Lopburi Province Research Articles

Reed Dyeing from Color Plants in Khao Phluang Forest and Neighborhood of Chai Badan Phiphat College, Chai Badan District, Lopburi Province

This research investigated 1) a dyeing method for reeds, and 2) types of color plants found in Khao Phluang Forest, Chai Badan District, Lopburi Province, and mordants affecting shade (CIEL*a*b*) and color fastness. The tool for color measurement was a Chroma meter: Konica Minolta CR – 400. The measurements of color were performed after airing; then the dyed reed was washed with distilled water. Next, it was aerated for seven days before the remeasurements of the color values. The reed dyeing process involved soaking the reed in warm water for an hour, followed by soaking it in a mixture of alum, sodium bicarbonate, and lukewarm water for 30 minutes. After aeration, the reed was boiled in the dyeing water for 20 minutes. Color measurements revealed that reeds dyed with turmeric and neem barks, and neem leaves resulted in shades of yellow, red, and brown, respectively. The reed dyed with turmeric, using tamarind juice as the mordant, exhibited the strongest color (CIEL*a*b* = 48.68, 15.01, 41.56). Meanwhile, reeds dyed with neem barks appeared in a shade of red. The use of neem leaves as the dyeing plant did not yield any significant difference from the undyed reed at a significance level of .05.

USING PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS TO IMPROVE SURVEILLANCE OF HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS DURING MILITARY TRAINING

Background: Heat-related illnesses are a critical concern for military personnel, especially those unfamiliar with hot climate regions. The Royal Thai Army (RTA) implements a 10-week military training program encompassing four phases: (1) Heat acclimatization training, (2) Combat fundamentals and unarmed combat training, (3) Armed combat training and tactical training, and (4) Field training exercise and evaluations. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a predictive analysis of heat-related illnesses to enhance prevention programs. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from the RTA Medical Department, incorporating variables such as age, occupation, education, underlying diseases, smoking and alcohol consumption, sleep duration, exercise, medication history, body mass index (BMI), weight loss, body temperature, dark urine, heat rash, and environmental humidity. Multiple machine learning algorithms were employed to develop predictive models. Results: The samples comprised 809 male recruits (103,051 encounters) with an average age of 22. Approximately 12% of the recruits had a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, while nearly 70% and 90% reported tobacco use and alcohol consumption in the past 12 months, respectively. Among the recruits, 16% reported substance use within the preceding 30 days. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) model achieved 91% accuracy in predicting heat-related illnesses before Phase 2. The top five predictive variables were Lopburi Province (central region), Songkhla Province (southern region), and Bangkok (capital city), sleep duration before joining military training (hours), and age (years). Conclusion: This study, which applied machine learning techniques to predict heat-related illnesses among Thai recruits, can potentially impact the health and training of military personnel. The comparative analysis of various algorithms identified the XGB model as the optimal performer in predicting heat-related illnesses during the combat fundamentals and unarmed combat training phase. However, it is essential to note that further study is needed to enhance the applicability of our predictive model, which includes expanding its use to new cohorts of Thai conscripts, underscoring our research’s ongoing nature.

Cyrtodactylus panitvongi, a new cave-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko from Lopburi Province, central Thailand (Squamata: Gekkonidae)

We describe Cyrtodactylus panitvongi sp. nov. from Tham Khao Chan (14°58’42.2”N 101°18’40.6”E), a limestone cave in Lopburi Province, central Thailand. The new species is characterized by the following combination of morphological characters and pattern: maximal known snout-vent length of 85 mm, 15–18 interorbital scales, 35–37 interciliary scales, 10–12 supralabials, 9–11 infralabials, 29–33 paravertebral tubercles of which 22–25 between limb insertions, 18 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody, 40–42 ventral scale rows at midbody, poorly defined, non-denticulate ventrolateral folds, a series of 13 or 14 enlarged femoroprecloacal scales including 2 pores on the proximalmost scales on each side separated by a single smaller medial scale in males, or six precloacal pits on a continuous series of 32–34 enlarged femoroprecloacal scales in females, no precloacal groove or depression, two or three postcloacal spurs on each side of the base of the tail in males and females, no interdigital webbing, 16–19 total subdigital lamellae on 4th toe, a row of widened median subcaudal plates, a banded dorsal pattern including an uninterrupted nuchal collar and three dark bands on dorsum, 10 or 11 dark-colored rings on original tail, and a golden iris. This trogloxene species is added to a long list of squamates endemic to the Saraburi Group Limestones.

