LoRa Module Research Articles

A Smart Waste Management System Framework Using IoT and LoRa for Green City Project

Waste management is a pressing concern for society, requiring substantial labor resources and impacting various social aspects. Green cities strive for achieving a net zero-carbon footprint, including efficient waste management. The waste management system deals with three problems that are interrelated: a) the timely checking of the status of bins to prevent overflow; b) checking the precise location of bins; and c) finding the optimal route to the filled bins. The existing systems fail to satisfy all three problem areas with a single solution. To track the overflow of the bin, the proposed model uses ultrasonic sensors, which are complemented with LoRa to transmit the exact location of the bins in a real-time environment. The existing models are not that efficient at calculating the exact bin-filled status along with the precise location of the bins. The Floyd-Warshall algorithm in the proposed model optimizes waste collection using the Floyd-Warshall algorithm to determine the shortest path. Leveraging low-cost IoT technologies, specifically LoRa modules for data transfer, our solution offers benefits such as simplicity, affordability, and ease of replacement. By employing the Floyd-Warshall algorithm with a time complexity of O (n^3), our method efficiently determines the most optimal waste pickup route, saving time and resources. This study presents a smart waste management solution utilising Arduino UNO microcontrollers, ultrasonic sensors, and LoRaWAN to measure waste levels accurately. The proposed strategy aims to create clean and pollution-free cities by addressing the problem of waste distribution caused by poor collection techniques.

Implementing and developing secure low-cost long-range system using speech signal processing

In the proposed work, we present a secure low-cost speech communication system for long-distance communication. The system utilizes long range (LoRa) technology to transmit speech signals. LoRa technology uses spread-spectrum modulation to enable long-range communication with low power consumption. LoRa modulation allows for data transfer at a slow speed, typically below 22 kbps, which makes it infeasible for transmitting speech. To address this limitation, we suggest a speech coding technique that reduces the overall data rate of speech signals to below 7.5 kbps. This lower rate is more compatible with the LoRa module and ideal for transmitting speech. Moreover, this technique can improve the LoRa transmission range. Additionally, we have developed an encryption-decryption method to ensure the privacy of the messages and prevent unauthorized access by third parties.

The Application of LoRa Module and Smart Card for A Large-Scale Area Attendance Monitoring System

The Application of LoRa Module and Smart Card for A Large-Scale Area Attendance Monitoring System

Long Range RF- Text based Communication System

Abstract: With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other wireless applications in recent years the need for long-range and low-power communication systems has increased. This issue can be resolved by application of LoRa (Long Range) technology, which offers a long-range, low-power, and dependable communication system. LoRa is a wireless modulation technique derived from Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology. It encodes information on radio waves using chirp pulses in a way similar to the communication principles used naturally by dolphins and bats. LoRa modulated transmission is robust against disturbances and can be received across large distances. In this paper a study on long-range RF text-based communication utilizing LoRa module is presented

Child drowning prevention: GPS and LoRa based emergency alert system

UNICEF recently published in the "Country Office Report 2021" about the mortality of children in Bangladesh, "Every day, 30 children die from drowning – Bangladesh's second leading cause of under-five mortality. Drowning is preventable, and most cases occur within a child's home community." Bangladesh is a country of rivers, which means Bangladesh called a riverine country located in South Asia. The Center for Injury Prevention and Research conducted a survey, Around 19000 people of (all types of ages) drown every year in Bangladesh. Among them, 14500 which mean 77% are children. In our research, the emergency alert system is designed to be cost-effective and user-friendly for village communities in Bangladesh. The system is divided into two components: the kid is equipped with the transmitter, and the receiver is placed at home. The transmitter and receiver both use a LoRa transmission module that can communicate accurately within a 300-meter range (coverage up to 10 Kilometers) and can transmit 256 bytes of data. The transmitter collects geolocation data using a GPS module and sends the data to the receiver using the LoRa module. The receiver module is configured by setting up the geolocation of risky places. The receiver will send SMS or buzzing the receiver to alert the parents when the transmitter or kid is nearby risky places. The Equirectangular approximation method calculates the distance between children's positions from risky areas. Additionally, the transmitter and receiver may communicate encrypted messages using AES 128-bit symmetric encryption technology compatible with Arduino Nano controller. Thus, our emergency alert system can save children from drowning in the home environment.

Intelligent Drone Positioning via BIC Optimization for Maximizing LPWAN Coverage and Capacity in Suburban Amazon Environments.

