Loose Shelled Kernels Research Articles

Unloading Farmers' Stock Warehouses with a Peanut Vacuum

ABSTRACT A peanut vacuum developed by redesigning an existing grain vacuum (vac) specifically to handle farmers' stock peanuts was tested. The peanut vac consists of a PTO-driven positive displacement blower, two cyclone separators, and a hydraulically-powered airlock valve. The blower pulls air and farmers' stock peanuts through a length of suction hose into the first cyclone separator where the peanuts are separated from the airstream. The air then travels to a second cyclone separator where the suspended dirt and other fine particles are separated from the airstream. The cleaned air proceeds through the blower and is blown through a discharge chute beneath the outlet of an airlock valve mounted on the bottom of the first cyclone. Farmers' stock peanuts from the first cyclone fall from the outlet of the airlock valve into the airstream in the discharge chute and are conveyed up into a waiting trailer. The peanut vac is powered by a 1000-rpm PTO shaft of a tractor supplying a minimum of 75 kW. Initial feasibility tests were conducted while unloading 1/10-scale farmers' stock warehouses to determine the optimum operating parameters to minimize mechanical damage. The optimized peanut vac was taken to two locations in South Georgia and used to extract peanuts from farmers' stock warehouses in addition to the conventional equipment used for warehouse bailout. The weight of peanuts on each truck, time to fill each truck, and the farmers' stock grade factors for the peanuts in each truck was recorded and compared by conveyance method. At the first location, the conventional equipment consisted of a skid-steer loader with an oversized bucket driven into the pile of peanuts. The peanuts were emptied into a surge bin feeding a portable conveyor belt that conveyed the peanuts into a waiting truck. At the second location, a large articulated bucket loader was used in lieu of the skid-steer loader. Peanuts loaded using the conventional method averaged 5.2% foreign material (FM) and 6.7% loose shelled kernels (LSK). Peanuts loaded using the peanut vac averaged 2.7 and 4.9% FM and LSK, respectively. Trucks were loaded at a rate of 187 MT/h using conventional equipment compared to 61MT/h using the peanut vac.

Using a Conveyor-Mounted Spout Sampler to Obtain Farmers Stock Grade Samples

Accurate determination of the value of load of peanuts is contingent upon obtaining a representative sample. Devices have been approved to extract a representative sample from a static load and from peanuts as they flow through an elevator downspout. A device that rotates a diverter through the flowing stream of peanuts to divert a small sample of peanuts for grading was mounted on the discharge of a belt conveyor. Tests were conducted in which the slot width was varied from 32 to 95 mm and sampling interval ranged from 20 to 120 s. The total mass of peanuts collected in a sample was recorded. After filling the trailer, a sample was retrieved using the conventional pneumatic sampler. Both grade samples were evaluated and quality parameters were compared. The percent foreign material and loose shelled kernels were lower in the spout samples (3.5% and 2.5%) compared to that observed in the pneumatic samples (4.2% and 3.3%). Foreign material also tended to decrease in the spout sample as the slot width increased. There were no significant differences in percent total sound mature kernels, other kernels, and hulls, thus making the peanut value the same regardless of sampling method. As expected, the amount of peanuts collected per swath increased as width of the slot increased, but was not affected by the sampling interval. Equations were developed to estimate the total sample size if the sampling interval, slot width, and total amount of peanuts passing through the sampler.

The Effect of Sorting Farmers' Stock Peanuts by Size and Color on Partitioning Aflatoxin into Various Shelled Peanut Grade Sizes1

Abstract Farmers' stock peanuts are processed into shelled peanuts using several basic sorting processes. After removal of foreign material and the shelling process, loose shelled kernels and shell...

Feasibility of Purchasing Screened Farmer Stock Peanuts: The Sheller's Perspective

Abstract Mechanical screening to separate foreign material, loose shelled kernels (LSK), and smaller, lower value pods (thrus) from larger, higher value pods (overs) increased the value of peanut lots compared to unscreened lots. The average value of overs was $29.15 per Mg higher than unscreened peanuts. Marketing overs translates into higher purchase cost to shellers. The percentage of LSK in unscreened peanuts was a key factor in whether shellers would prefer to purchase screened lots because, as LSK of unscreened lots increases, the value per Mg of farmer stock (FS) peanuts decrease. The value of unscreened lots with 1% LSK was $12.33 per Mg less (not significant) than the resulting value of lots after screening, while the value of unscreened lots with 10% LSK was $57.57 per Mg less (P = 0.01) than the resulting value of lots after screening. LSK in screened lots were generally reduced to less than 1% limiting the availability of LSK for shellers to recover and use in edible channels. However, removal of high risk components (LSK and small kernels) should reduce aflatoxin levels in overs lots compared to unscreened lots. Significant increases in jumbo and medium outturn and decreases in No. 1 outturn were associated with shelling screened lots. Gross shelled stock value increased $32.37 per Mg for screened lots with no LSK recovery and $10.82 per Mg for unscreened lots with total LSK recovery. The differences in dollar returns from purchasing and shelling screened lots were compared to unscreened lots for different levels of LSK in unscreened lots and varying LSK recovery levels into edible channels.

Performance of Sampling Plans To Determine Aflatoxin in Farmers’ Stock Peanut Lots by Measuring Aflatoxin in High-Risk-Grade Components

Five 2 kg test samples were taken from each of 120 farmers' stock peanut lots contaminated with aflatoxin. Kernels from each 2 kg sample were divided into the following U.S. Department of Agriculture grade components: sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMKSS), other kernels (OK), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and damaged kernels (DAM). The kernel mass (g), aflatoxin mass (ng), and aflatoxin concentration (ng of aflatoxin/g of peanuts) were measured for each of the 2400 component samples. The variabilities associated with measuring aflatoxin mass (ng) in OK + LSK + DAM, or A(OLD)ng, and in LSK + DAM, or A(LD)ng, and aflatoxin concentration (ng/g) in OK + LSK + DAM, or A(OLD)ng/g, and in LSK + DAM, or A(LD)ng/g, were determined. The variance associated with measuring aflatoxin in each of the 4 combinations of components increased with aflatoxin, and functional relationships were developed from regression analysis. The variability associated with estimating the lot concentration from each of the 4 combinations of components was also determined. The coefficients of variation (CV) associated with estimating the aflatoxin for a lot with aflatoxin at 100 ng/g were 90, 86, 94 and 96% for aflatoxin masses A(OLD)ng and A(LD)ng and aflatoxin concentrations A(OLD)ng/g and A(LD)ng/g, respectively. The performance of aflatoxin sampling plans using the combination of aflatoxin masses in OK + LD + DAM and LD + DAM components was evaluated with a 2 kg test sample and a 50 ng/g accept/reject limit.

Economic Feasibility of Screening Farmer Stock Peanuts Prior to Marketing

Abstract Screening farmer stock peanuts prior to marketing provides a method to increase the per-ton value of peanuts. The mechanical separation of larger, higher value pods (overs) from smaller, lower value pods—which includes foreign material (FM) and loose shelled kernels (LSK) (thrus)—results in significant changes in farmer stock grade. Based on data from 394 runner lots in the Southeast, the percentage of sound mature kernels and sound splits (SMKSS), LSK, FM, and other kernels (OK) was changed by +0.61, −4.31, −2.32, and −0.3 between overs and unscreened lots, respectively. The average value of farmer stock peanuts was $29.15/ Mg higher in the screened lots (overs) compared to the unscreened lots. Although the average per-ton value of screened peanuts is increased, economic feasibility of screening is dependent upon several factors. Two specific marketing scenarios for farmers are analyzed including production of quota poundage only and production in excess of quota poundage where additional peanuts are used to replace peanuts removed during the screening process. Thus, opportunity cost must be included. Typical investment in high capacity (minimum 18 Mg/hr) screening equipment is approximately $150,000. Amortized at 10% rate of interest over a 6-yr period with depreciation allowances and labor and energy cost included, a minimum of 4536 Mg/yr must be screened to effectively ldquo;spread” fixed cost, thus indicating that only exceptionally large farmers, groups of farmers, or buying points have sufficient volume for screening. Further, the quality of peanuts prior to screening also impacts economic feasibility. These factors will be incorporated to estimate probability decision thresholds to determine if individual lots can be profitably screened prior to marketing.

Correcting Current Moisture Calculations for Purchasing High Moisture Farmers Stock Peanuts1

Abstract The U.S. peanut industry may eliminate the 10% moisture content threshold for purchasing peanuts to facilitate implementing continuous flow drying systems and to increase the efficiency of the postharvest processing system. Equations based on the theoretical definition of wet basis moisture content were proposed to determine the weight of various components in a load of farmers stock peanuts. These equations more accurately describe and account for the distribution of moisture within a load of peanuts. Accurate descriptions of the amount of loose shelled kernels, foreign material, and in-shell peanuts would enable improved tracking of losses during storage. Compared to the current price structure, the proposed equations predict reduced payments to growers no more than $30 per 5-mt load of peanuts. The maximum reduction of $30 occurred if peanuts were delivered and marketed at 30% w.b. moisture content. A reduction of approximately $8.50 would occur for a 5-mt load delivered at 15% moisture content. The cumulative economic impact warrants adjustment of the peanut support price schedule if accurate accounting of moisture is implemented.

Estimating Aflatoxin in Farmers' Stock Peanut Lots by Measuring Aflatoxin in Various Peanut-Grade Components

Five, 2 kg test samples were taken from each of 120 farmers' stock peanut lots contaminated with aflatoxin. Kernels from each 2 kg sample were divided into the following grade components: sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMKSS), other kernels (OK), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and damaged kernels (DAM). Kernel mass, aflatoxin mass, and aflatoxin concentration were measured for each of the 2400 component samples. For 120 lots tested, average aflatoxin concentrations in SMKSS, OK, LSK, and DAM components were 235, 2543, 11,775, and 69,775 ng/g, respectively. Aflatoxins in SMKSS, OK, LSK, and DAM components represented 6.9, 7.9, 33.3, and 51.9% of the total aflatoxin mass, respectively. Cumulatively, 3 aflatoxin risk components--OK, LSK, and DAM--accounted for 93.1% of total aflatoxin, but only 18.4% percent of test sample mass. Correlation analysis suggests that the most accurate predictor of aflatoxin concentration in the lot is the cumulative aflatoxin mass in the high 3 risk components OK + LSK + DAM (correlation coefficient, r = 0.996). If the aflatoxin in the combined OK + LSK + DAM components is expressed in concentration units, r decreases to 0.939. Linear regression equations relating aflatoxin in OK + LSK + DAM to aflatoxin concentration in the lot were developed. The cumulative aflatoxin in the OK + LSK + DAM components was not an accurate predictor (r = 0.539) of aflatoxin in the SMKSS component. Statistical analyses of 3 other data sets published previously yielded similar results.

A Triple Deck, Parallel Belt Screen for Farmer Stock Peanuts1

Abstract Belt screens currently used in the peanut industry separate farmer stock peanut materials into two size categories based on diameter. Utilizing belt screens for obtaining more than two size categories requires two or more screens with different spacings between belts for each screen. A modification of the belt screen design was developed incorporating three screen decks into a single machine. The three decks provide the ability to separate small foreign materials, large vegetative foreign materials, and loose shelled kernels and small pods from farmer stock peanuts. The machine was equipped with fixed spacings appropriate for screening farmer stock peanuts (cv. Florunner) for performance testing. Round belts (1.27 cm dia.) for the three decks were spaced on sheaves to provide 0.64-, 1.03-, and 2.54-cm openings between belts. Screen capacity and separation performance were evaluated by varying material feed rates and belt speeds. Belt speeds evaluated were 105.2, 117.3, 130.0, 140.7, and 152.4 cm/sec and feed rates varying from 5170 to 27,210 kg/hr. An average of 91.55% of the sample weights was divided into the 10.3-mm < diam. < 25.4-mm separation. Compared to prescreening sample composition, the average LSK percentage was reduced by 6.39% and FM by 7.36% in the 10.3-mm < diam. < 25.4-mm separation. Within the ranges tested, derived equations indicated that feed rate and belt speed had limited effects on separations. The openings between the belts appeared to influence material separation more than feed rate and belt speed.

