1.19%), somewhat prone 52,141.46 Ha (10.95%), moderately prone 162,163.04 Ha (34.05%), and not prone 256,287.66 Ha (53.81%). Areas in the prone to highly prone to flooding zones are areas that have low elevations with gentle to flat slopes and most of the land use is dominated by built-up land, water bodies, mining, rice fields, and open land without vegetation and close to rivers.

Health status assessment of Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) nesting ground at Kadidia Village, Lore Lindu National Park

IUCN categorizes Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) as an endemic and endangered species meaning that the species is facing a high risk of extinction soon. One of the critical aspects determining the species^ existence is its habitat. The endangered species habitat not only plays a vital role in the species^ survival but also in its to reproduce. The research method used was the modified Environmental Health Index Determination developed. The research was at Kadidia Village, Lore Lindu National Park. The research aims to determine the habitat’s health status by identifying its Health Index. The research method used is a site survey by applying direct observation to habitat components, including conditions, species, and related socio-economic aspects. Variables measured are excellent, good, moderate and poor. The results showed that the health index of the habitat (nesting ground) is moderate/fair, with a Health Index of 0.55. Therefore, regular monitoring and conservation action should ensure that the habitat is adequately managed and conserved.

Patron-client and Lindu lake tourism development

Lindu Lake in Lore Lindu National Park, Sigi Regency, spatially has characteristics and potential as a coastal area that migrants enter along with the culture it inhabits and there are socio-cultural changes in the local community. From the background of the aforementioned problems, the objectives of the study are as follows: 1) to see the relationship between financiers (Patrons) and local fishermen (clients) in Lindu Lake; 2) fishermen's support for the arrangement of their settlements as homestays; and 3) a model of integration of fishing settlement space with ecological-based coastal tourism. This research uses a qualitative research approach (phenomenological paradigm) with analytical descriptive methods. The results showed, as follows: (1) The relationship between financiers and local fishermen in Lindu Lake is nothing more than borrowing business capital; (2) Fishermen's support for the arrangement of their settlement as a homestay, this is due to the large number of tourists at the festival but the benefits are not felt; (3) The integration model of fishing settlement space with ecological-based coastal tourism with consideration of the development of marine tourism in Lindu Lake is integrated between mountain and lake panoramas with customs into one unit.

Edu-Eco-Tourism Development at The Natural Tourism Object Lore Lindu National Park Tambing

The purpose of this study were to develop a strategy for developing the Tambing Lake Nature Tourism Object with an environmental education perspective (edu-ecotourism) for students and university students. The research was conducted through field observations, documentation and interviews which were equipped with a list of questions (questionnaires). Determination of respondents was done intentionally (purposive sampling). Furthermore, data analysis, to determine the feasibility of the Telaga Tambing Nature Tourism Object that is able to support the concept of edu-ecotourism, used the Analysis of the Operational Area for Natural Tourism Objects and Attractions (ADO-ODTWA) while to determine the strategy for developing the Tambing Lake Nature Tourism Object with environmental education perspective (edu-ecotourism) for Students and University Students using the analysis of Strenghts, Opportunities, Weaknesses, and Threats (SWOT). The results of the analysis of determining the priority strategy for the development of Telaga Tambing Nature Tourism Objects with Environmental Education/Edu-Ecotourism For Students and Students are the SO strategy, namely (1) maintenance and improvement of Edu-ecotourism-based facilities and infrastructure, (2) make conservation education tour packages for students and Students, (3) establish Conservation Cadre.

EFFORTS THE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF TORO COMMUNITIES IN LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK

In the last few decades, the global temperature increase is something society cannot avoid. Thus, each country's international policies at COP 26 deal with this phenomenon. Among these international policies to minimize the temperature rise that has occurred, are the presence of non-party-stakeholders, one of them indigenous peoples with a variety of local knowledge in maintaining the sustainability of forest ecosystems. In case of that, this study discusses efforts for the climate change mitigation and adaptation of Toro customary communities in Lore Lindu National Park. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with a Delphi study. The results of our study show the effort of Toro communities to mitigate and adapt the climate change divided by the Nature School of Ngata Toro, Ombo, and the advantage of the land space of the forest. The development of these three patterns would greatly benefit Indonesia's program policy (FoLU Net Sink 2030). In order for the community to be aware of the values of local wisdom that may be applied in forest management in order to mitigate climate change, LLNP as the owner of a conservation area surrounding the forest, must be able to translate this potential efficiently.