This paper aims to provide a metaheuristic approach to drone array optimization applied to coverage area maximization of wireless communication systems, with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) base stations, in the context of suburban, lightly to densely wooded environments present in cities of the Amazon region. For this purpose, a low-power wireless area network (LPWAN) was analyzed and applied. LPWAN are systems designed to work with low data rates but keep, or even enhance, the extensive area coverage provided by high-powered networks. The type of LPWAN chosen is LoRa, which operates at an unlicensed spectrum of 915 MHz and requires users to connect to gateways in order to relay information to a central server; in this case, each drone in the array has a LoRa module installed to serve as a non-fixated gateway. In order to classify and optimize the best positioning for the UAVs in the array, three concomitant bioinspired computing (BIC) methods were chosen: cuckoo search (CS), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), and genetic algorithm (GA). Positioning optimization results are then simulated and presented via MATLAB for a high-range IoT-LoRa network. An empirically adjusted propagation model with measurements carried out on a university campus was developed to obtain a propagation model in forested environments for LoRa spreading factors (SF) of 8, 9, 10, and 11. Finally, a comparison was drawn between drone positioning simulation results for a theoretical propagation model for UAVs and the model found by the measurements.

A TEG-Based Non-Intrusive Ultrasonic System for Autonomous Water Flow Rate Measurement

Residential water meters accommodate various methods of power provisioning. Electromagnetic and ultrasonic meters, for example, often rely on a battery-like external power source, whereas mechanical meters harvest energy from water flow through an impeller. Although energy harvesting (EH) minimizes maintenance needs driven by battery depletion/replenishment, placing a physical element into the flow adversely affects water pressure. This intrusive EH/sensing technique is not user-friendly either since the meters with impellers need to be embedded into pipes by skilled personnel. Hence, this paper proposes a non-intrusive sensor system powered by thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">plug-and-play</i> water flow rate measurement. This system, equipped with a custom-made energy management unit (EMU), adopts ultrasonic sensors, a task-based computing scheme, and a LoRa module for autonomous sensing and reporting of the flow rate. After summarizing thermoelectricity and delta time-of-flight ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta$</tex-math></inline-formula> ToF)-based ultrasonic sensing theory, we provide the system model and design details with a particular focus on the EMU. Then, we experimentally evaluate the system under varying conditions, demonstrating their impact on average sensing and transmission periods. The results unveil that our proposal can achieve high measurement precision ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm 1.4\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> ), comparable to its intrusive and battery-powered counterparts, and thus has the potential of replacing the residential water meters.

Smart Assistance for Safe Driving

An accident is a life changing, shocking, abrupt, and unexpected external action which occurs at an instance and at any place, with no apparent fault or deliberate reason but with major impacts. Carelessness of the driving force is the major factor of such accidents. The traffic authorities provide a lot of instructions to the vehicle operators. But many of them don't obey the principles. In today’s day of age ensuring that riders follow safety protocols is much more difficult than anticipated for the government to track and regulate. But still the principles are being violated by the users. so as to beat this we introduce an intelligent system, Smart Helmet, which automatically checks whether the person is wearing the helmet and has nonalcoholic breath while driving. Here we've a transmitter at the helmet and therefore the receiver at the bike. there's a switch wont to sure the wearing of helmet on the top. The switch is in ON condition ensures that the helmet is placed and safely secured by the rider. An alcohol detecting sensor is placed near to the mouth piece of the rider at the inside of helmet to detect the presence of alcohol. The data to be transferred is sent using LoRa Module from transmitter on helmet. The receiver at the bike also receives the data through LoRa. The engine should not be able to turn ON if any of the two conditions is violated. Main control unit has complete control over the function of relay and thus control over the ignition, it is able to control the engine via a relay and an interfacing circuit.

Design and Implementation of a Miniature Jellyfish-Inspired Robot

With the development of the global marine industry, the demand to investigate underwater environments using robots is increasing. Inspired by the unique structure and excellent swimming ability of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Aurelia aurita</i> , a miniature jellyfish-inspired robot is developed. The robot comprises a headshell, six tentacles, a primary drive component, two flywheel steering components, a lightweight foam block, a dsPIC control system, and an energy supply component. The tentacles are covered with a 0.1-mm-thick silicone membrane and modeled in the shape of an umbrella. The membrane is driven by a gear motor to mimic the contraction and expansion of the interior cavity of a jellyfish; it exhibits the swimming behavior via water jet propulsion. Three-dimensional swimming is achieved by the flywheel steering components following the conservation of angular momentum. A built-in LoRa communication module (433 MHz) enables a robust, real-time connection between the robot and a terrestrial console. The small-sized, lightweight jellyfish robot has a diameter of 110 mm and a height of 140 mm; it weighs 318 g and achieves autonomous swimming with low power consumption. The robot can be used for underwater signal relay, environmental monitoring, and geological investigations.

An IoT-Enabled E-Nose for Remote Detection and Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Hazards Using LoRa Network Protocol.

Detection and monitoring of airborne hazards using e-noses has been lifesaving and prevented accidents in real-world scenarios. E-noses generate unique signature patterns for various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and, by leveraging artificial intelligence, detect the presence of various VOCs, gases, and smokes onsite. Widespread monitoring of airborne hazards across many remote locations is possible by creating a network of gas sensors using Internet connectivity, which consumes significant power. Long-range (LoRa)-based wireless networks do not require Internet connectivity while operating independently. Therefore, we propose a networked intelligent gas sensor system (N-IGSS) which uses a LoRa low-power wide-area networking protocol for real-time airborne pollution hazard detection and monitoring. We developed a gas sensor node by using an array of seven cross-selective tin-oxide-based metal-oxide semiconductor (MOX) gas sensor elements interfaced with a low-power microcontroller and a LoRa module. Experimentally, we exposed the sensor node to six classes i.e., five VOCs plus ambient air and as released by burning samples of tobacco, paints, carpets, alcohol, and incense sticks. Using the proposed two-stage analysis space transformation approach, the captured dataset was first preprocessed using the standardized linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) method. Four different classifiers, namely AdaBoost, XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), were then trained and tested in the SLDA transformation space. The proposed N-IGSS achieved "all correct" identification of 30 unknown test samples with a low mean squared error (MSE) of 1.42 × 10-4 over a distance of 590 m.

LoRa Based Ship Man Overboard Rescue System Integrated Long Distance Wireless Communication

Abstract: Man overboard is an exclamationgiven onboard when a crew member or apassenger falls off the ship into the water and needs immediate rescue. Man overboard is a situation wherein a ship’s crew member falls into the sea from the ship, no matter where the ship issailing, on open seas or in still waters in port. A seafarer has to be very careful while performing their duties on board a vessel as it can never be taken for granted that a person cannot fall offthe ship due to bad weather, swell in the sea,accidents, and negligence. A man overboard is anemergency situation, and it is essential to locate and recover the man overboard person as soon aspossible as due to bad weather or rough sea, the crew member can drown or else due to temperature of the cold water, the person can get hypothermia. Man overboard is an emergency situation, and the person overboard should berescued as soon as possible. It might become difficult to locate him in case of strong waves or bad weather. He could also drown or die of hypothermia if action is delayed. Therefore, the proposed system develops a system that will automatically trace the location of ship man. Thisproject utilizes long distance RF communication modules such as LoRa module which provide long distance communication in terms ofkilometres. The hardware component includes micro-controller, GPS, LoRa modules, etc. The LoRa modules can be fixed in the ships for tracking of the ship manwho will wear the wearable with lora transmitter and the rescueteam will be having the mobile app to track the person. As the ship man overboard, the location of the ship man is been transmitted to a LoRa receiver which is then transmitted to the mobile app developed for rescue team independently for tracking the ship man. The live location is sharedvia google map to the rescue team. Thus, thisproject will help us in tracking the ship man overboard in an easy and effective manner.

INTEGRATING IEEE 802.11 AND LORAWAN FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK DATA TRANSACTION IN NON-INFRASTRUCTURE AREA

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This research aims to develop a system that integrates the IEEE 802.11 network and LoRa WAN in developing a wireless sensor network (WSN) in an area without public communication infrastructure. The sensor nodes were developed using ESP 8266 Node MCU with embedded IEEE 802.11 module and the sink was developed using Raspberry Pi minicomputer with LoRa module. The frames sent by sensor nodes were classified into regular data and critical data. The sensing data is forwarded by the sink to the nearest location with internet access using LoRaWAN according to their priority. Each node sent its regular frames with an interarrival time that varies from 30 seconds to 3 minutes and critical frames with an interarrival time of 1 to 5 seconds. The result shows that the delay of the network sending solely regular frames varies from 16.4 s to 602 and the delay of the network sending solely critical frames varies from 0.32 t0 1 s. When some nodes in the network send the regular frames and the other nodes send the critical frames, the delay of the regular frames drops to 1.25-1.75 s. The packet delivery rate of the system is 100%.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

A Remote Monitoring System for Rodent Infestation Based on LoRaWAN.