Distribution of Aflatoxin in Grade Sample Components of Farmers Stock Peanuts

Abstract A two-part study was conducted to measure aflatoxin concentrations in individual grade components of farmers stock peanuts. Components were sound mature kernels (SMK), sound splits (SS), loose shelled kernels (LSK), other kernels (OK), and damaged kernels (DK). In Part 1, components of 151 official grade samples, averaging 1.8 kg, were analyzed for aflatoxin, whereas, in Part 2, analyses were conducted on components of 52 11.3-kg samples taken from 27 farmers stock lots. Results showed that the mean aflatoxin concentration for all samples in Part 1 was 89 ppb and that most of the toxin was associated with the OK, LSK, and DK components. Aflatoxin in the SMK + SS components averaged only 3 ppb, whereas aflatoxin in the OK, LSK, and DK averaged 247, 403, and 4107 ppb, respectively. Similar results were obtained in Part 2 with an overall average of 64 ppb and component averages of 4 ppb (SMK), 1 ppb (SS), 109 ppb (OK), 424 ppb (LSK), and 3188 ppb (DK). In many contaminated lots, the SMK and SS components, which comprised 85% of the total kernel weight, were minimally contaminated (1-2 ppb). Correlation coefficients between aflatoxin concentrations in total grade samples and the combined OK, LSK, and DK components suggest that analysis of just those components could provide a better indication of the aflatoxin risk associated with a lot than is provided by the visual Aspergillus flavus method used in the current grading system. In addition, separate storage of contaminated lots would allow reclamation of the noncontaminated SMKs during years when peanuts are in short supply.

A Diverging Belt Screen for Farmer Stock Peanuts1

Abstract Separating farmer stock (FS) peanut materials into more than two diameters with conventional belt screens requires more than one screen with different spacings between belts. A new type of belt screen (diverging belt) was developed which separates materials into six sizes. The effects of varying the diverging belt screen operational parameters on separating farmer stock peanuts (cv. Florunner), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and foreign materials (FM) were evaluated with three replications. The operational parameters for two of the replicates were six consecutive positions along the deck length (30.5, 20.3, 50.8, 50.8, 50.8 cm and riding the entire deck length); six belt speeds (101.6, 111.8, 122.1, 132.3, 142.6, and 152.4 cm/sec); and six material feed rates (MatFR) (0.9, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, and 5.4 Mg/hr). Deck lengths and belt speeds were the same for the third replicate but MatFRs of 1.4, 2.7, 4.1, 5.4, 6.8, and 8.2 Mg/hr were used to evaluate performance of the screen at higher flow rates. Materials were collected into six compartments according to where they fell through the screen. The amount of materials falling through the screen deck varied directly with screen deck length, belt speed, and material feed rate. Screen deck length had the greatest effect on the amount of materials falling through. The diverging belt screen provides an alternative for multi-separation of FS peanut materials based on diameter.

Storing Peanuts in Trailer-Sized Containers1

Abstract A containerized handling system is envisioned whereby peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are placed in containers in the field and remain in these containers until they are shelled. This would reduce the foreign material, loose shelled kernels, and pod damage that result from handling as peanuts move through the buying point and into storage. Two naturally ventilated containers (half-trailer size) were stored in 1993. One container had a shed cover and the other an A-frame cover. In 1994 four containers were stored, two with shed covers and two with A-frame covers. One shed and one A-frame had a 1.7 m3/min fan that operated daily between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. Top layer peanuts were at 12% moisture content at the beginning of storage in 1993 and ranged 10 to 11% moisture content after 16 wk. In 1994, the peanuts were over-dried and top layer peanuts entered storage at 6% moisture content. After 12 wk, moisture content was 7%. No mold growth or quality degradation was observed either year. The results indicated top layer peanuts absorb or desorb very little moisture when peanut moisture content is in the range of 6 to 12% at the beginning of storage. Containers were successful for storage at the ambient conditions in Tidewater, VA during 1993 and 1994.

Effects of Belt Screen Operational Settings on Separations of Farmers Stock Peanut Materials

Abstract The effects of varying belt screen operational parameters on separating farmers stock peanuts (cv. Florunner), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and foreign materials (FM) were evaluated. The operational parameters evaluated were four screen deck lengths (40.6, 81.3, 121.9, and 162.6 cm); four belt spacings (0.87, 0.95, 1.03, and 1.11 cm); four belt speeds (81.3, 91.4, 101.6, and 111.8 cm/sec); and four feed rates (0.45, 0.91, 1.36, and 1.81 t/hr). The amount of materials falling through the screen varied directly with screen deck length and belt spacing. Screen deck length had the greatest effect on the amount of LSK, total FM, sticks from FM, dirt from FM, and rocks from FM falling through the screen. Belt speeds and material feed rates had less effect on the separations made than screen deck length and belt spacing.

Shrinkage of Farmers Stock Peanuts During Storage1

Abstract A3-yr study was conducted during crop years 1989–91 to determine the value loss (shrinkage) experienced during long-term storage of farmers stock peanuts. Typical warehouses used to store each of the three major peanut market types were selected in each of the peanut production regions of the United States. Peanuts were purchased and stored according to conventional operating procedures for at least 60 d, unloaded, and hauled to the shelling plant (regrade). The loan value of the peanuts was determined using the 1990 Peanut Loan Schedule based on official grades and weights at load-in, bailout, and the shelling plant. Data from samples shelled at the National Peanut Research Laboratory Pilot Shelling Plant were used to determine the difference between outturns estimated from the official grade and the actual shelling outturns after storage. The 3-yr average change in value from load-in to regrade for runner peanuts was −2.04%; Spanish peanuts was −2.81%; and Virginia peanuts was −4.17%. Increases in foreign material and loose shelled kernels due to handling during loading and unloading, and changes in the kernel size distribution contributed equally to the value loss for the runner peanuts. Moisture loss to levels below 7% was responsible for approximately 20% of the value loss in both the Spanish and Virginia peanuts. Redistribution of kernel size, primarily the increase in split kernels, resulted in approximately 25% of the loss experienced in virginia-type peanuts. An increase in foreign material percentage accounted for approximately 50% of the Virginia peanut value loss. Increased foreign material and loose shelled kernels accounted for approximately 66% of the loss experienced in the Spanish peanuts. The total kernel weight obtained when the peanuts were shelled averaged 1.5% less than that estimated from the official grades at the time of original purchase. All market types had decreased outturn of whole edible kernels and increased split kernels. A net decrease in edible kernel outturns of 1.3% was observed.

Sample Size Effects on Measuring Grade and Dollar Value of Farmers' Stock Peanuts1

Abstract Multiple samples of two sizes from 40 trailers of farmers' stock peanuts were inspected to determine sample size effects on measuring grade factors and dollar value. Grade factors and dollar value were measured using the current sample size (IX) and in a sample double the current size (2X). The 2X sample variances for determining sound mature kernels, sound splits, other kernels, damaged kernels, foreign material, loose shelled kernels, and load value were significantly lower than the IX sample variances in only 8 or less of the 40 trailers. Average dollar values indicate measurement errors caused by equipment and human errors when cleaning samples, determining kernel size, and determining damaged kernels may be increasing as sample size increases. At least 24% of the total error can be attributed to equipment and human error. The grade factors with the smallest percentage of total error attributable to equipment and human error will benefit most by increasing sample size. Thus, dollar value, sound mature kernel, foreign material and damaged kernel measurements will benefit most by increasing sample size; whereas, loose shelled kernels, sound split and other kernel measurements will benefit most by improving equipment and procedures.

Variability Associated with Chemically Testing Screened Farmers Stock Peanuts For Aflatoxin1

Abstract Forty farmers stock lots of runner peanuts suspected of containing aflatoxin were identified by the Federal State Inspection Service using the visual Aspergillus flavus method. A 227-kg portion was removed from each of the 40 lots. Each 227-kg portion was screened over a belt screening device with 0.953-cm (24/64 inch) spacing to remove loose shelled kernels, foreign material, and small pods. Each screened portion was divided into ten 9.5-kg samples. Each sample was shelled, all kernels in the sample were comminuted in the Federal State subsampling mill, and the aflatoxin in duplicate 356-g subsamples per sample was extracted and quantified using HPLC methods. The total variability among the 10 aflatoxin test results was determined for each lot. The total variability was partitioned into sampling, subsampling, and analytical variability components for each lot. All variance components were shown to be functions of the aflatoxin concentration. Using regression techniques the functional relationship for each variance components and aflatoxin concentration was developed. The total variance associated with a 9.5-kg sample, 356-g subsample, and HPLC quantification when testing a screened farmers stock lot at 20 ppb is 295.2 and the CV is 89.5%.