The Population Study of Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) in The Nesting Ground of Saluki Village, Lore Lindu National Park

Sulawesi Island is an island that has a diversity of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic animals. One of the protected endemic fauna species is the maleo bird. Maleo was designated as a protected animal because the number of populations in the wild was decreasing, and its conservation status was in the endangered category. Concrete steps that could be taken to increase the maleo population were through various activities, including conducting ongoing and periodic studies of the maleo population. In particular, this study aims to examine the current population of the maleo bird in the nesting ground of Saluki Village, Lore Lindu National Park. In this study, the estimation of maleo population density uses two approaches. The first approach was direct observation of the maleo population outside the nesting habitat using the transect method. The second approach was using the active nest count approach at nesting sites. Based on the results, it was found that in the egg-laying locations, there were 32 active nests and 31 inactive nests. Based on these results, the maleo population density in the egg-laying locations was 29.7 individuals/Ha. While outside the egg-laying habitat, there were eight maleo individuals consisting of four juvenile individuals and four young adults (sub-adults). These results showed that the population density outside the egg-laying habitat was 1.7 individuals/Ha. Four maleo predators were found at the study site, namely Varanus salvator, Spilornis rufipectus, Ictinaetus malayensis and Falco sp. In addition, there was one type of potential maleo predator, Macaca tongkeana, with as many as seven individuals. Two potential factors could disturb the maleo population: the laying location factor and the dense undergrowth factor.

FITOKIMIA, DAN AKTIFITAS ANTIBAKTERI DARI Etlingera sublimata Poulsen (ZINGIBERACEAE), TUMBUHAN ENDEMIK SULAWESI

The research entitled "Phytochemical Screening and antibacterial activity of Etlingera sublimata Poulsen (Zingiberaceae), an Endemic Sulawesi of Plants was conducted from January 2020 to June 2020, at the Plant Biosystematics Laboratory and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University. Samples of E. sublimata were collected from the mountane forests of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), arround Sedoa village, Lore Utara District, Poso Regency The objectives of the research were to analyze the secondary metabolite compounds in E. sublimata plants and to determine the antibacterial activity of E. sublimata leaves extract in againts Salmonella thypii bacteria. Plant samples were extracted by maceration methods with 96% ethanol as a solvent. Actibacterial activity was tested by using agar well diffusion methods. The experiment was designed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven different concentration of E. sublimata extract (15, 25, 50, 75 and 85%). Extract and standard drugs were prepared in double-distilated water using Nutrient Agar tubes. 2% Chloramphenicol as standard drugs was used as a positive control and sterile aquadest was used as a negative control. The inhibition zone of bacteria and yeast growth around the disk was measured after 18 to 24 h incubation at 37°C. The results showed that the stem contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The rhizome containts alkaloid, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins, the flowers containts alkaloid, terpenoids and tannins, while the leaves containts tannin and saponin compounds. Leaves extract of E.sublimata has inhibition activity on the cell growth a pathogenic Salmonella thypi bacteria that the effective extract concentration was 50% with an average inhibition zone ​​2.67 mm.

The Diversity of Nepenthes Species and Their Rhizosphere Soil Properties Around The Lore Lindu National Park Area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Diversity of Nepenthes Species and Their Rhizosphere Soil Properties Around The Lore Lindu National Park Area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lore Lindu National Park Forest Fire Control Strategy

Forest fire is one of disturbances of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) area caused by the people who live around LLNP. The purposes of this study were to develop a fire control strategy in LLNP area. The research was conducted through survey and interview activities which were completed with a list of questions (questionnaires). Respondents were selected by purposive sampling. Moreover, data analysis used descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the types is surface forest fires with socio-cultural caused by the community around the LLNP area. Furthemore, the strategy for control forest fire is by empowering local communities in controling forest fires in LLNP.

The Relationship of Motivation and Job Satisfaction on the Performance of Forestry Extensions

This research aims to describe and analyze the profile, level of motivation, job satisfaction and performance of forestry instructors at the Lore Lindu National Park Office (LLNPO). The research results show that the profile of forestry instructors is "young" (under 30 years), and has relatively recent work experience. Currently, their work experience is generally less than 10 years. However, formally the level of education is "high" (bachelor's degree). Motivation and level of job satisfaction of forestry instructors are classified as "good". This means that forestry instructors are satisfied with their work and performance as forestry instructors. The results of the analysis also show that the performance level of forestry instructors is in the "medium" category. However, forestry instructors do not fully understand the planned activities so they cannot be implemented optimally. This can affect the fulfillment of the credit score that will be submitted as a condition for promotion. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, it shows that there is no significant relationship between the profile and job satisfaction of forestry instructors and their performance, but there is a real relationship between the work motivation of forestry instructors and their performance.