Beyond ‘Community Craft Specialisation’ in Prehistoric Mainland Southeast Asian Metallurgy: Copper Smelting Behaviours at Khao Sai On, Nil Kham Haeng, Non Pa Wai, Phromthin Tai, and Tha Kae in Central Thailand

Archaeology in Lopburi Province has been under long-term development since the 1970s and has led to the discovery of Khao Wang Prachan Valley (KWPV) as one of three currently known primary copper production (mining and smelting) sites in Southeast Asia. However, since the 1980s, archaeometallurgical research has focused mainly on the two sites of Non Pa Wai (NPW) and Nil Kham Haeng (NKH), dated from the Neolithic (ca. 1800 B.C.) to Early Iron Age (ca. 2300 B.C.), that are known to have large sequences of archaeological material linked to copper production. Although other sites with evidence of copper production are known in this restricted geographical area, their assemblages have not previously been subjected to archaeometric study. This article discusses the results of archaeometallurgical analyses of slags from Khao Sai On (KSO), Tha Kae (TK), and Phromthin Tai (PTT) with sequences dated during the Middle-Late Iron Age. Slag analysis reveals that different smelting behaviours were occurring at these sites. One heterogenous smelting behaviour at Khao Sai On was probably linked to a smaller community practicing metallurgy among other activities, while Phromthin Tai shows more homogeneous production linked to a larger settlement. Although these three sites are located within 26 km of each other, smelters were probably exploiting different local copper deposits around KWPV. The results seem to support a community based type of production where production behaviours are linked to local geology, technical competence, and intensity of exploitation.

Community-based cultural tourism using responsible tourism initiative: A case study of Khok Salung, Lopburi province, Thailand

Community-based cultural tourism using responsible tourism initiative: A case study of Khok Salung, Lopburi province, Thailand

Developing and Expanding the Networks of Peanut Seed Producers of Department of Agriculture Thailand

Developing and expanding the networks of peanut seed producers of the Department of Agriculture. The objective is to develop and expand a network of seed producers ppeanut varieties are sold with quality appropriate to the local conditions farmers can produce peanut seeds and store the seeds for their own use be sold to farmers in need in nearby areas there is an increase in peanut seeds for use within the country and selecting farmers who produce peanuts in important production areas of Thailand, including Lopburi province Lampang province and Khon Kaen province by transfer the technology for producing peanut certified seed or extension seed is choosing a planting area, planting, disease and insects, roguing, seed conditioning, harvest and seed quality. Farmers produce peanut seeds under the guidance of the Department of Agriculture with monitoring and solve problems to develop farmers to be able to produce quality peanut seeds and developed into a network of peanut seed producers of the Department of Agriculture. In 2022, there were 15 network farmers able to produce of seed yield 8,406 kg. Seed quality, Moisture 5.3%, Germination 78.7% and Purity 97.3%. In 2023, there were 30 additional network farmers able to produce of seed yield 15,478 kg. Seed quality, Moisture 6.7, Germination 79.1% and Purity 96.3% which complies with peanut seed quality standards certified seed or extension seed.

Issues around the screening process for students with SENs in inclusive schools in Lop Buri Province, Thailand

ABSTRACT A systematic screening process aims to prevent students from school failure and other salient concerns related to students’ complications with health and psychological risks. The situation of the screening process for at-risk primary school students in Lop Buri province, Thailand is in question. This study thus aims to investigate (1) the current situation of assessment for at-risk students in hospitals; (2) the existing screening process situation in primary school environments; (3) how parents of students with SENs support screening processes. This qualitative study acquired data from interviewing seven medical screeners, eleven classroom teachers and nine parents of SEN students. From the data analysis, seven different themes emerged among insightful data from the three groups of participants: screening process from school to hospital; shortage of screening tools’ training; inadequate medical personnel; complications of psychiatric disorders; local school practices differ with national educational policies; no for identification card and live unhealthy lives being within a low-SES bracket.

Complete Genomic Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolates from Beef Cattle in Lopburi Province, Central Thailand, during 2021-2022.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral infection that impacts the cattle industry. The most efficient approach to prevent disease involves the utilization of live-attenuated LSD vaccines (LAVs), which stands out as the most successful method. However, LAVs might be subjected to changes to their genomes during replication that increase viral infectivity or virulence. The objective of this study was to monitor alterations in the genetic characteristics of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in beef cattle following the administration of LAVs in Lopburi Province of Central Thailand. A total of four skin samples from LSD cases were collected from non-vaccinated animals that exhibited LSD clinical symptoms from two distinct districts, spanning three subdistricts within the region. The samples of cattle were analyzed using real-time PCR targeting the LSDV074 p32 gene, the virus was isolated, and the entire genome sequences were evaluated through a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis, and phylogenetic trees were assembled. The investigations revealed that LSDVs from two isolates from Chai Badan district exhibited significant mutations in the open reading frame (ORF) 023 putative protein, while another two isolates from Lam Sonthi district had a change in the untranslated region (UTR). For a result, the most proficient disease diagnosis and control should be evaluated on viral genetics on a regular basis.

TRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN LOPBURI PROVINCE, CENTRAL THAILAND, 2017-2021

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the newborn’s most common congenital anomaly. Nevertheless, limited evidence is available of CHD incidence in Thailand. Therefore, we aimed to determine the trends in CHD incidence from 2017 to 2021.
 Methods: A descriptive epidemiology study was conducted using data from 2017-2021. We collected data from the medical records of pediatric patients with CHD at the Pediatric Cardiology Clinic at Ananda Mahidol Hospital, central Thailand. The pediatric cardiologist reviewed medical records to obtain participants’ characteristics and medical data, including CHD diagnosis, sex, child order and maternal risk factors during pregnancy.
 Results: In total, 27,882 live births were recorded between 2017 and 2021 in Lopburi Province, Thailand. The study included 584 pediatric patients with CHD born between 2017 and 2021. Of these, 312 (53.4%) were males, and 89 (15.2%) presented cyanotic CHD. Sex-adjusted CHD incidence was 22.4 per 1000 live-births (95% CI: 17.6-34.5) in 2017; then rose to 25.7 per 1000 live-births (95% CI 21.7- 30.2) in 2019 and dropped to 15.4 per 1000 live-births (95% CI 12.1-19.3) in 2021 (p for trend = 0.317). Two hundred and fourteen patients (36.6%) presented a ventricular septal defect. In 2017, the proportion of patients receiving a diagnosis of CHD before one year of age was 57.7% and continuously rose to 100% in 2021 (p-for trend <0.001). The proportion of alcohol consumption during pregnancy was consistently high, ranging from 61.6 to 74.8% (p for trend = 0.189). In addition, contraindicated drug use during the first trimester of pregnancy was also constantly high (73.1%) among study participants over five years (p for trend = 0.235).
 Conclusion: CHD incidence in Lopburi Province has been persistently high from 2017 to 2021. The average age at diagnosis with CHD in this study population continuously declined over five years. Characteristics of CHD risk factors during pregnancy constituted a constantly high proportion among these study participants over one half decade.

INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF MULTISYSTEM INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN CHILDREN (MIS-C) AMONG PEDIATRIC PATIENTS RECEIVING CARE IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL THAILAND

Background: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) involves severe complications after contracting SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, limited evidence is available of MIS-C incidence in Thailand. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine MIS-C incidence and its risk factors among Thai children.
 Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2020 and 2021. The data were obtained from medical records of pediatric patients under 15 years receiving a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and obtaining treatment at Ananda Mahidol Hospital, Lopburi Province, central Thailand. The World Health Organization defined MIS-C incidence as occurring within eight weeks after contracting SARS-CoV-2. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for estimating the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for factors associated with MIS-C.
 Results: Three thousand pediatric patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 were included in the present study. The majority (51%) were males. The median time of follow-up was 56 days. Twenty-five patients (0.83%) developed MIS-C, representing an incidence rate of 14.95 (95% CI: 9.67–22.07) per 100,000 person-days. The incidence rates among males and females were 18.77 (95% CI: 10.73–30.49) and 10.97 (95% CI: 5.02–20.83) per 100,000 person-days, respectively (p-value = 0.192). After adjusting for potential confounders, independent risk factors for MIS-C included a history of asthma (AHR: 7.65; 95% CI: 1.69–34.67), history of allergic rhinitis (AHR: 15.71; 95% CI: 5.73–43.05), history of nephrotic syndrome (AHR: 49.6; 95% CI: 5.89–417.06), every 10 mg/dL increase of C-reactive protein (AHR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.28–2.29) and having COVID-19-related symptoms involving at least two systems (AHR: 9.36; 95% CI: 2.2–39.78) compared with those involving less than two systems.
 Conclusion: A modest incidence of MIS-C was estimated among Thai children, while a higher incidence of MIS-C among male patients was observed. Factors associated with MIS-C included underlying diseases and elevated C-reactive protein levels in SARS-CoV-2.