Rodent infestations are a common problem that can result in several issues, including diseases, damage to property, and crop loss. Conventional methods of controlling rodent infestations often involve using mousetraps and applying rodenticides manually, leading to high manpower expenses and environmental pollution. To address this issue, we introduce a system for remotely monitoring rodent infestations using Internet of Things (IoT) nodes equipped with Long Range (LoRa) modules. The sensing nodes wirelessly transmit data related to rodent activity to a cloud server, enabling the server to provide real-time information. Additionally, this approach involves using images to auxiliary detect rodent activity in various buildings. By capturing images of rodents and analyzing their behavior, we can gain insight into their movement patterns and activity levels. By visualizing the recorded information from multiple nodes, rodent control personnel can analyze and address infestations more efficiently. Through the digital and quantitative sensing technology proposed at this stage, it can serve as a new objective indicator before and after the implementation of medication or other prevention and control methods. The hardware cost for the proposed system is approximately USD 43 for one sensor module and USD 17 for one data collection gateway (DCG). We also evaluated the power consumption of the sensor module and found that the 3.7 V 18,650 Li-ion batteries in series can provide a battery life of two weeks. The proposed system can be combined with rodent control strategies and applied in real-world scenarios such as restaurants and factories to evaluate its performance.

The application of terahertz technology in ultra high voltage large tonnage insulator detection

Among major nondestructive testing technologies (NDT), such as X-ray and ultra-sound, Terahertz (THz) waves present significant transmission rate through most of nonconductive materials without the need of applying couplant while posing zero ionized radiation hazard. In comparison to microwave NDT, terahertz technology boasts a superior spatial resolution and measurement precision due to its shorter wavelength. As such, it is considered to be the most promising technology for industrial NDT applications. To analyze of THz wave transmission characteristics within porcelain insulator and obtain large quantity of testing data with repeatable measurement condition, this paper reports an experimental approach using Kaolin, in powdery form, to emulate the aging behavior of porcelain, and a THz sensor to detect such imperceptible aging process where micrometer-scale cracks slowly develop inside of porcelain insulators. To support the data acquisition from distance, a LORA communication module was integrated in the sensor for using under high-voltage environment. In addition, a dedicated user-interface software has been developed to receive the wireless data as well as conducting data analysis, crack recognition and graphic display. The experiment successfully demonstrated a very feasible solution for online monitoring of the aging process of porcelain insulators by using compact THz sensor buried in the insulator.

Research and design of bridge distributed monitoring system based on LoRa technology

AbstractBridges are a kind of infrastructure constructed to save urban space, to relieve traffic congestion, and to show urban modernisation. Therefore, bridge safety has become the focus of social attention. To know the structural condition of the bridge in real‐time, it is necessary to develop an intelligent and efficient bridge health monitoring system. However, the traditional bridge health monitoring system has poor real‐time performance, low efficiency, and a low degree of automation. The development of LoRa technology is expected to improve this situation. In this study, we designed a bridge‐distributed monitoring system based on LoRa technology, which has end nodes, relay nodes, a collect node, and a monitoring centre. In detail, the STM32H743XI processor is combined with the radio frequency SX1268 chip to form the above nodes. Furthermore, the end node contains the pulse vibration excitation circuit, and pick‐up signal conditioning circuit of the vibrating string crack metre, and the signal conditioning circuit of the temperature sensor AD590 and the humidity sensor HM1500LF. Finally, the data preprocessing of sensors and the communication performance of the two‐stage relay network of the LoRa module, which represent the key technologies to effectively and efficiently meet the real‐time monitoring of bridge conditions, are tested and discussed. This distributed monitoring system for the bridge can provide feasible solutions for the application field of bridge monitoring, which is helpful for the daily maintenance management and risk warning decision‐making of bridges.

Transformer vibration and noise monitoring system using internet of things

AbstractDuring continuous operation, transformer problems can occur due to various reasons. In reality, the operating parameters of the transformer have been collected and monitored through the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. However, these systems face many challenges when applied to no‐human substations. Currently, noise signals have been used to detect transformer errors. Abnormal noise recognition and vibration monitoring can recognize the transformer's potential defects and errors. In this study, the authors built an internet of things (IoT) system that allows remote control centres to monitor the condition of transformers through noise and vibration at non‐human substations. The proposed model was equipped with a wireless sensor network node consisting of vibration sensors, audio collectors, Arduino modules, and Lora modules. The authors set up two schemes for the IoT network: one sensor node for a 220‐kV transformer and three sensor nodes for all three phases of the 500‐kV transformer. The data obtained from the sensor node were sent to LoRa Gateway and displayed on the computer through LabVIEW. The study also enabled monitoring of parameters through IoT devices such as Desktops, Laptops, Smartphones from LabVIEW NXG Web VI platform, ThingSpeak, and Amazon S3 storage cloud. In addition, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm was applied to predict the deterioration of transformer health to maintain the system stability and, hence, prolong the transformer life and operability.

Long range and server inspired internet of smart street lights

Currently, the integration of long-range (LoRa) and the internet of things (IoT) has been widely adopted in various applications for real-time monitoring with reliability. These technologies empower us to achieve the goal of the United Nations for the establishment of an inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable environment. The automation, monitoring, and controlling of streetlights is a necessary task for the development of smart infrastructure. With the motivation from the above, this study proposed a LoRa and IoT server-based architecture for automation and controlling of streetlights along with sensors. To implement the proposed architecture, the hardware of the sensor node and gateway based on ATMega 328P, 433 MHz LoRa module, and Wi-Fi module is realized. The realized hardware is deployed in the real-time environment and the sensor node can sense the motion of the object and also records the intensity value on the server through internet connectivity.

Low-cost battery monitoring circuit for a photovoltaic system based on LoRa/LoRaWAN network

In this paper, an inexpensive electronic circuit will be designed to monitor the cells of battery cells’ voltage in a Lithium-ion bato monitors paper, we will use three battery packs made up of lithium cells connected in a series, and we will test the individual cell voltages, design a simple circuit with op-amps, and send the results via long-range (LoRa) technology to an Arduino base station, where they will be displayed on an liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. This paper deals with the development of a photovoltaic (PV) system battery performance-monitoring unit. This will be done by using an Arduino and long-range wide area networking (LoRaWAN) as a control and monitoring system. The measurement values and data will be sent to a personal station by using an RFM95 LoRa module (as a Universal Asynchronous unit) and the data can be visualized in LCD. One of the parameters of the battery monitoring system is the voltage of the PV system. The goal of the project is to design a new circuit for monitoring the charging condition, discharge depth, and ampere-hour (AH) of the battery, and this all will be analyzed to prove the performance of the battery in the independent photovoltaic system.

Open-Source Hardware-Based Three-Dimensional Positioning Device for Indoor Measurement and Positioning

Indoor private (local) wireless networks are considered key enablers for the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). To ensure that a private network satisfies its own requirements and guarantees coverage, it is important to accurately measure the radio performance at the accurate position to further optimize the network. Additionally, as carrier frequencies increase, cellular network-based positioning becomes increasingly important, as it enables more accurate positioning. For example, centimeter-level accuracy is expected in beyond 5G systems owing to the sub-THz band carrier frequency. To accurately compare and assess various cellular network-based positioning methods, positioning devices, which can move along the same trajectory more accurately than at the centimeter-level, are required. To this end, we implemented a three-dimensional (3D) positioning device developed from open-source hardware, which is generally used to implement computer numerical control (CNC) machines and 3D printers. The implemented 3D pointing device is cost-effective and portable and can be freely configurable and resized in one, two, and three dimensions owing to the use of open-source hardware. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) employing the LoRa module can be obtained using the implemented device. Using a very low carrier frequency system, it is possible to accurately measure the RSSI variations due to multipath propagation. After demonstrating the reproducibility of the data, the effectiveness of the implemented device was confirmed by showing that the RSSI variation and fading correlation coefficient are close to the Rayleigh fading variation.

Development of the wiring diagram of the device based on the LoRa module RAK3172

The paper presents the results of the development of circuitry of electronic device for the acquisition and transmission of telemetry data. The purpose of this work is to design and develop circuitry of the device for data acquisition using LoRa technology. The integrated end-to-end design environment Altium Designer was used to develop the electronic part of the device. The STM32F407VGT6 series microcontroller was used as the central control unit. A LoRa RAK3172 radio module is provided in the circuit for receiving and transmitting data. Unlike previous series, this module is equipped with a UART interface, which greatly simplifies the process of designing and writing a program for control. In this article the relevance of developing device with the use of LoRa-technology is considered. The theoretical basis of LoRa-modulation is briefly considered. The main section presents the results of the circuit design of the device, in particular, the inclusion diagram of the module and the control microcontroller. The information presented in the paper reflects only that part of the developed device, which is related to LoRa technology. In general, this work is part of a much larger project, which involves the use of GSM, Wi-Fi, RFID technology. Circuit of power supply is designed for 220 volt AC voltage with further transformation to +12V.