Orchid-Based Natural Tourism Development Potential in the Traditional Zone of Lore Lindu National Park (Case Study of Karunia Village, Palolo District, Sigi Regency)

This research aims to determine the feasibility of orchid-based natural tourism potential in the Karunia Village TNLL Traditional Area and determine the strategy for developing orchid-based natural tourism in the Karunia Village TNLL Area. Research was carried out through surveys and interviews equipped with a list of questions (questionnaire). Based on the research results, it is known that the potential for orchid-based natural tourism in the Karunia Village TNLL Traditional Area is worthy of being developed into a tourist destination because: (1) it has a tourist attraction in the form of an abundance of orchids both in nature and in captivity, the presence of unique and endemic flora and fauna , there is a river with protruding rocks, clear water and beautiful natural scenery, a calm and comfortable atmosphere and many variations of tourist activities that can be done. Finished. (2) lack of adequate tourist facilities, and (3) relatively easy accessibility with fairly good road conditions.

GASTRONOMY TOURISM OF PALM CABBAGE AS A SUPPORTING TOURISM ATTRACTION IN SUROUNDING TAMBING LAKE

A local community has intense interaction with forests that generate the local knowledge how to utilize and sustain of forest resources. Umbut based foods are the local food uniqueness of the Sedoa Community that potentially offered in gastronomic tourism. Currently, there is no local food that has been considered as a tourist attraction in tourism activities in Tambing Lake, Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to promote umbut based foods as a part of special interest tourism to support tourism in Tambing Lake in LLNP. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 12 respondents who were selected purposively. Sedoa Village is located near Tambing Lake tourist attractions, which is the main of TNLL's natural tourism activities. The results showed that there are 8 palm species are possible for promoting of gastronomic tourism. Furthermore, Umbut based foods have a unique variety in flavors and served for different uses for both daily needs and part of community events. Finally, gastronomic tour packages are offered for foreign tourists who are interested in the unique nature and culture in the TNLL

Effect of cooking on the proximate composition and minerals content of wild edible macro fungi from Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lore Lindu National Park was the most important flora and fauna protected area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This area has high biodiversity, one of which is edible macro fungi. Macro fungi have attracted worldwide attention and reputation because of their diverse functions including beauty and aesthetics, medicinal effects (anticancer, antidiabetic, immunoenhancing and antioxidant), cosmetic ingredients, high nutritional value as food, economic value and ecosystem services. Macro fungi were rich in essential minerals, micro elements, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates and fiber. Indigenous peoples around this area have long been using edible macro fungi that grow wild in the forest both as a source of food and medicine. This study aimed to analyze the effect of cooking on the proximate composition and mineral content of several edible macro fungi originating from the Lore Lindu National Park area (Auricularia sp, Auricularia auricula-judae, Termitomyces sp, Lentinus sp, Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, Agaricus sp, Boletus sp). Determination of the nutritional composition of edible macro fungi was carried out by mineral analysis using the AAS (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry) method and proximate analysis. Differences in proximate and mineral composition between cooked and uncooked edible macro fungi samples were analyzed by T-test. The results showed that all tested samples contained substantial amounts of nutrients and essential proteins. Cooked and uncooked edible macro fungi contain significant macro and micro minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn). The amount of protein and dietary fiber in edible macro fungi was also significantly affected by the cooking process. The fiber content in edible macro fungi increases when cooked, while the composition of carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash content and some mineral elements decreases due to cooking. This research shows that cooked and uncooked edible macro fungi have potential nutritional principles. The evaluation of the nutritional components (protein, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and IVPD (in-vitro protein digestibility) and the calorific value of edible macro fungi indicated a low-fat and low-calorie diet, which was lower than legumes and meat. Key words: Macro fungi, nutrition, proximat, minerals, Lore Lindu National Park

Diversity of Macro Fungus Species in Several Types of Land Use Around Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Diversity of Macro Fungus Species in Several Types of Land Use Around Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia