Loose Restrictions Research Articles

韩汉语传信标记“-대”与“据说”的对比探析

The evidentiality category is one of the hot topics discussed in Korean and Chinese academic circles in recent years. This paper focuses on the typical reported markers ‘-dae’ and ‘jùshuō’ in Korean and Chinese, and makes a comparative analysis of the personal effects, position transformation and interaction in the communicative process, as well as the pragmatic effectiveness of these two expressions. The preliminary conclusions are as follows: Firstly, from the perspective of personal effect, both the Korean and Chinese evidential markers ‘-dae’ and ‘jùshuō’ allow co-occurrence with the third person expression, and on the contrary, exclude co-occurrence with the first and second person expression. However, the strictness of co-occurrence with the second person is different, and Chinese ‘jùshuō’ has relatively loose restrictions on the second person expression. Secondly, from the perspective of position transformation and interaction, both play the role of revealing the source of information and ‘packaging’ the information. However, there are some differences in the position interaction between the two in specific contexts. Korean ‘-dae’ is solidized into a final ending with questioning attribute and strong interactive communication attribute, while Chinese ‘jùshuō’ emphasizes the transmission of information without necessarily requiring the listener's response. Its communicative attribute is weaker than ‘-dae’. Thirdly, from the perspective of pragmatic efficacy, both of them can play a role in cohesion coherence, position evaluation, responsibility exemption, etc. Korean ‘-dae’ focuses on the pragmatic function of ending and wrapping sentences, but tends to be negative position evaluation, and is weaker in responsibility exemption than Chinese ‘jùshuō’, which focuses on introducing new information and connecting old and new information. Its position evaluation is more neutral, and the characteristics of liability exemption are more prominent.

A Twig-Based Algorithm for Top-k Subgraph Matching in Large-Scale Graph Data

Subgraph matching aims to find similar substructures in a single graph according to a given query graph and is known as a basic query for graph data management. There exist many categories of subgraph matching solutions. Subgraph isomorphism, which is thought of an NP-complete problem, is an initial solution for the subgraph matching task. To speed up the procedure, graph simulation has been presented to match subgraphs with a polynomial complexity of time. Unfortunately, graph simulation usually loses topologies of matched subgraphs because of its loose restrictions. In this paper, we propose an approximation approach named kSGM (top- k S ubraph G raph M atching) for subgraph matching based on twig patterns. First, we transform query graphs into twig patterns and match candidate substructures in graph data. Second, we present an optimized join strategy along with top-k mechanism, including join order selection based on cost evaluation and optimized pruning based on maximum/minimum possible score. Finally, we design experiments on real-life and synthetic graph data to evaluate the performance of our work. The results show that our proposed kSGM obviously reduces the time complexity and guarantee the correctness for answering the queries of subgraph matching compared to existing algorithms.

Balancing Public & Economic Health in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Analysis.

Despite loose restrictions and a low mortality rate due to COVID-19, Japan faced the challenge of stabilizing its economy during the pandemic. Here, we analyzed how the Japanese government attempted to maintain a balance between the health of the population and the health of the economy. We used a mix of quantitative data, information from policy documents, and news agency publications. Features of the Japanese government's handling of the pandemic include the lack of constitutional authority to enforce a lockdown, the laxer restrictions compared with other countries in which citizens were advised only to exercise self-restraint and avoid close social contact, and the existence of expert panels that had only an advisory role. Our findings address the slow initial response of the government, which feared that the 2020 Tokyo Olympics would be canceled, and the increased testing when the Olympics were postponed, as well as the expansion of vaccination efforts after the Olympics. In addition, there was a targeted campaign to promote national travel to increase economic revenue in the tourism sector, but this led to an increase in COVID-19 cases.

Comparison and Implication of Teacher Qualification System in Middle and Primary Schools between China and Finland

Application, accreditation, and examination of teacher qualification is the key to ensuring the quality of teachers, which plays a fundamental, and significant role. Given the situation in China, there are still some problems in the current teacher qualification system, such as too extensive application scope, loose restrictions on majors, easy examinations, and simple recognition procedures, which also lead to the uneven level of teachers between individuals and imbalance between regions. The qualification of teachers in Finland is stricter than that in China in terms of academic background, majors, and other requirements, as the qualification examination of teachers in Finland pays more attention to the examinees' research ability, comprehensive quality, and professional motivation, etc. These practices provide a good reference for teacher training, and assessment in China. Individual growth is inseparable from teachers' cultivation; the development of a school relies on teachers' efforts; social progress can't be achieved without teachers' contributions, and a country's prosperity also depends on teachers' strength. The teacher qualification system is a specific professional license system implemented by the state for teachers, which includes the basic conditions of teacher qualification, the principles of qualification recognition, loss and revocation, and the procedures of teacher qualification recognition [ ]. It has specified the qualification classification, requirements, examinations, and identification procedures, which guarantee the overall quality of teachers. Many countries in the world have strict provisions on the qualification standards of teachers. Compared with the qualification system of primary and secondary school teachers in Finland, China still has many shortcomings in this aspect. As one of the most advanced countries in the world, Finland has accumulated rich experience in the application, examination, and certification of teacher qualification, which offers a reference for China.

Comparative Case Study on Covid-19 Prevention Methods

Objectives: This study investigated the efficacy of lockdown as a response to COVID-19. This study sought to identify which viral prevention method, loose lockdown or strict lockdown, resulted in the best possible outcome for a certain population. Methods: A comparative case study was designed to compare and analyze the US states, Florida and California. These states were chosen because they are relatively similar in many factors such as economic dependence on tourism, population traits like population density, and in the aspect that they both have similar weather. Along with being similar in these aspects, the states have opposing lockdown prevention policies; Florida has loose lockdown restrictions and California has strict lockdown restrictions. These states were analyzed through the variables of mortality (death rate), morbidity (hospitalization rate), the economy (unemployment rate and real gross domestic product), and psychological effect (reported cases of anxiety and depression). In the comparison of these two states, it was possible to determine how these variables were affected by the different viral prevention methods. Results: Florida’s loose lockdown led to a better outcome for the economy with a lower percent decrease in real GDP and unemployment rate, as well as a better psychological effect with lower percent increase in total reports of anxiety and depression. California’s strict lockdown led to a better outcome for the mortality variable with lower rate of deaths as well as a better outcome for the morbidity variable with lower hospitalization rates. Conclusions: This comparative case study analysis on Florida and California revealed how each lockdown strategy, strict or not, affected each state in terms of mortality, morbidity, the economy and psychological effects. Florida fared better in the economical and psychological variables and California fared better in mortality and morbidity variables.

Autoencoder based sample selection for self-taught learning

Self-taught learning is a technique that uses a large number of unlabeled data as source samples to improve the task performance on target samples. Compared with other transfer learning techniques, self-taught learning can be applied to a broader set of scenarios due to the loose restrictions on the source data. However, knowledge transferred from source samples that are not sufficiently related to the target domain may negatively influence the target learner, which is referred to as negative transfer. In this paper, we propose a metric for the relevance between a source sample and the target samples. To be more specific, both source and target samples are reconstructed through a single-layer autoencoder with a linear relationship between source samples and reconstructed target samples being simultaneously enforced. An ℓ2,1-norm sparsity constraint is imposed on the transformation matrix to identify source samples relevant to the target domain. Source domain samples that are deemed relevant are assigned pseudo-labels reflecting their relevance to target domain samples, and are combined with target samples in order to provide an expanded training set for classifier training. Local data structures are also preserved during source sample selection through spectral graph analysis. Promising results in extensive experiments show the advantages of the proposed approach.

Watching the watchers: Taskforce Argos and the evidentiary issues involved with infiltrating Dark Web child exploitation networks

As the kind of technology used by offenders advances, it has become increasingly necessary for global law enforcement agencies to adopt proactive strategies in order to effectively combat the threat posed by the organisation of child exploitation networks on the Dark Web. In spite of concerns regarding the collection of evidence, Queensland Police’s Taskforce Argos has cultivated a reputation for success in the covert infiltration of online forums dedicated to child exploitation material, due largely to the relatively loose restrictions placed on it, which allow officers to commit a wide range of criminal acts whilst conducting controlled undercover operations.

GDPR: The End of Google and Facebook or a New Paradigm in Data Privacy?

EU Data Protection Agencies have been vigorously enforcing violations of regional and national data protection law in recent years against U.S. tech companies but few changes have been made to their business model of exchanging free services for personal data. With the Cambridge Analytica debacle revealing how insufficient American privacy law is, we now find ourselves questioning whether the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not the onerous 99 article regulation to be feared, but rather a creation years ahead of its time. This paper will explain how the differences in U.S. and EU privacy and data protection law and ideology have led to a wide divergence in enforcement actions and what U.S. companies will need to do in order legally process the data of their users in the EU. The failure of U.S. tech companies to fulfill the requirements of the GDPR, which has extraterritorial application and becomes applicable on May 25, 2, could result in massive fines (up to $4 billion using the example of Google). The GDPR will mandate a completely new business model for these U.S. tech companies that have been operating for well over a decade with very loose restrictions under U.S. law. Will the GDPR be the end of Google and Facebook or will it be embraced as the gold standard of how companies ought to operate?

Automation of motor dexterity assessment.

Motor dexterity assessment is regularly performed in rehabilitation wards to establish patient status and automatization for such routinary task is sought. A system for automatizing the assessment of motor dexterity based on the Fugl-Meyer scale and with loose restrictions on sensing technologies is presented. The system consists of two main elements: 1) A data representation that abstracts the low level information obtained from a variety of sensors, into a highly separable low dimensionality encoding employing t-distributed Stochastic Neighbourhood Embedding, and, 2) central to this communication, a multi-label classifier that boosts classification rates by exploiting the fact that the classes corresponding to the individual exercises are naturally organized as a network. Depending on the targeted therapeutic movement class labels i.e. exercises scores, are highly correlated-patients who perform well in one, tends to perform well in related exercises-; and critically no node can be used as proxy of others - an exercise does not encode the information of other exercises. Over data from a cohort of 20 patients, the novel classifier outperforms classical Naive Bayes, random forest and variants of support vector machines (ANOVA: p < 0.001). The novel multi-label classification strategy fulfills an automatic system for motor dexterity assessment, with implications for lessening therapist's workloads, reducing healthcare costs and providing support for home-based virtual rehabilitation and telerehabilitation alternatives.

Transformation and upgrading of old industrial zones on collective land: Empirical study on revitalization in Nanshan

To advance industrial upgrading, the Government of Shenzhen Nanshan District constantly loosens restrictions and offers more funding for revitalization, creating incentives for village shareholding corporations (VSCs) to revitalize old industrial zones. Focusing on the transformation and upgrading of old industrial zones on collective land based on the case study of Longjing Industrial Zone, this paper investigates the implementation and effectiveness of the new revitalization policies. First of all, by comparing the industrial zone before and after the revitalization, the results of the revitalization are summed up: the renovation of physical environment and infrastructure, the professionalization of operational models, the diversification of enterprise composition, and the demographic change (the move-in of more high-income white-collar workers). Then, the performance of the revitalization is assessed in the aspects of industry cluster and social costs, and the limitation of the transformation and upgrading of industrial zones is identified. In comparison to government-led revitalization projects, based on the analysis of the motives and actions of the stakeholders (district government, VSCs, industrial park operators [IPOs] and tenant enterprises), three underlying factors that exert negative impact on the effectiveness of revitalization have been found: 1) formalistic industry planning; 2) recruiting enterprises with loose restrictions; and 3) imperfect regulation, supervision and final acceptance standards. Finally, based on the above-mentioned limitations and underlying reasons, the paper proposes suggestions on improving the revitalization of old industrial zones.

FluidSim: a tool to simulate fluid models of high-speed networks

In this paper, we present a tool for the simulation of fluid models of high-speed telecommunication networks. The aim of such a simulator is to evaluate measures which cannot be obtained through standard tools in reasonable time or through analytical approaches. We follow an event-driven approach in which events are associated with rate changes in fluid flows. We show that under some loose restrictions on the sources, this suffices to efficiently simulate the evolution in time of fairly complex models. Some examples illustrate the utilization of this approach and the gain that can be observed over standard simulation tools.

Exact multichannel blind image restoration

Liu and Xu (see ibid., vol.43, no.11, p.2714-23, 1995) proposed a blind symbol estimation algorithm in digital communications. If all the channels are linear time-invariant finite impulse response (LTI FIR) filters, this algorithm can estimate symbols exactly when the channels and the input symbols satisfy some loose restrictions. We extend this algorithm to two dimensions, and in particular, to multichannel (noise-free) blind image restoration. Assuming linear FIR blur functions, given at least three blurred versions of the same image, and loose restrictions (different from those of Liu and Xu) on the original image and on the blur functions, the original image can be exactly recovered, up to a scalar multiplier.

Reactions of chlorine and bromine with hydrogen astatide

Angle-differential cross sections are reported for the Reactions (2), Cl+Hat→HCl+At and (3), Br+Hat→HBr+At. Total reaction cross sections at 6.5 kcal/mole initial translational energy are 25.6±4.2 Å2 for (2) and 1.48±0.34 Å2 for (3). Mean energies in product translation are 7.2±0.6 kcal/mole for (2) and 1.0±0.2 kcal/mole for (3). The center-of-mass angular distribution of (2) is forward–backward peaked and almost symmetric about 90°. For (3), about as much product scatters into the forward hemisphere as into the backward. The measured cross sections for both (2) and (3) are close to the limiting value, which is calculated by correcting an assumed total cross section for inelastic plus reactive processes of 50 Å2 for kinematic restrictions independent of spatial configuration and for the effects of electronic adiabaticity. This means that the smaller cross section for (3) is consistent with its smaller mean product translational energy. It also means that for the direction and position of either attack or retreat (or both) no limitations can be claimed if electronic adiabaticity is assumed, and only loose restrictions if such adiabaticity is relaxed. The data thus do not require a model that specifies attack and retreat at small impact parameters exclusively. Reactions of Hat with Cl and Br are broadly similar to the corresponding reactions of HI, although there are obvious differences of detail. The information obtained in this experiment demonstrates the feasibility of using reagents labeled with short-lived nuclides for the study of reactive scattering in crossed molecular beams.