Development of Glass for Radiation Shielding Using Material from Perlite in Lopburi Province

This research developed glass material from Perlite. The glasses chemical formula is 20Na2O:40B2O3:(40-X)Perlite:XBi2O3 where X are 0,5,10,15,20, and 25 W% by the melt quenching technique. Physical, optical, its radiation shielding abilities were studied by measuring density, refractive index, transmittance, mass attenuation coefficients, linear attenuation coefficients, and the half value layer (HVL). Densities and refractive indexes of glasses decreased as bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) concentration increased. Transmittance percentage from UV–Visible spectrophotometer showed the highest transmission at 15% concentration of Bi2O3. For radiation shielding properties, the linear attenuation coefficient and the mass attenuation coefficient calculated from WinXCom program showed increasing via added content Bi2O3. The HVL of 5 W% Bi2O3 doped glass is lower than that of concrete. The results of this research show that perlite glass has an ability for radiation shielding material.

Molecular evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships of Musa cultivars in Thailand using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers

Abstract. Nitiworakarn S, Phae-Ngam W, Vanijajiva O. 2023. Molecular evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships of Musa cultivars in Thailand using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. Biodiversitas 24: 4060-4068. Musa cultivars are mostly obtained from crossing between wild diploid subspecies of M. acuminata (A genome) and M. balbisiana (B genome), and they reveal numerous levels of ploidy and genomic constitution. The present study, for the first time, investigated the genetic diversity of 90 Musa cultivars from 17 localities of Chai Badan district in Lopburi Province, Thailand, using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. The SCoT technique has shown very high repeatability for characterizing Musa cultivars. The result indicated that DNA fingerprints from 30 SCoT primers generated 244 amplicons, among which 238 bands (97.54%) were polymorphic, with a mean of 7.93 polymorphic bands per primer. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was high, ranging from 0.345 to 0.483, with an average of 0.432. Genetic diversity and its partitioning parameters were calculated and demonstrated that present Musa cultivars maintain relatively high genetic diversity. The unweighted pair-group method with an arithmetic cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis results were the same and showed the clear division of the genotypes into two distinct clusters, which were cluster-I consisted of only the AA genomes and cluster-II comprised of ABB and BB genomes. In conclusion, SCoT markers obtained here showed their manipulation in genetic diversity and the relationship of cultivated Musa, which would be practical for genetic preservation and continuing breeding programs in Thailand and other regions.

A New Extension of Generalized Extreme Value Distribution: Extreme Value Analysis and Return Level Estimation of the Rainfall Data

This paper presents an extension of the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, based on the T-X family of distributions: Gompertz-generated family of distributions that make the existing distribution more flexible called the Gompertz-general extreme value (Go-GEV) distribution. Some properties of the proposed distribution are introduced, and a new distribution is applied to actual data, namely rainfall in Lopburi Province, by comparing the proposed model with the traditional GEV distribution and estimating the return levels of the rainfall in Lopburi Province. Results showed that the Go-GEV was an alternative flexible distribution for extreme values that fitted with actual data and described the maximum rainfall better than the traditional GEV distribution. The probability density functions of the Go-GEV distribution had various shapes including left-skewed, right-skewed and close to symmetric. Estimation of the return levels of rainfall values in Lopburi Province by the Go-GEV distribution indicated that Buachum Station should be monitored because it had higher precipitation and return levels than Lopburi Station at 2, 5, 10 and 15 years. HIGHLIGHTS The analysis of data with extreme values is complex but ignoring an observation just because it is unacceptable is not best practice. One of the widely used tools in such situations is “Extreme Value Theory” The Gompertz-generalized extreme value (Go-GEV) distribution is a new extension of GEV distribution using deffinition of Gompertz-generalized family of distributions The developed Go-GEV model described the maximum rainfall data better than the GEV distribution because the new extension distribution was more flexible and its probability density function had a more diverse shape, such as both left-skewed, right-skewed and close to symmetrical The developed Go-GEV model is a flexible alternative for applying the model to extreme value data GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A Study of Oral Health Care Behaviors of Primary-6 Students (P6): Ban Bo Koo School, Tha Luang Subdistrict, Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province

The objectives of this study were as follows to study oral health care behaviors of Primary-6 students, Ban Bo Koo School, Tha Luang Subdistrict, Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province. The samples used in this study were Primary-6 students, Ban Bo Koo School, Tha Luang Subdistrict, Tha Luang District, Lop Buri Province, in the first semester of the academic year 2022, total of 1 classroom 25 people. The instrument used in the questionnaire on oral cleaning behavior of Primary-6 students, Ban Bo Koo School, Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province, the statistics used for data analysis were average. The results of the study found that 1. A study of oral health care behavior of Primary-6 students, Ban Bo Koo School, Tha Luang Subdistrict, Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province by using a questionnaire on oral cleaning behavior. It involves knowledge of oral and dental health care for children. By getting to know that human teeth have 2 sets, permanent teeth and milk teeth. In general childhood oral health, there are 20 milk teeth, and 32 permanent teeth. If children have gingivitis, they tend to have severe bad breath. In addition, eating starchy foods, and sugars, can lead to obesity and cause tooth decay. 2. Attitudes about viewing and oral health among Primary-6 students, with which they have a better understanding of dental practice. For example, they try to brush their teeth properly to remove food particles and plaque from between their teeth. They recognize that these are the causes of tooth decay and gingivitis, and good oral health can lead to good health. 3. The viewing behavior and oral health of Primary-6 students, most of them behave at a good level. Students have a good understanding of oral health care and mostly use fluoride toothpaste. Students have a place to brush their teeth after lunch within the school grounds.

Elaphoidella longiramus sp. nov. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae), a new species of cave-dwelling copepod from central Thailand.

A new species of harpacticoid copepod belonging to the genus Elaphoidella is described, based on materials collected from Thae Wa Phithak Cave, Lopburi Province, central Thailand. Specimens of Elaphoidella longiramus sp. nov. were found in a water bucket that was fully filled by dripping water from the cave ceiling. Of the 32 Elaphoidella species recorded from Southeast Asia, E. longiramus sp. nov. is the 14th member of this genus reported from Thailand. The new species is most similar to E. thailandensis by having four well-developed setae on the exopod of the female fifth leg. The endopod of the fourth leg is lacking, and the first leg has a two-segmented endopod in both sexes. However, it is distinguished from E. thailandensis by having elongated caudal rami, the exopod with a seta-like spinule on the inner margin of the female fifth leg, a different setal formula on the third exopod of the second to fourth legs, a different number of teeth on the anal operculum, and a different number of ventral spinules on the anal somite.

A new Four-clawed Gecko from limestone hills in Lopburi Province, central Thailand (Squamata, Gekkonidae: Gehyra).

We describe Gehyra wongchan sp. nov. from Tham Khao Chan (Khao Chan Cave), Tha Luang District, and Wat Khao Wong, Kok Samrong District, in Lopburi Province, central Thailand. The new species differs from all currently recognized Gehyra by the following combination of morphological characters and dorsal color pattern: maximal known snoutvent length of 52.4 mm, 810 supralabials, 7680 dorsal and 4850 ventral scale rows around midbody, absence of skin folds on limbs, 17 or 18 preanofemoral pores in males in a continuous series extending to mid-length of femur (pores absent in females), tail not- to moderately widened behind vent in adults, a single row of widened subcaudals, digits and toes unwebbed, 7 or 8 divided subdigital lamellae on 4th toe, and a dorsal pattern with white spots as large or larger than adjacent crescentic black markings on a beige to light-brown background.