Variability Associated with Determining Grade Factors and Support Price of Farmers Stock Peanuts1

Abstract Replicated grade samples were taken from runner, Spanish, and virginia-type farmers stock peanut lots. Each sample was graded according to the procedures of the Federal State Inspection Service. The variability of % foreign material (%FM) and % loose shelled kernels (%LSK) associated with a 1800-g sample was measured. The variability of % sound mature kernels (%SMK), % sound splits (%SS), % other kernels (%OK), % damage (%DAM), and % extra large kernels (%ELK) associated with a 500-g sample was also measured. The variance was shown to be a function of the magnitude of the grade determination and was described by a relationship derived from binomial theory. From the measured grade factors, the support price per gross ton was calculated for each grade sample using the 1988 USDA loan schedule. The variance of the price per gross ton was also estimated and appeared to be independent of the price per gross ton. The coefficients of variation averaged across all lots tested were 21.1, 18.7, 2.6, 21.2, 14.0, 55.3, 7.8, and 2.4% for %FM, %LSK, %SMK, %SS, %OK, %DAM, %ELK, and price per gross ton, respectively. The computed price per gross ton of a farmers lot that has a true value of $600 was estimated to vary from $573 to $627 95% of the time when using the 500 and 1800 g grade sample to measure each grade factor.

Comparison of Pneumatic and Automatic Spout Samplers to Determine Grade of Farmers Stock Peanuts

Abstract There were significant differences in performance of the pneumatic sampler (PS) and automatic spout sampler (ASpS) as determined by differences in mean values or variability for several grade factors. Significant differences in mean were found for loose shelled kernels (LSK), foreign material (FM), sound mature kernels (SMK) and other kernels (OK). Significant differences in variability were also found for LSK, sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMK+SS) and total kernels (TK). The mean LSK averaged 1.6 percentage points higher for samples taken with the PS than for those taken with the ASpS. Evidently the PS shelled out a small percentage of the peanuts during the sampling process. This shelling action of the PS may have contributed to the slightly higher estimations of foreign material (FM) and other kernels (OK) and the slightly lower estimation of total sound mature kernels (SMK+SS) than obtained with the ASpS. When applying 1988 quota prices to the average grade for these 14 loads of peanuts, the value for 0.90 metric ton (1 ton) of peanuts was $18.60 higher for peanuts using the ASpS compared to the same amount using the PS. This higher value would be an important factor when considering new marketing strategies that use the ASpS or similar in-line samplers. When using the PS and AsPs, the grade (except for SMK) tended to overestimate the plant outturns. Linear regression equations were developed to relate grade estimates to plant outturns.

Aflatoxin Reduction by Screening Farmers Stock Peanuts

Abstract Samples from 17 loads of farmers stock peanuts suspected of containing aflatoxin were screened over a belt cleaner, shelled, and sorted into grade components. Tests showed that removal of loose shelled kernels (LSK) and small pods by belt screening reduced aflatoxin levels by an average of 35%. Belt screening removed 97% by weight of the LSK, but only 4% of the sound mature kernels and sound splits (SMK+SS). Further removal of other edibles (OE), oil stock (OS), LSK, and damaged kernels (DK) from the peanuts riding over (OVERS) the belt screen reduced aflatoxin levels from an average of 110.7 ppb in the unscreened load to 3.8 ppb in SMK+SS. The OE, OS, LSK and DK were removed from the OVERS through the use of slotted screens and by sorting.

Chlorpyrifos-methyl as a Protectant of Farmers Stock Peanuts1

Abstract Runner variety farmers stock peanuts were treated with either distilled water, 52 ppm malathion. or chlorpyrifosmethyl (CM) applied at 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm, held in a metal shed and artificially infested with insect pest species commonly found in stored peanuts. Peanuts were sampled at 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months post-treatment. After 6 months ca 22% of loose-shelled kernels (LSK) in malathion-treated peanuts were damaged by insects; after 9 and 12 months damage increased to 36 and 49%. In contrast, LSK damage in peanuts treated with CM exceeded 6% after 9 and 12 months only in the 10 ppm treatment. Damage to kernels from cracked pods in malathion-treated peanuts was 6.9 and 11.2% after 9 and 12 months, respectively, but damaged cracked pod kernels exceeded 2% only in the 10 ppm CM treatment at 12 months. Degradation of CM residues occurred more slowly than malathion residues during the final 6 months of the test.