Influence of Varieties and Spacings on Growth, Biomass Yield and Nutritional Value of Corn Silage in Paddy Field

Abstract The objectives of the experiment were to determine plant spacing and variety to produce the suitable growth, yield components, biomass yield of field corn and nutritional value of corn silage in paddy field condition. The field experiment was conducted at the Lopburi Research Station, Khok Charoen district, Lopburi province, Thailand in 2018-2019 and was arranged in a split plot design in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. The main plot contained 3 plant spacings viz. 75×15, 75×20 and 75×25 cm and sub plot consisted of 5 field corn varieties (CP888, NS3, S7328, SW4452 and SW5). The results showed that wide spacing tended to produce higher ears per plant than narrow spacing. CP888 was the highest ears per plant variety. NS3 was the highest leaf/stem ratio variety. SW5 showed high leaf, stem and fresh biomass yield and it also produce ear yield closing to a high ear yield variety at 75×25 cm spacing. Moreover, SW5 also had high crude protein (CP) content, while plant spacing did not significantly affect acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ash, and lactic acid of corn silage. The widest spacing (75×25 cm) showed lower NDF than the narrowest spacing (75×15 cm). It was evident that SW5 and 75×25 cm spacing may be considered optimum for biomass yields without negatively affecting the corn silage quality. Keywords: Nutritional value, Paddy field, Plant spacing, Silage corn, Variety

PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN THE DECLINE OF RENAL FUNCTION AMONG OUTPATIENTS ATTENDING A COMMUNITY HOSPITAL, CENTRAL THAILAND

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as global public health issue especially affecting developing countries including Thailand. The epidemiologic data in the decline of renal function and the risk factors among Thai patients especially in community hospital settings were limited.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the prevalence and associated risk factors in the decline of renal function among outpatients in Thaluang Community Hospital, Lop Buri Province, central Thailand, between November 1, 2018 and October 31, 2019. The decline in renal function was defined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73m2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the factors related to the decline of renal function.
 Results: A total of 874 outpatients participated in the study. The overall prevalence in the decline of renal function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2) was 20.3% (95% CI; 17.5%-22.9%). Among male participants, the prevalence in the decline of renal function was 21.1% (95%CI; 16.7%-25.5%) while it totaled 19.7% (95%CI; 16.3%-23.1%) among females. The independent associated factors in the decline of renal function included greater age (AOR 1.07; 95% CI=1.05-1.09), history of NSAIDs used (AOR 2.97; 95% CI=1.85-4.79) and elevated pulse pressure (PP) >75th percentile (AOR 1.64; 95% CI=1.07-2.53)
 Conclusion: We reported the prevalence in the decline of renal function among outpatients in a Thai community hospital which was comparable with the national level. Advanced age, history of NSAIDs used and PP were related to reduced kidney function. Therefore, effective health interventions should be conducted especially, appropriate NSAIDs used among outpatients.

Middle Permian ostracod fauna from the Khao Khad Formation (Indochina Terrane), Central Thailand

Permian ostracods are reported for the first time from the Wordian (Middle Permian) Khao Khad Formation of Saraburi Group (Lopburi Province, Central Thailand). The ostracod fauna consists of 18 species belonging to 11 genera including Bairdia, Bohlenatia,Liuzhinia, Silenites, Acratia, Bairdiacypris, Basslerella, Aurigerites, Microcheilinella, Paraparchites and Shemonaella. The studied Khao Khad Limestone, which are rich in fusulinids, gastropods, ostracods, bivalves and brachiopods, was deposited in a shallow carbonate platform on the western margin of the Indochina Terrane. The ostracod assemblage is typically Palaeo-Tethyan and similar to faunas from the other Lower to Middle Permian limestones in central Thailand.

Improvement of alkali resistance of glass fiber from basalt and lignite bottom ash mixture by addition of ZrO2 content

In this work, silica-rich basalt from Chai Badan, Lopburi province was melted with lignite bottom ash from Mae Moh power plant as fluxing agent. To improving the alkali resistance, the series of glass batch samples were varied amount of ZrO2 content by 0 wt% to 10 wt%. The batches were melted at 1500℃ and drawn into a fiber. The results found that the alkali resistance of basalt fiber sample increase with increasing of ZrO2 content up to 7.5 wt% ZrO2. The sample with 7.5 wt% ZrO2 performed the highest alkali resistance, while the sample with 5 wt% ZrO2 obtained the highest tensile strength. The alkali resistance of these basalt fibers was given by a formation of stable hydrated zirconium-rich layer retarding the preinitiation of OH- inside the surface. The corrosion of shell thickness of higher ZrO2 content fiber increased at a slower rate according to its higher alkali resistance. The excess addition of ZrO2 content up to 10 wt% in glass composition resulted in an increase of brittleness and weakness of the fiber caused by a defect from undissolved ZrO2 crystal in a fiber and its solubility limit.